fbpx
Wikipedia

Gettysburg Battlefield

October 28, 2023

For the Gettysburg National Military Park areas not used for military engagements (e.g., field hospitals), see Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District.

The Gettysburg Battlefield is the area of the July 1–3, 1863, military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg within and around the borough of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Locations of military engagements extend from the 4-acre (1.6 ha) site of the first shot[G 1] at Knoxlyn Ridge[1] on the west of the borough, to East Cavalry Field on the east. A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the Gettysburg Railroad trestle over Rock Creek, which was burned on June 27.[2]

Gettysburg Battlefield
The Battle of Gettysburg took place in the lands surrounding Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
TypeBattlefield
LocationAdams County, Pennsylvania, United States
Coordinates39°48′41″N 77°13′33″W / 39.81139°N 77.22583°W / 39.81139; -77.22583
Ownerprivate, federal
WebsitePark Home (NPS.gov)
Location of Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania Memorial is the battlefield's largest and 1 of over 12 state monuments.

Geography edit

Within 10 miles (16 km) of the Maryland/Pennsylvania state line, the Gettysburg battlefield is situated in the Gettysburg-Newark Basin of the Pennsylvania Piedmont entirely within the Potomac River Watershed near the Marsh and Rock creeks' triple point with the Susquehanna River Watershed (near Oak Hill) occupying an area 3.33 by 5.33 miles (5.4 km × 8.6 km). Military engagements occurred within and around the borough of Gettysburg (1863 pop. 2,400), which remains the population center for the battlefield area at the intersections of roads that connect the borough with 10 nearby Pennsylvania and Maryland towns (e.g., antebellum turnpikes to Chambersburg, York, and Baltimore.)

 
Gettysburg Battlefield lithograph map showing Union and Confederate positions.
(John B. Bachelder)
 
Southwest view of the Sherfy farm (right background) from the Pennsylvania Monument observation deck, 1 of 6 on the battlefield: 3 on towers (Warfield Ridge), Oak Ridge, Culp's Hill), 1 on Little Round Top, & 1 on the closed Cyclorama Building.
 
The Lincoln Address Memorial (top left) in the Gettysburg National Cemetery. The 2 small flanking markers for the 3rd NY Artillery monument (foreground) indicate the breadth of the unit's position.

Topography edit

The battle began on the west at Lohr's, Whistler's, School-House,[3] and Knoxlyn ridges between Cashtown and Gettysburg. Nearer to Gettysburg, dismounted Union cavalry defended McPherson's Ridge and Herr's Ridge, and eventually infantry support arrived to defend Seminary Ridge at the borough's west side. Oak Ridge, a northward extension of both McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge, is capped by Oak Hill, a site for artillery that commanded a good area north of the town. Prior to Pickett's Charge, "159 guns stretching in a long line from the Peach Orchard to Oak Hill were to open simultaneously".[4]

Directly south of the town is the gently-sloped Cemetery Hill named for the 1854 Evergreen Cemetery on its crest and where the 1863 Gettysburg Address dedicated the Gettysburg National Cemetery. Eastward are Culp's Hill and Steven's Knoll. Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill were subjected to assaults throughout the battle by Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps. Cemetery Ridge extends about 1-mile (1.6 km) south from Cemetery Hill.[5]

Southward from Cemetery Hill is Cemetery Ridge of only about 40 feet (12 m) above the surrounding terrain. The ridge includes The Angle's stone wall and the copse of trees at the High-water mark of the Confederacy during Pickett's Charge. The southern end of Cemetery Ridge is Weikert Hill, north of Little Round Top.[6]

The two highest battlefield points are at Round Top to the south with the higher round summit of Big Round Top, the lower oval summit of Little Round Top, and a saddle between. The Round Tops are rugged and strewn with large boulders; as is Devil's Den to the west. [Big] Round Top, known also to locals of the time as Sugar Loaf, is 116 feet (35 m) higher than its Little companion. Its steep slopes are heavily wooded, which made it unsuitable for siting artillery without a large effort to climb the heights with horse-drawn guns and clear lines of fire; Little Round Top was unwooded, but its steep and rocky form made it difficult to deploy artillery in mass. However, Cemetery Hill was an excellent site for artillery, commanding all of the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge and the approaches to them. Little Round Top and Devil's Den were key locations for General John Bell Hood's division in Longstreet's assault during the second day of battle, July 2, 1863. The Plum Run Valley between Houck's Ridge and the Round Tops earned the name Valley of Death on that day.

