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Southern Patagonian Ice Field

January 01, 1970

The Southern Patagonian Ice Field (Spanish: Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur), located at the Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina, is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field.[1] It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period, locally called the Llanquihue glaciation.

Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Location within Southern Patagonia
TypeIce field
LocationSouthern Patagonia,
Argentina and Chile
Coordinates49°55′S 73°32′W / 49.917°S 73.533°W / -49.917; -73.533
Area16,800 km2 (6,500 sq mi)
StatusRetreating

Geography edit

 
Southern Patagonia Ice Field from ISS, astronaut photo. North is to the right.

The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi), and has an approximate area of 16,480 km2 (6,360 sq mi), of which 14,200 km2 belong to Chile and 2,600 km2 belong to Argentina.[a]

The ice mass feeds dozens of glaciers in the area, among which are the Upsala (765 km2), Viedma (978 km2) and Perito Moreno (258 km2) in the Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina, and the Pío XI Glacier or Bruggen Glacier (1,265 km2, the largest in area and longest in the southern hemisphere outside of Antarctica), O'Higgins (820 km2), Grey (270 km2) and Tyndall (331 km2) in Chile. The glaciers going to the west flow into the fjords of the Patagonian channels of the Pacific Ocean; those going to the East flow into the Patagonian lakes Viedma and Argentino, and eventually, through the rivers de la Leona and Santa Cruz, to the Atlantic Ocean.

An important part of the ice field is protected under different national parks, such as the Bernardo O'Higgins and Torres del Paine in Chile, and the aforementioned Los Glaciares in Argentina.

There are two known volcanoes under the ice field; Lautaro and Viedma. Due to their inaccessibility they are among the least researched volcanoes in Chile and Argentina.

Circo de los Altares is an important hiking place.

History edit

Exploration edit

Thorough explorations include the expeditions of Federico Reichert (1913–1914), Alberto de Agostini (1931), and Harold William Tilman and Jorge Quinteros (1955–1956); as well as Eric Shipton (1960–61). The first (North-South) crossing of the field was accomplished in 1998 by Pablo Besser, Mauricio Rojas, José Montt and Rodrigo Fica. Nevertheless, some areas of the field remain largely unexplored.

From the air, initial exploration was conducted in 1928–29 by Gunther Plüschow after whom a glacier is named. From April 1944 to April 1945, the United States Army Air Forces conducted an aerial survey using the Trimetrogon method at the request of the Chilean government.[3]

Borderline edit

Main article: Southern Patagonian Ice Field dispute
 
This map shows the current border, the B Section is pending to be defined.
 
Argentine map of 1912 showing historical boundary markers agreed upon by the Argentine and Chilean experts, Fitz Roy, Huemul, Campana, Agassiz, Heim, Mayo and Stokes.[4][5][6]

Although the boundary between Argentina and Chile in the area was established by the 1881 treaty and delimited in 1898 by the experts of both countries during the works of the experts of both countries for the 1902 award, in which they agreed they didn't have differences on that part of the border. The award is established "to perpetuity" by both countries under British tutelage. The map published by the British Crown, as part of the documentation of the 1902 award, illustrates a clear demarcation line (from the Fitz Roy to the Stokes) to the east of the Southern Patagonian Ice Fields leaving most of the territory in question in the Chilean side.[7]

The 1902 award considered that in that area the high peaks are water dividing and therefore there was no dispute. Both experts, Francisco Pascasio Moreno from Argentina and Diego Barros Arana from Chile agreed on the border between Mount Fitz Roy and Stokes.[8] Since 1898, the demarcation of the border in the ice field, between the two mountains, was defined on the next mountains and their natural continuity: Fitz Roy, Torre, Huemul, Campana, Agassiz, Heim, Mayo and Stokes.[4][5][6] In 1914 the Mariano Moreno range was visited by an expedition, however, Francisco Pascasio Moreno already knew of its existence.[9] Argentina started to question the border arguing that the border should be in the Mariano Moreno range.

