Sopwith 1½ Strutter
The Sopwith 1+1⁄2 Strutter was a British single- or two-seat multi-role biplane aircraft of the First World War.[1] It was the first British two-seat tractor fighter and the first British aircraft to enter service with a synchronised machine gun. It was given the name 1+1⁄2 Strutter because of the long and short cabane struts that supported the top wing. The type was operated by both British air services and was in widespread but lacklustre service with the French Aéronautique Militaire.
| Sopwith 1+1⁄2 Strutter | |
|---|---|
| Role | Biplane general purpose aircraft |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Manufacturer | Sopwith Aviation Company |
| First flight | December 1915 |
| Introduction | April 1916 |
| Primary users | Royal Naval Air Service Royal Flying Corps Aéronautique Militaire |
| Number built | 4,500 France 1,439 Great Britain |
Design and development
In December 1914, the Sopwith Aviation Company designed a small, two-seat biplane powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome rotary engine, which became known as the "Sigrist Bus" after Fred Sigrist, the Sopwith works manager. The Sigrist Bus first flew on 5 June 1915 and although it set a new British altitude record on the day of its first flight, only one was built, serving as a company runabout.[2][3]
The Sigrist Bus formed the basis for a new, larger, fighter aircraft, the Sopwith LCT (Land Clerget Tractor), designed by Herbert Smith and powered by a 110 hp (82 kW) Clerget engine. Like the Sigrist Bus, each of the upper wings (there was no true centre section) was connected to the fuselage by a pair of short (half) struts and a pair of longer struts, forming a "W" when viewed from the front; this giving rise to the aircraft's popular nickname of the 1+1⁄2 Strutter.[1] The first prototype was ready in mid-December 1915, undergoing official testing in January 1916.[3][4]
The 1+1⁄2 Strutter was of conventional wire-braced, wood and fabric construction. The pilot and gunner sat in widely separated tandem cockpits, with the pilot in front, giving the gunner a good field of fire for his Lewis gun. The aircraft had a variable-incidence tailplane that could be adjusted by the pilot in flight and airbrakes under the lower wings to reduce landing distance.[2][5]
The Vickers-Challenger synchronisation gear was put into production for the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) in December 1915 and in a few weeks, a similar order for the Scarff-Dibovski gear was placed for the RNAS.[6][7] Early production 1+1⁄2 Strutters were fitted with one or the other of these gears for the fixed .303-in Vickers machine gun; due to a shortage of the new gears some early aircraft were built with only the observer's gun. Later aircraft were either fitted with the Ross or the Sopwith-Kauper gears.[8] No early mechanical synchronisation gear was reliable and it was not uncommon for propellers to be damaged or shot away.
The Scarff ring mounting was also new and production was at first slower than that of the aircraft requiring them. Various makeshift Lewis mountings as well as the older Nieuport ring mounting, were fitted to some early 1+1⁄2 Strutters as a stopgap.[9] The two-seaters could carry four 25 lb (11 kg) bombs underwing, which could be replaced by two 65 lb (29 kg) bombs for anti-submarine patrols.[10] From the beginning, a light bomber version was planned, with the observer's cockpit eliminated to allow more fuel and bombs to be carried in the manner of the Martinsyde Elephant and the B.E.12, with an internal bomb bay capable of carrying four 65 lb (29 kg) bombs.[10][11]
Operational history
In British service
The prototype two seater flew in December 1915 and production deliveries started to reach the RNAS in February 1916.[4] By the end of April, No. 5 Wing RNAS had a flight equipped with the new aircraft. The Sopwiths were used to escort the wing's Caudron G.4 and Breguet Bre.4 bombers and for bombing.[12][13] The War Office had ordered the type for the RFC in March but because Sopwith's production capacity was contracted to the navy, the RFC orders had to be placed with Ruston Proctor and Vickers.[14] Sub-contract production from these manufacturers did not get into its stride until August. Since the Battle of the Somme was planned for the end of June and with the RFC having a shortage of modern aircraft, it was agreed that a number of Sopwiths would be transferred from one service to the other, allowing 70 Squadron to reach the front by early July 1916 with Sopwith-built 1+1⁄2 Strutters, originally intended for the Navy.[15]
At first, 70 Squadron did very well with their new aircraft. The period of German ascendency known as the Fokker scourge was over and the 1+1⁄2 Strutter's long range and excellent armament enabled offensive patrolling deep into German-held territory.[16] By the time 45 Squadron reached the front in October, the new Albatros fighters were arriving at the Jagdstaffeln. By January 1917, when 43 Squadron arrived in France, the 1+1⁄2 Strutter was outclassed as a fighter; a more powerful 130 hp (97 kW) Clerget 9B improved performance slightly but too late to reverse the situation.[17] It was still a useful long-range reconnaissance aircraft when it could be provided with adequate fighter escort but was one of the types to suffer severely during "Bloody April", 43 squadron alone suffering 35 casualties, from an officer establishment of 32.[18][19]
Like other early Sopwith types, the 1+1⁄2 Strutter was very lightly built and its structure did not stand up very well to arduous war service. It was far too stable to make a good dogfighter and the distance between the pilot and the observer's cockpits impeded their communication. The last operational 1+1⁄2 Strutters in the RFC were replaced by Sopwith Camels in late October 1917.[18]
The type's long range and stability were good qualities for a home defence fighter and it served with 37, 44 and 78 squadrons. Most of the 1+1⁄2 Strutters supplied to home defence units had been built as two-seaters but many were converted locally to single-seaters to improve performance. Some of these single-seaters were similar to the bomber variant but others were of a different type, known (like similarly adapted Sopwith Camels) as the Sopwith Comic. The cockpit was moved back behind the wings and one or two Lewis guns, either mounted on Foster mountings or fixed to fire upwards, outside the arc of the propeller, replaced the synchronised Vickers.