Borough areas of military engagements edit

The area of the military engagements during the battle included the majority of the 1863 town area[7] and the current borough area. The broadest regions of borough military engagements are the combat area of the Union retreat while being pursued on July 1, as well as the burg's area over which artillery rounds were fired. Confederate artillery fired from Oak Hill southeastward onto the retreated Union line extending east-to-west from Culp's Hill to the west side of Cemetery Hill,[when?] and Union artillery on Cemetery Hill fired on the railway cut (including Wiedrich's battery ~5 pm).[8] Smaller engagements in the town included those with some federals remaining in/near structures after the retreat (e.g., wounded soldiers not willing to surrender). The largest engagement within the current borough was at Coster Avenue (north of the 1863 town) in which Early's division defeated Coster's brigade. The town was generally held by the Confederate provost and used by snipers after the dawn of July 2 (e.g., a brickyard behind the McCreary House,[7]: 282  the John Rupp Tannery on Baltimore St,[9][10] and a church belfry).[11] A Confederate skirmish line at Breckenridge Street faced Federals on Cemetery Hill,[G 2] and ~7 pm July 1, "the Confederate line of battle had been formed on East and West Middle Streets".[12]

History edit

For this area's history during the battle's first day, second day, Pickett's Charge, and third day cavalry battles, see Battle of Gettysburg.

At the close of the battle, some of the ~22,000 wounded remained on the battlefield and were subsequently treated at the outlying Camp Letterman hospital or nearby field hospitals, houses, churches, and other buildings.[N 1] Dead soldiers on the battlefield totaled 8,900; and contractors such as David Warren[G 3]: 8  were hired to bury men and animals (the majority near where they fell). Samuel Weaver oversaw all of these reburials. The first excursion train arrived with battlefield visitors on July 5.[13]

On July 10, Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin visited Gettysburg and expressed the state's interest in finding the fallen veterans a resting place. Attorney David Wills arranged for the purchase of 17 acres (6.9 ha) of Cemetery Hill battlefield land for a cemetery. On August 14, 1863, attorney David McConaughy recommended a preservation association to sell membership stock for battlefield fundraising.[14] By September 16, 1863, battlefield protection had begun with McConaughy's purchase of "the heights of Cemetery Hill and" Little Round Top,[15] and his total purchased area of 600 acres (240 ha) included Culp's Hill land.

On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, which was completed in March 1864 with the last of 3,512 Union reburied. From 1870 to 1873, upon the initiative of the Ladies Memorial Associations of Richmond, Raleigh, Savannah, and Charleston, 3,320 bodies were disinterred and sent to cemeteries in those cities for reburial, 2,935 being interred in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond. Seventy-three bodies were reburied in home cemeteries. The cemetery was transferred to the United States government May 1872,[16] and the last Battle of Gettysburg body was reburied in the national cemetery after being discovered in 1997.[17]

Union Gettysburg veteran Emmor Cope was detailed to annotate the battlefield's troop positions[18] and his "Map of the Battlefield of Gettysburg from the original survey made August to October, 1863" was displayed at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition.[19] Also in 1863, John B. Bachelder escorted convalescing officers at Gettysburg to identify battlefield locations[20] (during the next winter he interviewed Union officers about Gettysburg).

 
The Virginia Monument is the battlefield's largest equestrian monument.

Memorial association era edit

See also List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield

The 1864 Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association (GBMA) added to McConaughy's land holdings and operated a wooden observation tower on East Cemetery Hill from 1878–1895.[21][G 4] Post-war, John Bachelder invited over 1,000 officers, including 49 generals, to revisit the field with him.[20] Bachelder also produced a battlefield survey with 1880 federal funds (initiated by Senator Wade Hampton III, a Confederate general). The GBMA approved and disapproved various monuments and in 1888 planted trees at Zeigler's Grove. The 1st battlefield monument was an 1867 marble urn in the National Cemetery dedicated to the 1st Minnesota Infantry, and the 1st memorial outside of the cemetery was the 1878 Strong Vincent tablet on Little Round Top.[3]: 210  By May 1887 there were 90 regimental and battery monuments on the battlefield,[22] and the first bronze monument on the battlefield was Reynolds' 1872 statue in the cemetery.[23] The only two Confederate monuments inside the Union areas of battle held are an 1887 plaque near The Angle commemorating Gen Armistead's farthest advance on July 3 and the 1884 2nd Maryland Infantry monument on Culp's Hill.