In 1994, the Laguna del Desierto dispute was solved which involved territory of the Ice Field, an international tribunal awarded almost the whole zone to Argentina.[10][11] After a refused appeal in 1995, Chile accepted the award. Since then, Chile has a small corridor to access Mount Fitz Roy and the Marconi Pass was defined as an international border crossing point.

The Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of the border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina. On August 1, 1991, the governments of Chile and Argentina agreed on a borderline, but the agreement was never ratified by the Argentine legislature. Later, in 1998, both governments agreed to redraw the borderline between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón[12][13]

Section A (between Cerro Murallón and Daudet) and small part of B (from Fitz Roy to a point defined to the west) was drawn, however, they also agreed that section B (from Fitz Roy to Murallón) would wait until completion of a detailed 1:50,000 scale map of the area with further negotiations. To date, this one section remains the final non-concluded boundary section and has been an irritant in Argentina-Chile relations.

Controversies after the 1998 Agreement edit

Main article: Southern Patagonian Ice Field dispute § Boundary area of pending demarcation

In February 2006, Ricardo Lagos[14] appeared in a photo with the head of the Air Force, General Osvaldo Sarabia, in the undemarcated area, this caused controversy with Argentina.[15]

In 2006, the Argentine Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM) (today Instituto Geográfico Nacional) edited a map without a note about the nondefined border but showed the Argentine claims as the official borderline. After Chilean diplomatic protests, the Argentine government withdrew the map and urged Chile to expedite the demarcation of the international border according to the 1998 agreement.[16][17] On August 24, 2006, the Argentine Undersecretary of Tourism stated that the maps used by the Secretariat of Tourism's website were official because they were approved by the National Geographic Institute of Argentina.[18][19][20][21]

In 2006, president of Chile Michelle Bachelet and president of Argentina Néstor Kirchner held a meeting over the cartographic controversy.[22] Kirchner served as the governor of the Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003.[23]

 
The merged outlet of Penguin Glacier and HPS 19.

In the maps published in Argentina, until today, the region continues to be shown without the white rectangle, as can be seen in a map of Santa Cruz on a website of an official Argentine agency.[24] While in the official Chilean maps and most tourist maps, the rectangle is shown and it is clarified that the boundary is not demarcated according to the 1998 treaty.[25][26][27]

In 2018, Argentina made a National Ice Inventory in which are included some disputed glaciers.[28][29][30][31] From September 20 to October 4 of the same year, the Argentine army traveled to into the area that is pending to be demarcated. This caused controversy mainly in Chile[32] where the mayor of Villa O'Higgins denounced the fact as a "provocation" and made a call to the central government of Chile to reinforce the sovereignty in the zone.[33][34]

After the Argentine government published its inventory of glaciers including undefined territory the Chilean Foreign Ministry informed that a claim note had already been sent denying the Argentine inventory.

In 2021, there was a controversy since CONAF (from Chile) installed a dome in the Circo de los Altares which its southern part is claimed by both countries.[35]

As of 2024, the demarcation is still pending.[36]

 
Panoramic view of Grey Glacier in Torres del Paine National Park (Chilean territory)

Gallery edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The area includes regions included in the official cartography of Argentina, which is still pending demarcation, see the section on the dispute.[2]