The RNAS used most of their 1+1⁄2 Strutters as bombers (in the Aegean and Macedonia as well as in France) and as shipboard aircraft, where it was known as the Ship's Strutter and flew from aircraft carriers, other warships of the Royal Navy and HMAS Australia. The RNAS and the RFC (and after April 1918 the Royal Air Force [RAF]) used the type as a trainer after it had been withdrawn from operational service and like the Sopwith Pup, it proved a popular personal aircraft for senior officers.
In French service
The largest user of the Sopwith was actually the French Aéronautique Militaire. By May 1916 it was obvious that the pusher Farman and Breguet bombers and reconnaissance aircraft were obsolete and with the failure of their tractor aircraft replacements, particularly the Nieuport 14, the Sopwith was ordered in large numbers from French manufacturers in three versions, the SOP. 1A.2 (two-seat reconnaissance), SOP. 1B.2 (two-seat bomber) and SOP. 1B.1 (single-seat bomber).[20][21] While in French service, they equipped a large portion of the French bomber and artillery-observation squadrons and carried out many bombing attacks against industrial and military targets, including the German front lines. It was not as successful against fighters, suffering substantial casualties and downing fewer enemy aircraft than either the aircraft used before it or after. With the belated introduction of the Breguet 14 A.2 and B.2, the last of the Sopwiths were withdrawn from operational service in early 1918 although they would continue in service with training units until after the end of the war.
In other foreign service
Three Belgian squadrons also flew French-built Sopwiths, and surplus French Sopwiths were used by several countries postwar. During the war, several 1+1⁄2 Strutters that were interned after landing in the Netherlands were purchased for the Dutch Luchvaart Afdeeling.
Over 100 1+1⁄2 Strutters were also built in Russia by Duks and Lebedev,[22] supplemented by large numbers delivered directly from Britain and France. The 1+1⁄2 Strutter remained in large scale use by both the Soviet forces and White Russians during the Russian civil war and Polish-Soviet war.[23] Three were captured during this war and used by the Poles in 1919–1920.[24] Other captured ones were used by Baltic states.
The American Expeditionary Force purchased 384 two-seat Strutter observation aircraft and 130 single-seat bombers from France in 1917–18.[25] While mainly used for training, they were used operationally by the 90th Aero Squadron as an interim measure, due to a shortage of later types.[21] The U.S. Navy used a number of the two-seat Sopwiths, along with Nieuport 28s and Hanriot HD.1s and 2s as ships' aircraft in the early postwar years, testing the use of aircraft from platforms mounted on the turrets of battleships.
The 1+1⁄2 Strutter also served with the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force – some examples serving in the Japanese expeditionary force in Siberia during 1918.
Around 1,500 1+1⁄2 Strutters were built for the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service and between 4,200 and 4,500 were built in France.
Variants and designations
- Sopwith Land Clerget Tractor (or Sopwith LCT)
- Sopwith company designation.
- Sopwith Type 9400
- Admiralty designation for two seater, number from serial of last aircraft in first batch ordered.
- Sopwith Type 9700
- Admiralty designation for single- seater bomber, number likewise assigned.
- Sopwith Two seater
- RFC designation.
- Sopwith 1+1⁄2 Strutter
- Unofficial name due to configuration of struts, also used by US Navy.
- Sopwith Comic
- Single seat home defence fighter
- Ship(s) Strutter
- Shipboard version
- SOP. 1
- French built version.
Operators
Military
- Afghanistan Air Force received a single aircraft from the Soviet Union in September 1921, which remained in existence until at least December 1924.[27]
- Australian Flying Corps
- No. 2 Squadron AFC operated one aircraft for training only.
