Soluta is an extinct class of echinoderms that lived from the Middle Cambrian to the Early Devonian.[1] The class is also known by its junior synonym Homoiostelea. Soluta is one of the four "carpoid" classes, alongside Ctenocystoidea, Cincta, and Stylophora, which made up the obsolete subphylum Homalozoa. Solutes (or solutans) were asymmetric animals with a stereom skeleton and two appendages, an arm extending anteriorly and a posterior appendage called a homoiostele.
The phylogenetic position of Soluta is contentious. Solutans are widely agreed to be echinoderms, though the outmoded[5]calcichordate hypothesis held that they were ancestral to both echinoderms and chordates.[6] Within echinoderms, one hypothesis holds that stylophorans are stem-group echinoderms which branched off before echinoderms evolved radial symmetry.[7] Another hypothesis holds that they are specialized descendants of radiate echinoderms which lost radial symmetry, likely belonging to Blastozoa.[8]
Solutes are divided into two orders, Syringocrinida and Dendrocystitida.[9]
Distributionedit
The earliest solutes, Coleicarpus and Castericystis, lived during the Drumian age of the Cambrian.[3] Solutes were the last of the four carpoid classes to appear in the fossil record. Solutes appear to have evolved in Laurentia,[3] but became more widespread during the Ordovician.[10]
Referencesedit
^Lefebvre, Bertrand; Derstler, Kraig; Sumrall, Colin D. (2012). "A reinterpretation of the solutan Plasiacystis mobilis (Echinodermata) from the Middle Ordovician of Bohemia". Zoosymposia. 7: 287–306. doi:10.11646/zoosymposia.7.1.27.
^Daley, Paul E. J. (1996). "The first solute which is attached as an adult: a Mid-Cambrian fossil from Utah with echinoderm and chordate affinities". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (4): 405–440. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01659.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
^ abcLefebvre, Bertrand; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy (2017). "Laurentian origin of solutan echinoderms: new evidence from the Guzhangian (Cambrian Series 3) Weeks Formation of Utah, USA". Geological Magazine. 155 (5): 1190–1204. doi:10.1017/S0016756817000152. S2CID 132681380.
^Parsley, Ronald L.; Rozhnov, Sergei V.; Sumrall, Colin D. (2012). "Morphologic and systematic revision of the solute Maennilia estonica (Homoiostelea, Echinodermata) from the Upper Ordovician of Estonia". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (3): 462–469. doi:10.1666/11-083.1. S2CID 129760226.
^Rahman, Imran A. (2009). "Making sense of carpoids". Geology Today. 25 (1): 34–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2009.00703.x. S2CID 129493134.
^Jefferies, R. P. S. (1990). "The solute Dendrocystites scoticus from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland and the ancestry of chordates and echinoderms". Palaeontology. 33 (3): 631–679.
^Smith, Andrew B. (2005). "The pre-radial history of echinoderms". Geological Journal. 40 (3): 255–280. doi:10.1002/gj.1018. S2CID 86388965.
^David, Bruno; Lefebvre, Bertrand; Mooi, Rich; Parsley, Ronald (2000). "Are homalozoans echinoderms? An answer from the extraxial-axial theory". Paleobiology. 26 (4): 529–555. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0529:AHEAAF>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86167693.
^Noailles, Fleur; Lefebvre, Bertrand; Kašička, Libor (2014). "A probable case of heterochrony in the solutan Dendrocystites Barrande, 1887 (Echinodermata: Blastozoa) from the Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin (Czech Republic) and a revision of the family Dendrocystitidae Bassler, 1938". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 451–476. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1475. ISSN 1214-1119.