References edit

  1. ^ At about 16,800 square kilometers, it is second only to southeastern Alaska's approximately 25,000 square kilometer Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek Ice Field. . UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2017-02-24.
  2. ^ "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | Ley Chile". from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  3. ^ Lliboutry, Louis (1998). Williams, Richard S. Jr.; Ferrigno, Jane G. (eds.). Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World | South America | United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-I (PDF) (Report). United States Geological Survey. p. I120. (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  4. ^ a b Francisco Pascasio Moreno (1902). Frontera Argentino-Chilena - Volumen II (in Spanish). pp. 905–911.
  5. ^ a b Arbitraje de Limites entre Chile i la Republica Arjentina - Esposicion Chilena - Tomo IV (in Spanish). Paris. 1902. pp. 1469–1484.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ a b Diego Barros Arana (1898). La Cuestion de Limites entre Chile i la Republica Arjentina (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Santis, 1995:3–7
  8. ^ Juan Ipinza (26 April 2021). "El Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ¿es mejor un mal arreglo que un buen juicio". Info Defensa. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  9. ^ P. Moreno, Francisco (1899). "Explorations in Patagonia". The Geographical Journal. 14 (3). Royal Geographical Society: 262. doi:10.2307/1774365. JSTOR 1774365. I have seen it descending from the west as an immense ice field, from the crest of the central chain, 3000 meters high, which the ice covers to its western slope in the Eyre Strait. To the south and north of it, other narrower glaciers can be seen at the extremity of the fjord-like bays.
  10. ^ "The Laguna del Desierto case". Jusmundi. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  11. ^ "Boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the frontier line between boundary post 62 and Mount Fitzroy" (PDF). Legal UN. 21 October 1994. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  12. ^ . 1998. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
  13. ^ "Map showing border between Chile and Argentina (partly undefined)". from the original on 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  14. ^ "Lagos comenzó gira que lo hará recorrer todas las comunas del país" (in Spanish). Cooperativa. February 1, 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  15. ^ (in Spanish). La Tercera. May 20, 2010. Archived from the original on 2020-08-15.
  16. ^ "Subsecretario argentino de turismo dice que mapa de Campos de Hielo es oficial". Emol. August 29, 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  17. ^ (in Spanish). Austral Temuco. August 25, 2006. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  18. ^ "Argentina aseguró que su mapa de Campos de Hielo Sur es oficial". Cooperativa. August 29, 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  19. ^ "Hielos Continentales: reclamo de Chile por los mapas argentinos". Clarín. August 29, 2006.
  20. ^ . El Clarín. August 30, 2006. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14.
  21. ^ . La Nación. August 20, 2006. Archived from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  22. ^ "Legisladores ven con buenos ojos encuentro entre Bachelet y Kirchner" (in Spanish). El Mostrador. September 12, 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  23. ^ "Nestor Kirchner". Biografías y vidas.
  24. ^ Map of Santa Cruz in an official Argentine agency.
  25. ^ Karen Isabel Manzano Iturra (March 11, 2015). "Geopolitical representation: Chile and Argentina in Campos de Hielo Sur". Estudios Fronterizos. 17 (33). Universidad de Concepción: 83–114. doi:10.21670/ref.2016.33.a04. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  26. ^ "Campo de Hielo Sur [material cartográfico] Instituto Geográfico Militar". Biblioteca Nacional (Chile). Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  27. ^ "Mapa Turístico de la XII Región de Magallanes y La Antártica Chilena ..:: Antes de viajar, navegue... Turismovirtual.cl ::." www.turismovirtual.cl.
  28. ^ "Argentina publica inventario de glaciares e incluye a hielos que están en territorio chileno". 2018-10-15. from the original on 2018-10-26. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  29. ^ "Subcuenca del Lago Viedma - Inventario Nacional de Glaciares" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-05. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  30. ^ "Subcuenca Brazo Norte del Lago Argentino - Inventario Nacional de Glaciares" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-05. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  31. ^ "Subcuencas Brazo Sur del Lago Argentino y río Bote - Inventario Nacional de Glaciares" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-05. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  32. ^ "Malestar en Chile por un ejercicio militar de la Argentina en la zona de Hielos Continentales". 11 October 2018. from the original on 2018-10-26. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  33. ^ "Advierten expedición militar argentina en demarcación limítrofe pendiente en Campo de Hielo Sur". 11 October 2018. from the original on 2018-10-26. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  34. ^ "Polémica por incursión de ejército argentino en territorio chileno en Aysén". 11 October 2018. from the original on 2018-10-26. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  35. ^ "¿Nuevo conflicto con Chile? Un domo de montaña en los Hielos Continentales amenaza con renovar tensiones" (in Spanish). La Nación. September 10, 2021.
  36. ^ "El Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ¿es mejor un mal arreglo que un buen juicio". Info Defensa. Retrieved 28 December 2022.