- No. 4 Squadron AFC used Strutters for training.
- No. 6 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom
- Aviation Militaire Belge[26]
- 2ème Escadrille
- 3ème Escadrille
- 4ème Escadrille
- 6ème Escadrille
- Escola de Aviação Militar used three aircraft for liaison and army co-operation duties.[26]
- Czechoslovakia
- Czechoslovak Legion used four SOP 1 A.2 delivered by the French Aviation Mission in Russia, and at least one Strutter captured from bolsheviks.[28]
- Estonia
- Estonian Air Force operated a single ex-Soviet aircraft.[29]
- Aéronautique Militaire – A total of 72 Escadrilles equipped either wholly or partly.[30]
- Aéronautique Navale
- Hellenic Navy – Six aircraft used in the Asia Minor Campaign against Turkey, 1918–21.[26]
- Latvian Air Force operated four ex-Soviet aircraft.[31][32]
- Aizsargi
- Lithuanian Air Force operated a single ex-Soviet aircraft that landed behind Lithuanian lines during the Lithuanian–Soviet War.[33] Two others may also have been operated.[23]
- Arma de Aviación Militar operated one example (TNCA registration 1-S-68) from c1920–1924.[34]
- Luchtvaart Afdeling used five 1+1⁄2 Strutters that forced landed in neutral the Netherlands and were interned and subsequently purchased.[23]
- Polish Air Force operated three aircraft captured from the Soviets in 1919–1920.[24]
- Imperial Russian Air Force and White Russian forces
A single aircraft acquired from Russia in 1918.[23]
Civil
Two aircraft registered in 1928. R-105 (later LV-BAA) and R-106 (later LV-CAA). One of these two preserved in Florida.[22]
55 aircraft on French civil register in 1922.[22]
At least seven aircraft registered.[22]
Possibly one aircraft from Switzerland in 1926.[22]
Two aircraft, CH-53 registered 9 April 1921, cancelled 9 October 1923. CH-67 registered 5 December 1923, cancelled December 1926 as sold to Sweden.[22]
One civil registered aircraft, G-EAVB.[22]
Survivors
Original Sopwith 1+1⁄2 Strutter aircraft are preserved at the following locations.[37]
- Belgium
- S-88 – On static display at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History in Brussels.[38]
- Canada
- Replica – Airworthy at The Great War Flying Museum in Caledon, Ontario.[39][40]
- France
- 556 – Sop.1A.2 on static display at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Paris, Île-de-France.[41]
- 2897 – Sop.1B.2 airworthy at the Memorial Flight Association in La Ferté-Alais, Île-de-France.[42][43]
- New Zealand
- Unknown – Under restoration at The Vintage Aviator Limited in Masterton, Wellington. It was previously owned by Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida, and was operated by Argentina before that.[44][45]
- Scotland
- Replica – Undergoing work to airworthy at the National Museum of Flight in East Fortune, East Lothian.[46][47]
Specifications (1+1⁄2 Strutter – two seater, 130 hp Clerget)
Data from British Aeroplanes 1914–18[48]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Length: 25 ft 3 in (7.70 m)
- Wingspan: 33 ft 6 in (10.21 m)
- Height: 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m)
- Wing area: 346 sq ft (32.1 m2)
- Empty weight: 1,305 lb (592 kg)
- Gross weight: 2,149 lb (975 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 2,154 lb (977 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × Clerget 9B 9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine, 130 hp (97 kW)
- Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
- Maximum speed: 100 mph (160 km/h, 87 kn) at 6,500 ft (1,981 m)
- Endurance: 3 hours 45 minutes
- Service ceiling: 15,500 ft (4,700 m)
- Time to altitude: 6,500 ft (1,981 m) in 9 minutes 10 seconds
Armament
- Guns:
- 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) forward-firing synchronised Vickers machine gun
- 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun in observer's cockpit
- Bombs: Up to 130 lb (60 kg) bombs
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References
Notes
- ^ a b Lake 2002, p. 40.
- ^ a b Bruce 1982, p. 499.
- ^ a b Jarrett 2009, p. 56.
- ^ a b Bruce 28 September 1956, p. 544.
- ^ Jarrett 2009, pp. 56, 8.
- ^ Bruce 28 September 1956, p. 543.
- ^ Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 586.
- ^ Bruce 1957, p. 542.
- ^ Bruce 1957, pp. 542–543.
- ^ a b Jarrett 2009, p. 59.
- ^ Bruce 2000, p. 6.
- ^ Bruce 28 September 1956, p. 545.
- ^ Bruce 1982, p. 500.
- ^ Bruce 1982, pp. 501, 503.
- ^ Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 587.
- ^ Bruce 1982, p. 504.
- ^ a b Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 588.