soluta, echinoderm, beetle, soluta, gramineoides, soluta, extinct, class, echinoderms, that, lived, from, middle, cambrian, early, devonian, class, also, known, junior, synonym, homoiostelea, soluta, four, carpoid, classes, alongside, ctenocystoidea, cincta, s. For the beetle see Soluta gramineoides Soluta is an extinct class of echinoderms that lived from the Middle Cambrian to the Early Devonian 1 The class is also known by its junior synonym Homoiostelea Soluta is one of the four carpoid classes alongside Ctenocystoidea Cincta and Stylophora which made up the obsolete subphylum Homalozoa Solutes or solutans were asymmetric animals with a stereom skeleton and two appendages an arm extending anteriorly and a posterior appendage called a homoiostele SolutaTemporal range Drumian Lower Devonian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NFossil specimen of Coleicarpus sprinkleiSilhouette of CastericystisScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaSuperphylum DeuterostomiaClade AmbulacrariaPhylum EchinodermataClass SolutaJaekel 1901Orders Syringocrinida Dendrocystitida Contents 1 Biology 2 Classification 3 Distribution 4 ReferencesBiology editMost solutes were free living but the basal solutan Coleicarpus used its homoiostele as a holdfast as did juvenile Castericystis 2 3 Classification editColeicarpusCastericystisMinervaecystisGirvanicystisDendrocystitesMaenniliaHeckericystisDendrocystoidesClaritacarpusRutroclypeusIowacystisScalenocystitesSyringocrinusMyeinocystitesBelemnocystitesPhylogenetic relationships within Soluta 4 The phylogenetic position of Soluta is contentious Solutans are widely agreed to be echinoderms though the outmoded 5 calcichordate hypothesis held that they were ancestral to both echinoderms and chordates 6 Within echinoderms one hypothesis holds that stylophorans are stem group echinoderms which branched off before echinoderms evolved radial symmetry 7 Another hypothesis holds that they are specialized descendants of radiate echinoderms which lost radial symmetry likely belonging to Blastozoa 8 Solutes are divided into two orders Syringocrinida and Dendrocystitida 9 Distribution editThe earliest solutes Coleicarpus and Castericystis lived during the Drumian age of the Cambrian 3 Solutes were the last of the four carpoid classes to appear in the fossil record Solutes appear to have evolved in Laurentia 3 but became more widespread during the Ordovician 10 References edit Lefebvre Bertrand Derstler Kraig Sumrall Colin D 2012 A reinterpretation of the solutan Plasiacystis mobilis Echinodermata from the Middle Ordovician of Bohemia Zoosymposia 7 287 306 doi 10 11646 zoosymposia 7 1 27 Daley Paul E J 1996 The first solute which is attached as an adult a Mid Cambrian fossil from Utah with echinoderm and chordate affinities Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 117 4 405 440 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1996 tb01659 x ISSN 0024 4082 a b c Lefebvre Bertrand Lerosey Aubril Rudy 2017 Laurentian origin of solutan echinoderms new evidence from the Guzhangian Cambrian Series 3 Weeks Formation of Utah USA Geological Magazine 155 5 1190 1204 doi 10 1017 S0016756817000152 S2CID 132681380 Parsley Ronald L Rozhnov Sergei V Sumrall Colin D 2012 Morphologic and systematic revision of the solute Maennilia estonica Homoiostelea Echinodermata from the Upper Ordovician of Estonia Journal of Paleontology 86 3 462 469 doi 10 1666 11 083 1 S2CID 129760226 Rahman Imran A 2009 Making sense of carpoids Geology Today 25 1 34 38 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2451 2009 00703 x S2CID 129493134 Jefferies R P S 1990 The solute Dendrocystites scoticus from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland and the ancestry of chordates and echinoderms Palaeontology 33 3 631 679 Smith Andrew B 2005 The pre radial history of echinoderms Geological Journal 40 3 255 280 doi 10 1002 gj 1018 S2CID 86388965 David Bruno Lefebvre Bertrand Mooi Rich Parsley Ronald 2000 Are homalozoans echinoderms An answer from the extraxial axial theory Paleobiology 26 4 529 555 doi 10 1666 0094 8373 2000 026 lt 0529 AHEAAF gt 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 86167693 Noailles Fleur Lefebvre Bertrand Kasicka Libor 2014 A probable case of heterochrony in the solutan Dendrocystites Barrande 1887 Echinodermata Blastozoa from the Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin Czech Republic and a revision of the family Dendrocystitidae Bassler 1938 Bulletin of Geosciences 89 3 451 476 doi 10 3140 bull geosci 1475 ISSN 1214 1119 Zamora Samuel Lefebvre Bertrand Javier Alvaro J Clausen Sebastien Elicki Olaf Fatka Oldrich Jell Peter Kouchinsky Artem Lin Jih Pai Nardin Elise Parsley Ronald Rozhnov Sergei Sprinkle James Sumrall Colin D Vizcaino Daniel Smith Andrew B 2013 Cambrian echinoderm diversity and palaeobiogeography Geological Society London Memoirs 38 1 157 171 doi 10 1144 M38 13 S2CID 130481550 nbsp This prehistoric echinoderm related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Soluta echinoderm amp oldid 1188555514, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