External links edit

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Agreement between the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Argentina to establish the border line from monte Fitz Roy to cerro Daudet of 1998
  • Expeditions in the SP Ice Field
  • "Glaciers of the Wet Andes" by Louis Lliboutry, USGS
  • South Patagonian Icefield, NASA Earth Observatory, 2017. Includes new satellite imagery.
  • Subsecretario argentino de turismo dice que mapa de Campos de Hielo es oficial 2019-08-09 at the Wayback Machine "El Mercurio", Chile 29 August 2006
  • Hielos Continentales: reclamo de Chile por los mapas argentinos Clarín, Argentina 29 August 2006
  • Tras la fricción por los Hielos Continentales, la Argentina llama a Chile a demarcar los límites "lo antes posible" Clarín, 30 August 1996

January 01, 1970
southern, patagonian, field, spanish, campo, hielo, patagónico, located, southern, patagonic, andes, between, chile, argentina, world, second, largest, contiguous, extrapolar, field, bigger, remnant, parts, patagonian, sheet, which, covered, southern, chile, d. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field Spanish Campo de Hielo Patagonico Sur located at the Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina is the world s second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field 1 It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period locally called the Llanquihue glaciation Southern Patagonian Ice FieldLocation within Southern PatagoniaTypeIce fieldLocationSouthern Patagonia Argentina and ChileCoordinates49 55 S 73 32 W 49 917 S 73 533 W 49 917 73 533Area16 800 km2 6 500 sq mi StatusRetreating Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2 1 Exploration 2 2 Borderline 2 2 1 Controversies after the 1998 Agreement 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksGeography edit nbsp Southern Patagonia Ice Field from ISS astronaut photo North is to the right The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48 15 S to 51 30 S for approximately 350 kilometres 220 mi and has an approximate area of 16 480 km2 6 360 sq mi of which 14 200 km2 belong to Chile and 2 600 km2 belong to Argentina a The ice mass feeds dozens of glaciers in the area among which are the Upsala 765 km2 Viedma 978 km2 and Perito Moreno 258 km2 in the Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina and the Pio XI Glacier or Bruggen Glacier 1 265 km2 the largest in area and longest in the southern hemisphere outside of Antarctica O Higgins 820 km2 Grey 270 km2 and Tyndall 331 km2 in Chile The glaciers going to the west flow into the fjords of the Patagonian channels of the Pacific Ocean those going to the East flow into the Patagonian lakes Viedma and Argentino and eventually through the rivers de la Leona and Santa Cruz to the Atlantic Ocean An important part of the ice field is protected under different national parks such as the Bernardo O Higgins and Torres del Paine in Chile and the aforementioned Los Glaciares in Argentina There are two known volcanoes under the ice field Lautaro and Viedma Due to their inaccessibility they are among the least researched volcanoes in Chile and Argentina Circo de los Altares is an important hiking place History editExploration edit Thorough explorations include the expeditions of Federico Reichert 1913 1914 Alberto de Agostini 1931 and Harold William Tilman and Jorge Quinteros 1955 1956 as well as Eric Shipton 1960 61 The first North South crossing of the field was accomplished in 1998 by Pablo Besser Mauricio Rojas Jose Montt and Rodrigo Fica Nevertheless some areas of the field remain largely unexplored From the air initial exploration was conducted in 1928 29 by Gunther Pluschow after whom a glacier is named From April 1944 to April 1945 the United States Army Air Forces conducted an aerial survey using the Trimetrogon method at the request of the Chilean government 3 Borderline edit Main article Southern Patagonian Ice Field dispute nbsp This map shows the current border the B Section is pending to be defined nbsp Argentine map of 1912 showing historical boundary markers