The battlefield was used by the 1884 Camp Gettysburg and other summer encampments of the PA National Guard. Commercial development in the 19th century included the 1884 Round Top Branch of railroad to Round Top, Pennsylvania, and after March 1892, Tipton Park operated in the Slaughter Pen[24]—which was at a trolley station of the Gettysburg Electric Railway that operated from 1894–1916.

The federal Gettysburg National Park Commission was established on March 3, 1893;[25] after which Congressman Daniel Sickles initiated a May 31, 1894, resolution “to acquire by purchase (or by condemnation) … such lands, or interests in lands, upon or in the vicinity of said battle field.[26] The memorial association era[N 2] ended in 1895 when the[N 3] "Sickles Gettysburg Park Bill" (28 Stat. 651) designated the Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP) under the War Department.[G 5] Subsequent battlefield improvements included the October 1895 construction of the War Department's observation towers to replace the 1878 Cemetery Hill tower and an 1881 Big Round Top tower.[27]

Commemorative era edit

See also List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield
 
Statue of General Wells by J. Otto Schweizer.

For payment of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association's debts of $1960.46, on February 4, 1896, the War Department acquired 124 GBMA tracts totaling 522 acres (211 ha),[28] including 320 monuments and about 17 miles (27 km) of roads.[29] Commercial development after Tipton Park was abolished in the fall of 1901 included the July 1902 Hudson Park picnic grove north of Little Round Top[30] (including a boxing arena).[31] A dancing pavilion was erected at the Round Top Museum in 1902,[G 6] and in the saddle area between the Round Tops, David Weikert operated an eating house moved from Tipton Park after it was seized in 1901 by eminent domain.[G 7] Landscape preservation began in 1883 when peach trees were planted in the Peach Orchard,[32] and 20,000 battlefield trees were planted in 1906[33]: '06  (trees are periodically removed from battlefield areas that had been logged prior to the battle.)

Battlefield visitors through the early 20th century typically arrived by train at the borough's 1884 Gettysburg & Harrisburg RR Station[G 8] or the 1859 Gettysburg Railroad Station and used horse-drawn jitneys to tour the battlefield. The borough licensed automobile taxis first in 1913,[34] and the War Department expanded the battlefield roads throughout the commemorative era. Early 20th century battlefield excursions included those by "The Hod Carriers Consolidated Union of Baltimore"[35] and the annual "Topton Day" autumn foliage tours from near Berks County, Pennsylvania.[36]

Veterans reunions included the 1888 25th battle anniversary, a 1906 ceremony to return Gen Armistead's sword to the South.[37] and 53,407 civil war veterans attending the 1913 Gettysburg reunion for the 50th anniversary.[38] The battlefield had a 1912 airfield at Camp Stuart and a WWI Tank Corps center at Brevet Lt. Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1918 Camp Colt, and excursions to the Round Top Park brought alcohol and prostitution.[39] The 1922 Camp Harding included a Marine Corps reenactment of Pickett's Charge observed by President Warren Harding and a next-day simulation of the same attack with modern weapons and tactics.[G 9]

The battlefield's commemorative era[N 2] ended in 1927,[N 3] and use of the national park for military camps continued under an 1896 federal law (29 Stat. 120), e.g., a 1928 artillery and cavalry camp was held at Culp's Hill in conjunction with President Calvin Coolidge's Memorial Day address in the cemetery's rostrum.

Development era edit

In 1933, administration of the GNMP transferred to the 1916 National Park Service (NPS), which initiated Great Depression projects including 1933 Civil Works Administration improvements,[40] and two Civilian Conservation Corps camps were subsequently built for battlefield maintenance and construction projects. After a 1933 comfort station had been built at The Pennsylvania State Memorial,[33]: '33  similar stone Parkitecture structures were built (the west ranger station was completed May 21, 1937),[G 10] and in April 1938, the Works Progress Administration added battlefield parking areas.[41] Numerous commercial facilities were also developed on private battlefield land, particularly during the 1950s "Golden Age of Capitalism" in the United States (e.g., motels, eateries, & visitor attractions).

