In cellular biology, the term somatic is derived from the French somatique which comes from Ancient Greek σωματικός (sōmatikós, “bodily”), and σῶμα (sôma, “body”.)[1][2] is often used to refer to the cells of the body, in contrast to the reproductive (germline) cells, which usually give rise to the egg or sperm (or other gametes in other organisms). These somatic cells are diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome, whereas germ cells are haploid, as they only contain one copy of each chromosome (in preparation for fertilisation). Although under normal circumstances all somatic cells in an organism contain identical DNA, they develop a variety of tissue-specific characteristics. This process is called differentiation, through epigenetic and regulatory alterations. The grouping of similar cells and tissues creates the foundation for organs.
Somatic mutations are changes to the genetics of a multicellular organism that are not passed on to its offspring through the germline. Most cancers are due to somatic mutations.
Somatic is also defined as relating to the wall of the body cavity, particularly as distinguished from the head, limbs, or viscera. It is also used in the term somatic nervous system, which is the portion of the vertebratenervous system that regulates voluntary movements of the body.
Mutation frequencyedit
The frequency of mutations in mouse somatic tissue (brain, liver, Sertoli cells) was compared to the mutation frequency in male germline cells at sequential stages of spermatogenesis.[3] The spontaneous mutation frequency was found to be significantly higher (5 to 10-fold) in the somatic cell types than in the male germline cells.[3] In female mice, somatic cells were also found to have a higher mutation frequency than germline cells.[4] It was suggested that elevated levels of DNA repair enzymes play a prominent role in the lower mutation frequency of male and female germline cells, and that enhanced genetic integrity is a fundamental characteristic of germline cells.[4] DNA repair processes can remove DNA damages that would, otherwise, upon DNA replication, cause mutation.
See alsoedit
Perikaryon (soma), the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus
^"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th ed, revised.". American Heritage Dictionaries (Fifth Edition, revised 2016. ed.). Boston, MA.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN0544454456. OCLC 885225575.
^ abWalter CA, Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (1998). "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (17): 10015–9. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9510015W. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10015. PMC21453. PMID 9707592.
^ abMurphey P, McLean DJ, McMahan CA, Walter CA, McCarrey JR (2013). "Enhanced genetic integrity in mouse germ cells". Biol. Reprod. 88 (1): 6. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.103481. PMC4434944. PMID 23153565.
somatic, biology, other, uses, somatic, cellular, biology, term, somatic, derived, from, french, somatique, which, comes, from, ancient, greek, σωματικός, sōmatikós, bodily, σῶμα, sôma, body, often, used, refer, cells, body, contrast, reproductive, germline, c. For other uses see Somatic In cellular biology the term somatic is derived from the French somatique which comes from Ancient Greek swmatikos sōmatikos bodily and sῶma soma body 1 2 is often used to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the reproductive germline cells which usually give rise to the egg or sperm or other gametes in other organisms These somatic cells are diploid containing two copies of each chromosome whereas germ cells are haploid as they only contain one copy of each chromosome in preparation for fertilisation Although under normal circumstances all somatic cells in an organism contain identical DNA they develop a variety of tissue specific characteristics This process is called differentiation through epigenetic and regulatory alterations The grouping of similar cells and tissues creates the foundation for organs Somatic mutations are changes to the genetics of a multicellular organism that are not passed on to its offspring through the germline Most cancers are due to somatic mutations Somatic is also defined as relating to the wall of the body cavity particularly as distinguished from the head limbs or viscera It is also used in the term somatic nervous system which is the portion of the vertebrate nervous system that regulates voluntary movements of the body Mutation frequency editThe frequency of mutations in mouse somatic tissue brain liver Sertoli cells was compared to the mutation frequency in male germline cells at sequential stages of spermatogenesis 3 The spontaneous mutation frequency was found to be significantly higher 5 to 10 fold in the somatic cell types than in the male germline cells 3 In female mice somatic cells were also found to have a higher mutation frequency than germline cells 4 It was suggested that elevated levels of DNA repair enzymes play a prominent role in the lower mutation frequency of male and female germline cells and that enhanced genetic integrity is a fundamental characteristic of germline cells 4 DNA repair processes can remove DNA damages that would otherwise upon DNA replication cause mutation See also editPerikaryon soma the bulbous end of a neuron containing the cell nucleusReferences edit somatic Wiktionary en wiktionary org Retrieved 2021 04 09 The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed revised American Heritage Dictionaries Fifth Edition revised 2016 ed Boston MA Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN 0544454456 OCLC 885225575 a b Walter CA Intano GW McCarrey JR McMahan CA Walter RB 1998 Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 17 10015 9 Bibcode 1998PNAS 9510015W doi 10 1073 pnas 95 17 10015 PMC 21453 PMID 9707592 a b Murphey P McLean DJ McMahan CA Walter CA McCarrey JR 2013 Enhanced genetic integrity in mouse germ cells Biol Reprod 88 1 6 doi 10 1095 biolreprod 112 103481 PMC 4434944 PMID 23153565 nbsp This developmental biology article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Somatic biology amp oldid 1155930147, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
