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Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages

January 01, 1970

"South-Central Papuan languages" redirects here. For the proposed branch of the Trans–New Guinea family, see Central and South New Guinea languages.

The Trans-Fly–Bulaka River aka South-Central Papuan languages form a hypothetical family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages west of the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinea into southern Indonesian West Papua, plus a pair of languages on the Bulaka River a hundred km further west.

Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
South-Central Papuan
(obsolete)
Geographic
distribution		New Guinea
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone
Map: The Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages of New Guinea
  The Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages
  Trans–New Guinea languages
  Other Papuan languages
  Austronesian languages
  Australian languages
  Uninhabited

The family was posited by Stephen Wurm as a branch of his 1975 Trans–New Guinea proposal. Wurm thought it likely that many of these languages would prove to not actually belong to Trans–New Guinea, but rather to have been heavily influenced by Trans–New Guinea languages. Malcolm Ross (2005) concurred, and removed most of them.

Classification edit

None of the families are closely related; indeed, it is difficult to demonstrate a link between any of them. Wurm's 1975 TNG branch included the following eight demonstrated families:

Ross (2005) accepted the TNG identity of Tirio, Moraori, and, tentatively, Kiwaian. He split off the four Eastern Trans-Fly languages as an independent family. The remainder of the family, which he calls South-Central Papuan, is only tentatively retained: their pronouns are suggestive of a relationship, but this has not been demonstrated.

Trans-Fly–Bulaka River 
(South-Central Papuan) 

Bulaka River family

Pahoturi family

Waia isolate

Yam (Morehead – Upper Maro) family

A more conservative approach would break up Wurm's Trans-Fly–Bulaka River entirely, with two or three of the families remaining within Trans–New Guinea, and five or six being independent. Evans (2012), for example, argues that the inclusion of the Yam language at least is not justified on present evidence. Timothy Usher treats the Bulaka River and Yam languages as separate families, and links the Pahoturi– clade to the Eastern Trans-Fly languages.

Southern New Guinea linguistic area edit

A Southern New Guinea linguistic area, which spans both Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, consisting of the following families is mentioned in Evans (2018).[1]

Languages within the Southern New Guinea linguistic area generally share these typological features.[1]

Pronouns edit

The pronouns Ross reconstructs for the three families he keeps together are suggestively similar, but it has not been possible to reconstruct common forms:

Proto-Yam (Proto–Morehead – Upper Maro)
I/we *ni
you *bu
s/he/they *be
Proto-Pahoturi
I *ŋa-na we ?
thou *ba or *be you *-bi
s/he *bo they ?
Proto-Bulaka River
I *ŋöl we *ŋag
thou *ob you *el
s/he *ib they *im

Lexical comparison edit

The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database[2] and Usher (2020) (for Proto-Kiwai),[3] unless noted otherwise. Neighboring languages not traditionally classified within Trans-Fly – Bulaka River are also included for comparison.

Body parts
family language head hair ear eye nose tooth tongue leg blood bone skin breast
Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV *mundu; *mutu *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu *amu
Komolom Koneraw wonderam cin dyan cire kan iri iŋar par
Komolom Mombum wondrum xu-sin musax-nam zix kaŋk iri itöx par
Yelmek-Maklew Maklew ala aweni opo köl wodo ehlel pu ase
Yelmek-Maklew Yelmek bemo yeyu opo köl wodo elweke pu ge momo
Yam Kanum mel mel-kata si tor tegu mbel mba:r keikei
Yam Yei kilpel peab cur ter cere gul gor pa:r
Karami Karami[4] epurupa kuse epegu wodi saku muta auni toki goni kebora bodoro
Gogodala-Suki Gogodala ganabi tita igibi tao mina poso mɛlɛpila gosa kaka omo
Kiwaian Proto-Kiwai[3] *kepuɾu *mus[ua] *gaɾe *idomaɾi *wodi *ibo(-nVɾV) *uototoɾo[p/b]e *sakiɾo *kaɾima; *sa[w]i *soɾo *tama *amo
Nature
family language louse dog pig bird egg tree sun moon water fire stone path
Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *niman *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka *ida; *inda ~ *iñja *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna
Komolom Koneraw am ubui u baŋa to dzuwo mui war mate
Komolom Mombum am ipwi u konji yausil tu zawa mwe wad mete
Yelmek-Maklew Maklew dobuna ŋgat milom aebola aloŋ doyo olimu jü ake mate
Yelmek-Maklew Yelmek dobna num milom tötöli alo doyo alemu ju ete mata
Yam Kanum ne:mpin krar kwer sento bel per koŋko ataka mens melle
Yam Yei nim jeu becek yarmaker mekur per mir kao benj mejer
Karami Karami sugani kso giromoi kaimo sumari aimea kuwiri auwo mavio agabu ige
Gogodala-Suki Gogodala ami soke uai kadɛpa wi ila nabidi
Kiwaian Proto-Kiwai *nimo *[k]umu *wowogo *kikopu *nuk₂a; *kota *saɾik₂i; *si[w]io *sagomi; *owe *kobo *keɾa *(nok₂oɾa-)kopi *gabo
Miscellaneous
family language man woman name eat one two
Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *abV; *ambi *panV; *pan(V) *ibi; *imbi; *wani *na; *na- *ta(l,t)(a,e)
Komolom Koneraw nam ur gim-nugu tenamotere kuinam
Komolom Mombum nam ur nuku- te kumb
Yelmek-Maklew Maklew modin ŋeŋele oŋa -eio- mepola inage
Yelmek-Maklew Yelmek gomnek ŋadöl ŋa- ŋklala ina
Yam Kanum ire iu anaŋ namper yempoka
Yam Yei el-lu ore cenye nampei yetapae
Karami Karami sor kipa botie kipainoe
Gogodala-Suki Gogodala dala; dalagi ato; susɛgi gagi na
Kiwaian Proto-Kiwai *dubu *oɾobo; *upi *paini, *paina *oɾuso (sg.), *iɾiso (pl.) *nak[o/u] *netoa