The battlefield's 2nd largest monument, the Eternal Light Peace Memorial, was accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and unveiled at the 1938 Gettysburg reunion that attracted over 300,000 battlefield visitors. In 1939, the 1st of the Gettysburg National Museum's 14 expansions was completed (the electric map auditorium was added in 1963 and closed April 13, 2008).[42] Pitzer Woods was the site of the World War II Camp Sharpe, and McMillan Woods had a German POW camp (the latter was used for post-war housing of migrant workers for local production). Heads-of-state at the battlefield included a 1943 Winston Churchill auto tour with President Roosevelt,[43] President Eisenhower escorting President Charles De Gaulle (1960), and President Jimmy Carter hosting President Anwar Sadat and Prime Minister Menachem Begin (1978).[44]

The 1956 Mission 66 plan for the 1966 NPS 50th anniversary included restoring battlefield houses, resurfacing 31 miles (50 km) of avenues, replacing the railway cut bridge,[45] and restoring the 1884 Gettysburg Cyclorama.

1962–present edit

As the Mission 66 Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg with a new battlefield observation deck was being completed in 1962, the nearby 1896 Zeigler's Grove observation tower was removed (the 1895 Big Round Top observation tower was removed in 1968). In 1967, the NPS purchased the 1921 Gettysburg National Museum,[G 11] which the NPS operated from 1971[46]-2008.[42] Also in 1971, the NPS acquired Round Top Station and the Round Top Museum, using the latter as an environmental resource center[G 12] until demolished c. July 1982.[G 13] The private Gettysburg National Tower of 393 ft (120 m) was completed in 1974 to provide several observation levels for viewing the battlefield, but was purchased under eminent domain and demolished in 2000. In the Devil's Den area, trees were removed in 2007,[47] and the comfort station was razed April 8, 2010.[48] Similarly, the Gettysburg National Museum was demolished in 2008.

In 2008, the Gettysburg National Military Park had 1,320 monuments, 410 cannon, 148 historic buildings, 2½ observation towers, and 41 miles (66 km) of avenues, roads, and lanes;[G 14] (8 unpaved).[49] "one of the largest collections of outdoor sculpture in the world."[50]

In February 2013 the landmark modernist Cyclorama Building and Visitor Center, designed by renowned architect Richard Neutra, was destroyed. The 19th century Gettysburg Cyclorama depicting the battlefield had previously been removed for restoration, and was reinstalled in the new rustic style Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center.

The Gettysburg National Military Park receives an annual 3 million visitors per year.[51]

The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 1,231 acres (4.98 km2) of the overall battlefield in more than 35 separate transactions since 1997.[52] Some of the land has been sold or conveyed to the National Park Service to be incorporated into the national park, but other land acquisitions are outside the official, federally established, current park boundary and thus cannot become part of the park. This includes the headquarters of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee, one of the Trust's most significant and expensive acquisitions.[53] In 2015, the Trust paid $6 million for a four-acre parcel that included the stone house that Lee used as his headquarters during the battle. The Trust razed a motel, restaurant and other buildings within the parcel to restore the site to its wartime appearance, added interpretive signs and opened the site to the public in October, 2016.[54]

See also edit

For the 2008 Gettysburg National Military Park facility near the battlefield, see Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center.

