Atherosperma
Atherosperma moschatum, commonly known as black sassafras, Australian sassafras, southern sassafras, native sassafras or Tasmanian sassafras, is a flowering plant in the family Atherospermataceae and the only species in the genus Atherosperma. It is a shrub to conical tree and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has densely hairy young branchlets, flowers and the lower surface of the leaves. Its leaves are lance-shaped to elliptic, sometimes with toothed edges, the flowers perfumed and white to cream, and the fruit is an achene.
| Atherosperma | |
|---|---|
| Near Orbost, Victoria | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Atherospermataceae |
| Genus: | Atherosperma Labill. |
| Species: | A. moschatum |
| Binomial name | |
| Atherosperma moschatum | |
| Subspecies | |
| |
Description edit
Atherosperma moschatum is a shrub to conical tree that typically grows to a height of 2–30 m (6 ft 7 in – 98 ft 5 in). Its young branchlets, flowers and the lower surface of the leaves are usually densely hairy. Its leaves are nutmeg-scented when crushed, lance-shaped, sometimes with the narrower end towards the base, or elliptic, 30–95 mm (1.2–3.7 in) long and 8–23 mm (0.31–0.91 in) wide on a petiole 2–6 mm (0.08–0.24 in) long. The upper surface of the leaves is glossy green and the edges are sometimes irregularly toothed.[2][3][4]
The flowers are pleasantly perfumed with cream-coloured to white tepals 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long and often streaked with purple. The receptacle is 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long and densely hairy. Flowering occurs from July to October, and the fruit is a densely hairy achene 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long.[2][3][4]
Taxonomy edit
Atherosperma moschatum was first formally described in 1806 by French naturalist Jacques Labillardière in his Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen.[5][6] The generic name (Atherosperma) is derived from the Ancient Greek ather meaning "awn", and sperma meaning "seed", referring to the hairs on the fruit. The specific epithet moschatum is the Latin adjective meaning "musk-scented", from the smell of the bark. It is a member of the small family Atherospermataceae along with several other Australian rainforest trees including yellow sassafras (Doryphora sassafras). .[7] Its closest relative is the monotypic genus Nemuaron, endemic to New Caledonia.[8]
In 1855, Edmond Tulasne described Atherosperma integrifolium in the Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris from an unpublished description by Allan Cunningham.[9][10] In 2007, Richard Schodde reduced this species to a subspecies of Atherosperma moschatum in the Flora of Australia, and its name, and that of the autonym are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
- Atherosperma moschatum Labill. subsp. moschatum (the autonym)[11] grows to a height of 4–30 m (13–98 ft) and has lance-shaped leaves, sometimes with the lower end towards the base or elliptic leaves, the edges of the leaves toothed.[12]
- Atherosperma moschatum subsp. integrifolium (A.Cunn. ex Tul.) Schodde[13] grows to a height of 4–30 m (13–98 ft) and has lance-shaped leaves, sometimes with the lower end towards the base or elliptic leaves, the edges of the leaves toothed.[14]
Distribution and habitat edit
Black sassafras grows along streams in deep gullies at higher altitudes and occurs at Barrington Tops, in the upper Blue Mountains and Tia Gorge in New South Wales,[3][15] in cool-temperate rainforest in eastern Victoria and eastern Tasmania. It often grows with Nothofagus cunninghamii and Elaeocarpus holopetalus.[7] Subspecies integrifolium is restricted to cool-temperate rainforest in the Barrington Tops and Blue Mountains.[14]
Ecology edit
The smooth-barked A. moschatum does not shed its bark annually, and is a rich host of lichen species. A field study in Errinundra National Park found a total of 54 lichen species present, with 11 species found on trees of all sizes measured. The most commonly recorded was Pannaria microphyllizans. These pockets of rainforest are thought to be critical refuges for populations of lichen species among fire-prone eucalyptus woodland.[16]
Use in horticulture edit
It requires moisture and shade for cultivation, hence is not commonly seen cultivated.[17]
It has been planted in the British Isles[18] as far north as Northern Ireland[19] and Scotland.[20]
The leaves have a distinct scent and may be chewed to release a flavour and tingling sensation. However, the safety of the plants' consumption is not known and it may be poisonous.[21][22]
See also edit
- Sassafras, Tasmania, a small town in North West Tasmania named after the local growth of southern sassafras.
References edit
- ^ "Atherosperma moschatum". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ a b Foreman, Donald B.; Whiffin, Trevor J. "Atherosperma moschatum". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ a b c Harden, Gwen J. "Atherosperma moschatum". Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ a b Messina, Andre; Stajsic, Val. "Atherosperma moschatum subsp. moschatum". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ "Atherosperma moschatum". APNI. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ Labillardière, Jacques (1806). Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen. Paris. pp. 74–75. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ a b Floyd, Alex G. (2009). Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia. Lismore, NSW: Terania Rainforest Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3.
- ^ Renner, S. S., D. B. Foreman, and D. Murray. (2000) Timing Transantarctic Disjunction in the Atherospermataceae (Laurales): Evidence from Coding and Non Coding Chloroplast Sequences. Systematic Biology 49: 579–91.
- ^ "Atherosperma integrifolium". APNI. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ Tulasne, Edmond (1855). "Monographia Monimiacearum primum tentata". Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. 8: 421–422. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ "Atherosperma moschatum subsp. moschatum". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ Foreman, Donald B.; Whiffin, Trevor J. "Atherosperma moschatum subsp. moschatum". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ "Atherosperma moschatum subsp. integrifolium". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ a b Foreman, Donald B.; Whiffin, Trevor J. "Atherosperma moschatum subsp. ''integrifolium". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (1989). Native Plants of the Sydney District - An Identification Guide. Kenthurst: Kangaroo Press. p. 53.
- ^ Morley, Sharon E.; Gibson, Maria (2010). "Successional changes in epiphytic rainforest lichens: implications for the management of rainforest communities" (PDF). The Lichenologist. 42 (3): 311–21. doi:10.1017/S0024282909990570. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30035374.
- ^ Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1985). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-85091-143-5.
- ^ (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2009-11-04.[broken link]
- ^ "Atherosperma moschatum". The Garden Flora of Northern Ireland. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- ^ "Atherosperma moschatum in Scotland". Dendrological Plant Image Gallery. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- ^ "Atherosperma moschatum Black Sassafras PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
- ^ "HabitatPlants" (PDF).