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  2. ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  3. ^ a b Usher, Timothy (2020). . Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  4. ^ Flint, L. A. 1919. Vocabularies: Daru station, Western Division. Papua. Annual Report for the Year 1917‒18, 96. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia.
  • Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

External links edit

  • South-Central Papuan languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
  • Bulaka River on newguineaworld 2016-04-12 at the Wayback Machine

January 01, 1970
trans, bulaka, river, languages, south, central, papuan, languages, redirects, here, proposed, branch, trans, guinea, family, central, south, guinea, languages, trans, bulaka, river, south, central, papuan, languages, form, hypothetical, family, papuan, langua. South Central Papuan languages redirects here For the proposed branch of the Trans New Guinea family see Central and South New Guinea languages The Trans Fly Bulaka River aka South Central Papuan languages form a hypothetical family of Papuan languages They include many of the languages west of the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinea into southern Indonesian West Papua plus a pair of languages on the Bulaka River a hundred km further west Trans Fly Bulaka RiverSouth Central Papuan obsolete GeographicdistributionNew GuineaLinguistic classificationProposed language familySubdivisionsBulaka River Waia Pahoturi YamGlottologNoneMap The Trans Fly Bulaka River languages of New Guinea The Trans Fly Bulaka River languages Trans New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Australian languages Uninhabited The family was posited by Stephen Wurm as a branch of his 1975 Trans New Guinea proposal Wurm thought it likely that many of these languages would prove to not actually belong to Trans New Guinea but rather to have been heavily influenced by Trans New Guinea languages Malcolm Ross 2005 concurred and removed most of them Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Southern New Guinea linguistic area 2 Pronouns 3 Lexical comparison 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksClassification editNone of the families are closely related indeed it is difficult to demonstrate a link between any of them Wurm s 1975 TNG branch included the following eight demonstrated families Kiwaian on the banks and east of the Fly River Waia north of the Fly delta Tirio on the western bank of the Fly River Eastern Trans Fly languages south of the Fly delta Pahoturi west of the Eastern languages Yam up to and just across the Indonesian border Moraori between Upper Maro and the Marind language Bulaka River west of Marind Ross 2005 accepted the TNG identity of Tirio Moraori and tentatively Kiwaian He split off the four Eastern Trans Fly languages as an independent family The remainder of the family which he calls South Central Papuan is only tentatively retained their pronouns are suggestive of a relationship but this has not been demonstrated Trans Fly Bulaka River South Central Papuan Bulaka River family Pahoturi family Waia isolate Yam Morehead Upper Maro family A more conservative approach would break up Wurm s Trans Fly Bulaka River entirely with two or three of the families remaining within Trans New Guinea and five or six being independent Evans 2012 for example argues that the inclusion of the Yam language at least is not justified on present evidence Timothy Usher treats the Bulaka River and Yam languages as separate families and links the Pahoturi clade to the Eastern Trans Fly languages Southern New Guinea linguistic area edit A Southern New Guinea linguistic area which spans both Indonesia and Papua New Guinea consisting of the following families is mentioned in Evans 2018 1 Yelmek Maklew 500 speakers Yam Morehead Upper Maro 3 000 speakers Pahoturi River just over 4 000 speakers Oriomo Eastern Trans Fly 6 500 speakers Trans New Guinea TNG Kolopom just over 7 000 speakers Marori fewer than 20 elderly speakers Gogodala Suki 30 000 speakers Kiwaian 37 000 speakers Anim Marindic 10 000 speakers Tirio Lower Fly Ipiko Inland Gulf Languages within the Southern New Guinea linguistic area generally share these typological features 1 lack of tone except Kuni Boazi possibly Marind and some Kiwai dialects complex verb morphology limited or no gender except for the four way gender system in Anim languages and the masculine vs feminine contrast on undergoer prefixes in the Tonda languages and some Oriomo languages lack