References edit

  1. ^ "Another Reunion on the Battlefield" (Google News Archive). Gettysburg Compiler. June 21, 1882. Retrieved 2011-03-15. About 6 a. m. July 1st, … as the leading regiment … started to cross [Marsh Creek bridge] Lieutenant [M. E.] Jones said "Hold on, I want the honor of firing the gun. … Capt. Callahan, of Pegram's Texas battery, which fired the first [artillery] shot in the battle from Lohr's hill, west of Marsh Creek
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
  3. ^ a b Vanderslice, John M (1897), Gettysburg: A History of the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association With An Account of the Battle…, Philadelphia: Gettysburg Battle Memorial Association (commissioned 1895), p. 210, from the original on 2011-07-26, retrieved 2011-02-10, Marye's Virginia artillery, posted on Lohr's Hill, opened fire ... artillery had kep up a fire successively from Lohr's, Whistler's, and School-House Ridges. … Devin's brigade had its hands full. The enemy advanced upon it by four roads, and on each was checked until the infantry arrived to relieve it.
  4. ^ Coddington, Edwin B (1968). The Gettysburg Campaign; a study in command (Google Books). New York: Scribner's. p. 462. ISBN 0-684-84569-5. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 159 guns stretching in a long line from the Peach Orchard to Oak Hill were to open simultaneously
  5. ^ Ballard, Ted; Arthur, Billy (1999). (PDF). Carlisle, Pennsylvania: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 42908450. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
  6. ^ Inners, Jon D.; et al. (2006). (PDF) (Report). Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2012. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  7. ^ a b Trudeau, Noah Andre (14 September 2010). Gettysburg: Test of Courage. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780062045522. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
  8. ^ Gottfried, Bradley M. (2008). The Artillery of Gettysburg. Cumberland House. ISBN 9781581826234. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-02-07.
  10. ^ Nasby, Dolly (2008). Gettysburg (Google Books). Arcadia. p. 15. ISBN 9780738557687. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
  11. ^ Cleaves, Freeman (1960). Meade of Gettysburg. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806122984. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-12-30.
  13. ^ Cleaves, Freeman (1960). Meade at Gettysburg (Google books). University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806122984. Retrieved 2011-03-14. The first battlefield excursion train from Harrisburg arrived promptly on Sunday, July 5.
  14. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  15. ^ "More Exempts from the Draft". The Baltimore Sun. September 16, 1863. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-23. Cemetery Hill and the granite spur of Round Top … purchased by Mr. D. McConaughy
  16. ^ Bartlett, John Russell (1874). "The Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg". google.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  17. ^ "Google News". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  18. ^ Reed, Charles Wellington (2000). Campbell, Eric A (ed.). A Grand Terrible Dramma (Google Books). Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 0-8232-1971-2. ISSN 1089-8719. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
  19. ^ "The Exhibit to Worlds Fair" (Google News Archive). Gettysburg Compiler. March 30, 1904. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
  20. ^ a b Hampton, Wade (March 17, 1880). Report of U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee (Report).
  21. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  22. ^ "NEW-YORK AT GETTYSBURG" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 June 1888. (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  23. ^ Unrau, Harlan D (1991), (PDF), Denver: National Park Service, OCLC 24228617, archived from the original (2005 NPS Butowski pdf -- also at Google books) on 2012-10-20 {{citation}}: External link in |format= (help)
  24. ^ "Tipton Boundary Marker; (documented 2004)". (structure ID MN807, LCS ID 080808) List of Classified Structures: GETT p. 41. National Park Service. 1892. from the original on 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2011-03-02. approximately, 7"x7"x1'. Inscribed "T" on top of marker. … rough granite with a "T" inscribed on the top. … at a corner of Tipton land purchased in March 1892 as part of the Tipton Park and photographic studio. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help) NOTE: The federal survey to determine the extent of the railway was initiated in 1893. 2012-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ "Gettysburg National Military Park Marker" (HMdb.org webpage for marker 14520). War Department. 1908. from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-02-08. (NPS webpage, MN508) 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Hessler, James. . Civil War Trust. Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2011-02-01. incorporated the Gettysburg Electric Railway Company in 1892
  27. ^ "New Observatory" (Google News Archive). The Star and Sentinel. July 20, 1881. p. 3, col. 3. from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  28. ^ Battlefield Memorial Association (February 4, 1896), Deed [to United States of America]; recorded June 25, Adams County Courthouse, Deed Book XX{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ "Gettysburg Compiler - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  30. ^ "We Have Another Park" (Google News Archives). The Star and Sentinel. July 2, 1902. p. 3. col. 5. from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2011-02-06. The Electric Railway Company, under the superintendency of H. J. Gintling, is busily engaged preparing for encampment week, and the work of putting in new machinery is progressing rapidly. (p. 3. col. 1)
  31. ^ "Dr. E. D. Hudson Succumbs to Heart Attack" (Google News Archives). The Star and Sentinel. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
  32. ^ "Gettysburg Compiler - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  33. ^ a b "The Gettysburg Commission Reports" (transcribed versions: 1893–1921, 1927–1933). Gettysburg Discussion Group. from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-02-04. (original formats: 1895, 1896, 1897, 1989, 1901, 1902 2023-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, 1909, 1913, 1918)
  34. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  35. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  36. ^ "Adams County News - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  37. ^ Frazier, John W (1906). Reunion of the Blue and Gray: Philadelphia Brigade and Pickett's Division (Google Books). Philadelphia: Ware Bros, Company, Printers. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