- ^ Herris and Pearson 2010, p. 51.
- ^ a b c d Bruce 2000, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 590.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jarrett 2009, p. 60.
- ^ a b c d Jarrett 2009, p. 66.
- ^ a b Kopański 2001, pp. 73–78.
- ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 560.
- ^ a b c d e Jarrett 2009, p. 65.
- ^ Andersson Air Enthusiast May/June 2003, p. 26.
- ^ Čejka, Zdeněk (November 1999). "Českoslovenští letci a Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter". Historie a plastikové modelářství. IX (11): 18–20. ISSN 1210-1427.
- ^ Gerdessen 1982, pp. 64, 76.
- ^ Jarrett 2009, p. 64.
- ^ Jarrett 2009, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Humberstone, Richard. Latvian Air Force 1918–1940. London: Blue Rider Publishing, 2000, ISBN 1-902851-04-8.
- ^ Vistakas 1985, p. 61.
- ^ Flores Aeroplane, May 2010, p. 94.
- ^ Bruce 1982, p. 508.
- ^ Jarrett 2009, p.70.
- ^ Brackx, Daniel (16 October 2014). "Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter". Belgian Wings. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "Sopwith 1-1/2 Strutter". The Great War Flying Museum. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-FSOP]". Transport Canada. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ "Airframe Dossier – Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter, c/n 556". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter 1 B 2". Memorial Flight. Memorial Flight Association. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "Immatriculation des aéronefs [F-AZNM]" (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "Rare Sopwith for New Zealand." Aeroplance Monthly, April 2011, p. 6.
- ^ Weeks, Kermit (24 January 2012). "Oh my God! . . . What a Great Trip Down Under!". Fantasy of Flight. Fantasy of Flight. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "APSS SOPWITH 1½ STRUTTER". Aviation Preservation Society of Scotland. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "Aviation Preservation Society of Scotland Building a Flying Sopwith 1½ Strutter Replica". Warbirds News. Warbirds News. 25 August 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ Bruce 1957, pp. 549–550.
Bibliography
- Andersson, Lennart. "Turbulent Origins: The First 30 Years of Aviation in Afghanistan". Air Enthusiast, No 105, May/June 2003, pp. 19–27. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Bruce, J.M. "The Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Historic Military Aircraft No. 14 Part I." Flight, 28 September 1956, pp. 542–546.
- Bruce, J.M. "The Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Historic Military Aircraft No. 14 Part II." Flight, 5 October 1956, pp. 586–591.
- Bruce J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914–18. London: Putnam, 1957.
- Bruce, J.M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam, 1982. ISBN 0-370-30084-X.
- Bruce, J.M. Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Windsock Datafile 34. Berkhampstead, UK: Albatros Productions, Second edition, 1998. ISBN 0-948414-42-1.
- Bruce, J.M. Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Volume 2: Windsock Datafile 80. Berkhampstead, UK: Albatros Productions, 2000. ISBN 1-902207-22-X.
- Flores, Santiago A. "Skywriters: Mexican Strutter". Aeroplane, Vol. 38, No. 5, Issue No 445, May 2009, p. 94. London: IPC. ISSN 0143-7240.
- Gerdessen, F. "Estonian Air Power 1918–1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982, pp. 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Herris, Jack and Pearson, Bob Aircraft of World War I. London: Amber Books, 2010: ISBN 978-1-906626-65-5.
- Jarrett, Philip. "Database:The Sopwith 1½ Strutter". Aeroplane, Vol. 37, No, 12, Issue No 440, December 2009, pp. 55–70. London:IPC. ISSN 0143-7240.
- King, H.F. Sopwith Aircraft 1912–1920 London: Putnam, 1981. ISBN 0-370-30050-5.
- Klaauw, Bart van der (March–April 1999). "Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War". Air Enthusiast (80): 54–59. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Kopański, Tomasz Jan. Samoloty brytyjskie w lotnictwie polskim 1918–1930 (British aircraft in the Polish air force 1918–1930)(in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona, 2001. ISBN 83-11-09315-6.
- Lake, Jon. The Great Book of Bombers: The World's Most Important Bombers from World War I to the Present Day. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2002. ISBN 0-7603-1347-4.
- Swanborough, F.G. and Peter Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963.
- Swanborough Gordon and Peter Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second edition 1976. ISBN 0-370-10054-9.
- Taylor, John W.R. "Sopwith 1½ Strutter". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.
- Thetford, Owen. British Naval Aircraft since 1912. London: Putnam, Fourth edition 1978. ISBN 0-370-30021-1.
- Visatkas, C. "The Annals of Lithuanian Aviation". Air Enthusiast, Number Twenty-nine, November 1985 – February 1986, pp. 61–66. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. ISSN 0143-5450.
External links
- Sopwith Strutter in Russia