of verb chaining or switch reference single word verbs form an open classPronouns editThe pronouns Ross reconstructs for the three families he keeps together are suggestively similar but it has not been possible to reconstruct common forms Proto Yam Proto Morehead Upper Maro I we ni you bu s he they be Proto Pahoturi I ŋa na we thou ba or be you bi s he bo they Proto Bulaka River I ŋol we ŋag thou ob you el s he ib they imLexical comparison editThe lexical data below is from the Trans New Guinea database 2 and Usher 2020 for Proto Kiwai 3 unless noted otherwise Neighboring languages not traditionally classified within Trans Fly Bulaka River are also included for comparison Body parts family language head hair ear eye nose tooth tongue leg blood bone skin breast Trans New Guinea Proto Trans New Guinea kobutu kV mb p utu mUtUna mVtVna iti nd s umu n t V zumun ka nd t i e C kat i e C tVmV d g a u mu ŋg a u mu ŋg k iti maŋgV nVpV mundu mutu magata maŋgat a titi balaŋ mbilaŋ me l n e me n l e kani n k a o ond a o C kitu ke nj s a kesa kondaC kwata l n gatapu ŋg k a nd t apu amu Komolom Koneraw wonderam cin dyan cire kan iri iŋar par Komolom Mombum wondrum xu sin musax nam zix kaŋk iri itox par Yelmek Maklew Maklew ala aweni opo kol wodo ehlel pu ase Yelmek Maklew Yelmek bemo yeyu opo kol wodo elweke pu ge momo Yam Kanum mel mel kata si tor tegu mbel mba r keikei Yam Yei kilpel peab cur ter cere gul gor pa r Karami Karami 4 epurupa kuse epegu wodi saku muta auni toki goni kebora bodoro Gogodala Suki Gogodala ganabi tita igibi tao mina poso mɛlɛpila gosa kaka omo Kiwaian Proto Kiwai 3 kepuɾu mus ua gaɾe idomaɾi wodi ibo nVɾV uototoɾo p b e sakiɾo kaɾima sa w i soɾo tama amo Nature family language louse dog pig bird egg tree sun moon water fire stone path Trans New Guinea Proto Trans New Guinea niman n e i n e i n e i yak yaka i yanem maŋgV munaka mun a u ka ida inda inja kamali kamuli ketana kal a i m kamali takVn takVn V nok n ok ok u ok V inda k a e dap k a e n d ap kambu k a o nd a u p kamb a u na na muna na muna Komolom Koneraw am ubui u baŋa to dzuwo mui war mate Komolom Mombum am ipwi u konji yausil tu zawa mwe wad mete Yelmek Maklew Maklew dobuna ŋgat milom aebola aloŋ doyo olimu ju ake mate Yelmek Maklew Yelmek dobna num milom totoli alo doyo alemu ju ete mata Yam Kanum ne mpin krar kwer sento bel per koŋko ataka mens melle Yam Yei nim jeu becek yarmaker mekur per mir kao benj mejer Karami Karami sugani kso giromoi kaimo sumari aimea kuwiri auwo mavio agabu ige Gogodala Suki Gogodala ami soke uai kadɛpa wi ila nabidi Kiwaian Proto Kiwai nimo k umu wowogo kikopu nuk a kota saɾik i si w io sagomi owe kobo keɾa nok oɾa kopi gabo Miscellaneous family language man woman name eat one two Trans New Guinea Proto Trans New Guinea abV ambi panV pan V ibi imbi wani na na ta l t a e Komolom Koneraw nam ur gim nugu tenamotere kuinam Komolom Mombum nam ur nuku te kumb Yelmek Maklew Maklew modin ŋeŋele oŋa eio mepola inage Yelmek Maklew Yelmek gomnek ŋadol ŋa ŋklala ina Yam Kanum ire iu anaŋ namper yempoka Yam Yei el lu ore cenye nampei yetapae Karami Karami sor kipa botie kipainoe Gogodala Suki Gogodala dala dalagi ato susɛgi gagi na Kiwaian Proto Kiwai dubu oɾobo upi paini paina oɾuso sg iɾiso pl nak o u netoaSee also editTrans Fly languagesReferences edit a b Evans Nicholas 2018 The languages of Southern New Guinea In Palmer Bill ed The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area A Comprehensive Guide The World of Linguistics Vol 4 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 641 774 ISBN 978 3 11 028642 7 Greenhill Simon 2016 TransNewGuinea org database of the languages of New Guinea Retrieved 2020 11 05 a b Usher Timothy 2020 New Guinea World Archived from the original on 2022 12 16 Retrieved 2020 12 31 Flint L A 1919 Vocabularies Daru station Western Division Papua Annual Report for the Year 1917 18 96 The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia Ross Malcolm 2005 Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages In Andrew Pawley Robert Attenborough Robin Hide Jack Golson eds Papuan pasts cultural linguistic and biological histories of Papuan speaking peoples Canberra Pacific Linguistics pp 15 66 ISBN 0858835622 OCLC 67292782 External links editSouth Central Papuan languages database at TransNewGuinea org Bulaka River on newguineaworld Archived 2016 04 12 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trans Fly Bulaka River languages amp oldid 1199506411, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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