  38. ^ Beitler, Lewis Eugene (editor and compiler) (December 31, 1913). Report of the Pennsylvania Commission (Google Books) (Report). Harrisburg, PA: Wm. Stanley Bay (state printer). Retrieved 2011-02-06. {{cite report}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  39. ^ [inspecting officer's findings] (Report). 1918. This Round Top Park area is frequented by prostitutes … from Gettysburg [and via] excursions from the neighboring towns… These excursions bring in … beer and whiskey which they give or sell to the soldiers. … On a single evening over 50 couples were detected and driven from hiding places behind the tablets, monuments, rocks and trees of the reservation.
  40. ^ "Re-employment Office Set Up" (Google News Archives). New Oxford Item. November 20, 1933. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  41. ^ "Gettysburg Area to Be Renovated for Reunion" (Google News Archive). Lawrence Journal-World. April 18, 1938. from the original on 2023-02-24. Retrieved 2011-02-19. …a $25,000 "face-lifting" for the reunion of the Blue and the Gray. A corps of WPA workers will start possibly this week to obliterate abandoned roadways, reconstruct those now in use, develop parking areas and repaint signs and fences. — "$52,200 Civil Works Project Approved Here". December 1, 1933. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
  42. ^ a b . SaveTheElectricMap.com. Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  43. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  44. ^ "President Jimmy Carter at Gettysburg Part 2: Licensed Battlefield Guide Bob Prosperi". Gettysburg Daily. 30 October 2009. from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  45. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  46. ^ Huntington, Tom (Spring–Summer 2008). "Gettysburg Redux". American Heritage; History News. 38 (4). from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
  47. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". google.com. from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  48. ^ "Restrooms On Gettysburg Battlefield Demolished". WGAL. from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  49. ^ http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/gettplan/gettdocuments/DIST2bpi_gett_final.pdf[dead link]
  50. ^ . Preserve Gettysburg. GettysburgFoundation.org. Archived from the original on 2011-02-05. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
  51. ^ "Gettysburg prepares for tourist spike during 150th anniversary". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  52. ^ [1] 2019-08-12 at the Wayback Machine American Battlefield Trust "Saved Land" webpage. Accessed November 23, 2021.
  53. ^ [2] 2020-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Evening Sun, Hanover, Pa., Oct. 24, 2014. Accessed May 30, 2018.
  54. ^ [3] 2018-07-08 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post, "Lee's Gettysburg headquarters restored, set to open Oct. 28." Accessed May 24, 2018.
G. "Archives" (Google News Archive). Gettysburg Times. Times and News Publishing Company. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
  1. ^ Roth, Jeffrey B (September 7, 1988). "Boundary study draft report for Battlefield now complete". from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-12. four acres, the site of the first shot of the opening battle at Gettysburg, which stands next to U.S. Route 30 and the Whistler house &
    Storrick, William C (December 17, 1936). "Who Fired the First Shot At Battle of Gettysburg". from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  2. ^ "Heritage Sites Walking Tour". June 28, 2002. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-12. 14. … Confederate … skirmish line along Breckenridge Street facing … Federal[s] … on Cemetery Hill.
  3. ^ "Care of wounded after Battle of Gettysburg & Reburial of Union dead in National Cemetery". July 14, 1986. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  4. ^ "Demise Of 1st Tower Is Located". August 7, 1971. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-13. (Gettysburg Compiler of July 30, 1895 ) December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "Gettysburg National Military Park Established By Sickles, Bill Passed In February 1895". February 10, 1970. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
  6. ^ "Local Miscellany". Out of the Past: Twenty-Five Years Ago. May 25, 1927. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  7. ^ "Local Miscellany". Out of the Past: Twenty-Five Years Ago. August 9, 1927. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
  8. ^ "The Gettysburg & Harrisburg railroad station". February 8, 1988. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
  9. ^ Weaver, William G (November 13, 1967). "Reminisces Of Gettysburg". from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  10. ^ "1 of 2 Entrance Stations Opens For Public Use". May 21, 1937. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-19. — "Plan $50,000 Battlefield Project Here". July 16, 1934. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
  11. ^ "Pickett Spur New Addition To Park Relic Collection". April 2, 1975. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  12. ^ "Nature Study Areas Are Set For Park Here". December 28, 1971. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26. — "Two Special Park Walks This Summer". July 5, 1973. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
  13. ^ De Blasi, Nancy (June 11, 1982). "Draft of park plan will be printed soon". from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
  14. ^ Latschar, John A (GNMP Superintendent) (April 7, 2009). "Facilities' closings explained". As our readers see it. from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
N. "National Park Service". (NPS.gov).
  1. ^ . Voices of Battle. 1864. Archived from the original on 2011-04-03. Retrieved 2011-02-01. Union dead in the camp [Letterman] graveyard were removed to the Soldiers National Cemetery in [from which] southern remains were exhumed between 1872 and 1873 for relocation to southern cemeteries.
  2. ^ a b Musselman, Curt (2001). Gettysburg's Codori Farm Lane Project (PDF) (Report). p. 1. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
  3. ^ a b . General Management Plan 1999 History (Report). NPS.gov. March 1998. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2011-02-13. 1927 - The end of the era of battlefield administration by veterans. 1927 marks the death of Supt. Emmor B. Cope.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gettysburg Battlefield.
External images
  GettysburgPhotographs.com
  Battlefield and 145th Reenactment
  Tipton stereoviews
  Library of Congress maps
  GDG.org map room