agreed upon by the Argentine and Chilean experts Fitz Roy Huemul Campana Agassiz Heim Mayo and Stokes 4 5 6 Although the boundary between Argentina and Chile in the area was established by the 1881 treaty and delimited in 1898 by the experts of both countries during the works of the experts of both countries for the 1902 award in which they agreed they didn t have differences on that part of the border The award is established to perpetuity by both countries under British tutelage The map published by the British Crown as part of the documentation of the 1902 award illustrates a clear demarcation line from the Fitz Roy to the Stokes to the east of the Southern Patagonian Ice Fields leaving most of the territory in question in the Chilean side 7 The 1902 award considered that in that area the high peaks are water dividing and therefore there was no dispute Both experts Francisco Pascasio Moreno from Argentina and Diego Barros Arana from Chile agreed on the border between Mount Fitz Roy and Stokes 8 Since 1898 the demarcation of the border in the ice field between the two mountains was defined on the next mountains and their natural continuity Fitz Roy Torre Huemul Campana Agassiz Heim Mayo and Stokes 4 5 6 In 1914 the Mariano Moreno range was visited by an expedition however Francisco Pascasio Moreno already knew of its existence 9 Argentina started to question the border arguing that the border should be in the Mariano Moreno range In 1994 the Laguna del Desierto dispute was solved which involved territory of the Ice Field an international tribunal awarded almost the whole zone to Argentina 10 11 After a refused appeal in 1995 Chile accepted the award Since then Chile has a small corridor to access Mount Fitz Roy and the Marconi Pass was defined as an international border crossing point The Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of the border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina On August 1 1991 the governments of Chile and Argentina agreed on a borderline but the agreement was never ratified by the Argentine legislature Later in 1998 both governments agreed to redraw the borderline between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallon 12 13 Section A between Cerro Murallon and Daudet and small part of B from Fitz Roy to a point defined to the west was drawn however they also agreed that section B from Fitz Roy to Murallon would wait until completion of a detailed 1 50 000 scale map of the area with further negotiations To date this one section remains the final non concluded boundary section and has been an irritant in Argentina Chile relations Controversies after the 1998 Agreement edit Main article Southern Patagonian Ice Field dispute Boundary area of pending demarcation In February 2006 Ricardo Lagos 14 appeared in a photo with the head of the Air Force General Osvaldo Sarabia in the undemarcated area this caused controversy with Argentina 15 In 2006 the Argentine Instituto Geografico Militar IGM today Instituto Geografico Nacional edited a map without a note about the nondefined border but showed the Argentine claims as the official borderline After Chilean diplomatic protests the Argentine government withdrew the map and urged Chile to expedite the demarcation of the international border according to the 1998 agreement 16 17 On August 24 2006 the Argentine Undersecretary of Tourism stated that the maps used by the Secretariat of Tourism s website were official because they were approved by the National Geographic Institute of Argentina 18 19 20 21 In 2006 president of Chile Michelle Bachelet and president of Argentina Nestor Kirchner held a meeting over the cartographic controversy 22 Kirchner served as the governor of the Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003 23 nbsp The merged outlet of Penguin Glacier and HPS 19 In the maps published in Argentina until today the region continues to be shown without the white rectangle as can be seen in a map of Santa Cruz on a website of an official Argentine agency 24 While in the official Chilean maps and most tourist maps the rectangle is shown