Somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system (SNS), or voluntary nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.[1][2]
| Somatic nervous system | |
|---|---|
1. (Brain) Precentral gyrus: the origin of nerve signals initiating movement. 2. (Cross section of Spinal cord) Corticospinal tract: Mediator of message from brain to skeletal muscles. 3. Axon: the efferent nerve fiber that carries the command to contract muscles. 4. Neuromuscular junction: muscle cells are stimulated to contract at this intersection | |
| Details | |
| Part of | Peripheral nervous system |
| Identifiers | |
| FMA | 9904 |
| Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata] | |
The somatic nervous system consists of nerves carrying afferent nerve fibers, which relay sensation from the body to the central nervous system (CNS), and nerves carrying efferent nerve fibers, which relay motor commands from the CNS to stimulate muscle contraction.[3]
The a- of afferent and the e- of efferent correspond to the prefixes ad- (to, toward) and ex- (out of).
Structure Edit
There are 43 segments of nerves in the human body.[4] With each segment, there is a pair of sensory and motor nerves. In the body, 31 segments of nerves are in the spinal cord and 12 are in the brain stem.[4] Besides these, thousands of association nerves are also present in the body.[citation needed]
Thus the somatic nervous system consists of two parts:
- Spinal nerves: They are mixed nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord.[5]
- Cranial nerves: They are the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the brain stem.[4] They include smell, eye muscles, mouth, taste, ear, neck, shoulders, and tongue.[5]
Function Edit
The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and the process of voluntary reflex arcs.[6]
The basic route of nerve signals within the efferent somatic nervous system involves a sequence that begins in the upper cell bodies of motor neurons (upper motor neurons) within the precentral gyrus (which approximates the primary motor cortex). Stimuli from the precentral gyrus are transmitted from upper motor neurons, down the corticospinal tract, to lower motor neurons (alpha motor neurons) in the brainstem and ventral horn of the spinal cord: upper motor neurons release a neurotransmitter called glutamate from their axon terminal knobs, which is received by glutamate receptors on the lower motor neurons: from there, acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal knobs of alpha motor neurons and received by postsynaptic receptors (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) of muscles, thereby relaying the stimulus to contract muscle fibers.
Reflex arcs Edit
A reflex arc is a neural circuit that creates a more or less automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output. Reflex circuits vary in complexity—the simplest spinal reflexes are mediated by a two-element chain, of which in the human body there is only one, also called a monosynaptic reflex (there is only one synapse between the two neurones taking part in the arc: sensory and motor). The singular example of a monosynaptic reflex is the patellar reflex. The next simplest reflex arc is a three-element chain, beginning with sensory neurons, which activate interneurons inside of the spinal cord, which then activate motor neurons. Some reflex responses, such as withdrawing the hand after touching a hot surface, are protective, but others, such as the patellar reflex ("knee jerk") activated by tapping the patellar tendon, contribute to ordinary behavior.
Other animals Edit
In invertebrates, depending on the neurotransmitter released and the type of receptor it binds, the response in the muscle fiber could either be excitatory or inhibitory. For vertebrates, however, the response of a skeletal striated muscle fiber to a neurotransmitter – always acetylcholine (ACh) – can only be excitatory.
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ "Somatic nervous system". qbi.uq.edu.au. 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
- ^ How does the nervous system work?. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. 2016-08-19.
- ^ Akinrodoye, Micky A.; Lui, Forshing (2022). "Neuroanatomy, Somatic Nervous System". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32310487. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
- ^ a b c Rea, Paul (2014-01-01). "Introduction to the Nervous System". Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves. Academic Press. pp. xv–xxix. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800898-0.00019-1. ISBN 978-0-12-800898-0.
- ^ a b Felten, David L.; O'Banion, M. Kerry; Maida, Mary Summo (2016-01-01), Felten, David L.; O'Banion, M. Kerry; Maida, Mary Summo (eds.), "9 - Peripheral Nervous System", Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience (Third Edition), Philadelphia: Elsevier, pp. 153–231, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-26511-9.00009-6, ISBN 978-0-323-26511-9, retrieved 2020-10-28
- ^ Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (July 16, 2023). Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax CNX. Introduction:The somatic nervous system. ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.