October 28, 2023
gettysburg, battlefield, gettysburg, national, military, park, areas, used, military, engagements, field, hospitals, historic, district, area, july, 1863, military, engagements, battle, gettysburg, within, around, borough, gettysburg, pennsylvania, locations, . For the Gettysburg National Military Park areas not used for military engagements e g field hospitals see Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District The Gettysburg Battlefield is the area of the July 1 3 1863 military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg within and around the borough of Gettysburg Pennsylvania Locations of military engagements extend from the 4 acre 1 6 ha site of the first shot G 1 at Knoxlyn Ridge 1 on the west of the borough to East Cavalry Field on the east A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the Gettysburg Railroad trestle over Rock Creek which was burned on June 27 2 Gettysburg BattlefieldThe Battle of Gettysburg took place in the lands surrounding Gettysburg Pennsylvania TypeBattlefieldLocationAdams County Pennsylvania United StatesCoordinates39 48 41 N 77 13 33 W 39 81139 N 77 22583 W 39 81139 77 22583Ownerprivate federalWebsitePark Home NPS gov Location of Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania Memorial is the battlefield s largest and 1 of over 12 state monuments Contents 1 Geography 1 1 Topography 1 2 Borough areas of military engagements 2 History 2 1 Memorial association era 2 2 Commemorative era 2 3 Development era 2 4 1962 present 3 See also 4 ReferencesGeography editWithin 10 miles 16 km of the Maryland Pennsylvania state line the Gettysburg battlefield is situated in the Gettysburg Newark Basin of the Pennsylvania Piedmont entirely within the Potomac River Watershed near the Marsh and Rock creeks triple point with the Susquehanna River Watershed near Oak Hill occupying an area 3 33 by 5 33 miles 5 4 km 8 6 km Military engagements occurred within and around the borough of Gettysburg 1863 pop 2 400 which remains the population center for the battlefield area at the intersections of roads that connect the borough with 10 nearby Pennsylvania and Maryland towns e g antebellum turnpikes to Chambersburg York and Baltimore nbsp Gettysburg Battlefield lithograph map showing Union and Confederate positions John B Bachelder nbsp Southwest view of the Sherfy farm right background from the Pennsylvania Monument observation deck 1 of 6 on the battlefield 3 on towers Warfield Ridge Oak Ridge Culp s Hill 1 on Little Round Top amp 1 on the closed Cyclorama Building nbsp The Lincoln Address Memorial top left in the Gettysburg National Cemetery The 2 small flanking markers for the 3rd NY Artillery monument foreground indicate the breadth of the unit s position Topography edit The battle began on the west at Lohr s Whistler s School House 3 and Knoxlyn ridges between Cashtown and Gettysburg Nearer to Gettysburg dismounted Union cavalry defended McPherson s Ridge and Herr s Ridge and eventually infantry support arrived to defend Seminary Ridge at the borough s west side Oak Ridge a northward extension of both McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge is capped by Oak Hill a site for artillery that commanded a good area north of the town Prior to Pickett s Charge 159 guns stretching in a long line from the Peach Orchard to Oak Hill were to open simultaneously 4 Directly south of the town is the gently sloped Cemetery Hill named for the 1854 Evergreen Cemetery on its crest and where the 1863 Gettysburg Address dedicated the Gettysburg National Cemetery Eastward are Culp s Hill and Steven s Knoll Cemetery Hill and Culp s Hill were subjected to assaults throughout the battle by Richard S Ewell s Second Corps Cemetery Ridge extends about 1 mile 1 6 km south from Cemetery Hill 5 Southward from Cemetery Hill is Cemetery Ridge of only about 40 feet 12 m above the surrounding terrain The ridge includes The Angle s stone wall and the copse of trees at the High water mark of the Confederacy during Pickett s Charge The southern end of Cemetery Ridge is