and it is clarified that the boundary is not demarcated according to the 1998 treaty 25 26 27 In 2018 Argentina made a National Ice Inventory in which are included some disputed glaciers 28 29 30 31 From September 20 to October 4 of the same year the Argentine army traveled to into the area that is pending to be demarcated This caused controversy mainly in Chile 32 where the mayor of Villa O Higgins denounced the fact as a provocation and made a call to the central government of Chile to reinforce the sovereignty in the zone 33 34 After the Argentine government published its inventory of glaciers including undefined territory the Chilean Foreign Ministry informed that a claim note had already been sent denying the Argentine inventory In 2021 there was a controversy since CONAF from Chile installed a dome in the Circo de los Altares which its southern part is claimed by both countries 35 As of 2024 the demarcation is still pending 36 nbsp Panoramic view of Grey Glacier in Torres del Paine National Park Chilean territory Gallery edit nbsp Fjord in Chile nbsp Lake and Glacier Onelli Santa Cruz Argentina nbsp Lake Bergues Aysen Chile nbsp Southern Patagonian Ice Field nbsp Perito Moreno Glacier Santa Cruz Argentina nbsp Pio XI Glacier Magallanes amp Chilean Antarctica Chile nbsp Upsala Glacier Argentina Chile nbsp O Higgins Glacier Aysen ChileSee also editSouthern Patagonian Ice Field dispute Northern Patagonian Ice Field Circo de los Altares List of glaciers Beagle conflict Puna de Atacama dispute Glaciarium museum Notes edit The area includes regions included in the official cartography of Argentina which is still pending demarcation see the section on the dispute 2 References edit At about 16 800 square kilometers it is second only to southeastern Alaska s approximately 25 000 square kilometer Kluane Wrangell St Elias Glacier Bay Tatshenshini Alsek Ice Field Kluane Wrangell St Elias Glacier Bay Tatshenshini Alsek UNESCO Archived from the original on 2017 02 24 Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional Ley Chile Archived from the original on 2021 08 27 Retrieved 2021 08 28 Lliboutry Louis 1998 Williams Richard S Jr Ferrigno Jane G eds Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World South America United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386 I PDF Report United States Geological Survey p I120 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 08 19 Retrieved 2023 12 11 a b Francisco Pascasio Moreno 1902 Frontera Argentino Chilena Volumen II in Spanish pp 905 911 a b Arbitraje de Limites entre Chile i la Republica Arjentina Esposicion Chilena Tomo IV in Spanish Paris 1902 pp 1469 1484 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b Diego Barros Arana 1898 La Cuestion de Limites entre Chile i la Republica Arjentina in Spanish Santiago de Chile a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Santis 1995 3 7 Juan Ipinza 26 April 2021 El Campo de Hielo Patagonico Sur es mejor un mal arreglo que un buen juicio Info Defensa Retrieved 8 September 2022 P Moreno Francisco 1899 Explorations in Patagonia The Geographical Journal 14 3 Royal Geographical Society 262 doi 10 2307 1774365 JSTOR 1774365 I have seen it descending from the west as an immense ice field from the crest of the central chain 3000 meters high which the ice covers to its western slope in the Eyre Strait To the south and north of it other narrower glaciers can be seen at the extremity of the fjord like bays The Laguna del Desierto case Jusmundi Retrieved 2 February 2023 Boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the frontier line between boundary post 62 and Mount Fitzroy PDF Legal UN 21 October 1994 Retrieved 2 February 2023 Border agreement between Chile and Argentina 1998 Archived from the original on 2008 05 12 Retrieved 2006 10 27 Map showing border between Chile and Argentina partly undefined Archived from the original on 2019 10 02 Retrieved 2016 06 26 Lagos comenzo gira que lo hara recorrer todas las comunas del pais in Spanish Cooperativa February 1 2006 Retrieved 5 February 2023 Revelan fallidas tratativas del gobierno de Bachelet por Campos de Hielo in Spanish La Tercera May 20 2010 Archived from the original on 2020 08 15 Subsecretario argentino de turismo dice que mapa de Campos de Hielo es oficial Emol August 29 2006 Retrieved 5 February 2023 Puede tratarse de un error in Spanish Austral Temuco August 25 2006 Archived from the original on 2020 08 11 Retrieved 5 February 2023 Argentina aseguro que su mapa de Campos de Hielo Sur es oficial Cooperativa August 29 2006 Retrieved 2 February 2023 Hielos Continentales reclamo de Chile por los mapas argentinos Clarin August 29 2006 Tras la friccion por los Hielos Continentales la Argentina llama a Chile a demarcar los limites lo antes posible El Clarin August 30 2006 Archived from the original on 2013 07 14 SECRETARIA DE TURISMO ARGENTINA AVALA MAPA CON ERROR EN CAMPOS DE HIELO La Nacion August 20 2006 Archived from the original on 2016 04 27 Retrieved 5 February 2023 Legisladores ven con buenos ojos encuentro entre Bachelet y Kirchner in Spanish El Mostrador September 12 2006 Retrieved 5 February 2023 Nestor Kirchner Biografias y vidas Map of Santa Cruz in an official Argentine agency Karen Isabel Manzano Iturra March 11 2015 Geopolitical representation Chile and Argentina in Campos de Hielo Sur Estudios Fronterizos 17 33 Universidad de Concepcion 83 114 doi 10 21670 ref 2016 33 a04 Retrieved 28 November 2023 Campo de Hielo Sur material cartografico Instituto Geografico Militar Biblioteca Nacional Chile Retrieved 6 February 2023 Mapa Turistico de la XII Region de Magallanes y La Antartica Chilena Antes de viajar navegue Turismovirtual cl www turismovirtual cl Argentina publica inventario de glaciares e incluye a hielos que estan en territorio chileno 2018 10 15 Archived from the original on 2018 10 26 Retrieved 2018 10 25 Subcuenca del Lago Viedma Inventario Nacional de Glaciares PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2018 09 05 Retrieved 2018 10 25 Subcuenca Brazo Norte del Lago Argentino Inventario Nacional de Glaciares PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2018 09 05 Retrieved 2018 10 25 Subcuencas Brazo Sur del Lago Argentino y rio Bote Inventario Nacional de Glaciares PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2018 09 05 Retrieved 2018 10 25 Malestar en Chile por un ejercicio militar de la Argentina en la zona de Hielos Continentales 11 October 2018 Archived from the original on 2018 10 26 Retrieved 2018 10 25 Advierten expedicion militar argentina en demarcacion limitrofe pendiente en Campo de Hielo Sur 11 October 2018 Archived from the original on 2018 10 26 Retrieved 2018 10 25 Polemica por incursion de ejercito argentino en territorio chileno en Aysen 11 October 2018 Archived from the original on 2018 10 26 Retrieved 2018 10 25 Nuevo conflicto con Chile Un domo de montana en los Hielos Continentales amenaza con renovar tensiones in Spanish La Nacion September 10 2021 El Campo de Hielo Patagonico Sur es mejor un mal arreglo que un buen juicio Info Defensa Retrieved 28 December 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article Agreement between the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Argentina to establish the border line from monte Fitz Roy to cerro Daudet of 1998 Expedicion Transpatagonia 2007 Campo de Hielo Patagonico Sur Primera exploracion historica del Cordon del Gaviotin y del Lago Greve Expeditions in the SP Ice Field Glaciers of the Wet Andes by Louis Lliboutry USGS South Patagonian Icefield NASA Earth Observatory 2017 Includes new satellite imagery Subsecretario argentino de turismo dice que mapa de Campos de Hielo es oficial Archived 2019 08 09 at the Wayback Machine El Mercurio Chile 29 August 2006 Hielos Continentales reclamo de Chile por los mapas argentinos Clarin Argentina 29 August 2006 Tras la friccion por los Hielos Continentales la Argentina llama a Chile a demarcar los limites lo antes posible Clarin 30 August 1996 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Southern Patagonian Ice Field amp oldid 1219015103, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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