Weikert Hill north of Little Round Top 6 The two highest battlefield points are at Round Top to the south with the higher round summit of Big Round Top the lower oval summit of Little Round Top and a saddle between The Round Tops are rugged and strewn with large boulders as is Devil s Den to the west Big Round Top known also to locals of the time as Sugar Loaf is 116 feet 35 m higher than its Little companion Its steep slopes are heavily wooded which made it unsuitable for siting artillery without a large effort to climb the heights with horse drawn guns and clear lines of fire Little Round Top was unwooded but its steep and rocky form made it difficult to deploy artillery in mass However Cemetery Hill was an excellent site for artillery commanding all of the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge and the approaches to them Little Round Top and Devil s Den were key locations for General John Bell Hood s division in Longstreet s assault during the second day of battle July 2 1863 The Plum Run Valley between Houck s Ridge and the Round Tops earned the name Valley of Death on that day Borough areas of military engagements edit The area of the military engagements during the battle included the majority of the 1863 town area 7 and the current borough area The broadest regions of borough military engagements are the combat area of the Union retreat while being pursued on July 1 as well as the burg s area over which artillery rounds were fired Confederate artillery fired from Oak Hill southeastward onto the retreated Union line extending east to west from Culp s Hill to the west side of Cemetery Hill when and Union artillery on Cemetery Hill fired on the railway cut including Wiedrich s battery 5 pm 8 Smaller engagements in the town included those with some federals remaining in near structures after the retreat e g wounded soldiers not willing to surrender The largest engagement within the current borough was at Coster Avenue north of the 1863 town in which Early s division defeated Coster s brigade The town was generally held by the Confederate provost and used by snipers after the dawn of July 2 e g a brickyard behind the McCreary House 7 282 the John Rupp Tannery on Baltimore St 9 10 and a church belfry 11 A Confederate skirmish line at Breckenridge Street faced Federals on Cemetery Hill G 2 and 7 pm July 1 the Confederate line of battle had been formed on East and West Middle Streets 12 History editFor this area s history during the battle s first day second day Pickett s Charge and third day cavalry battles see Battle of Gettysburg At the close of the battle some of the 22 000 wounded remained on the battlefield and were subsequently treated at the outlying Camp Letterman hospital or nearby field hospitals houses churches and other buildings N 1 Dead soldiers on the battlefield totaled 8 900 and contractors such as David Warren G 3 8 were hired to bury men and animals the majority near where they fell Samuel Weaver oversaw all of these reburials The first excursion train arrived with battlefield visitors on July 5 13 On July 10 Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin visited Gettysburg and expressed the state s interest in finding the fallen veterans a resting place Attorney David Wills arranged for the purchase of 17 acres 6 9 ha of Cemetery Hill battlefield land for a cemetery On August 14 1863 attorney David McConaughy recommended a preservation association to sell membership stock for battlefield fundraising 14 By September 16 1863 battlefield protection had begun with McConaughy s purchase of the heights of Cemetery Hill and Little Round Top 15 and his total purchased area of 600 acres 240 ha included Culp s Hill land On November 19 1863 Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers National Cemetery which was completed in March 1864 with the last of 3 512 Union reburied From 1870 to 1873 upon the initiative of the Ladies Memorial Associations of Richmond Raleigh Savannah and Charleston 3 320 bodies were disinterred and sent to cemeteries in those cities for reburial 2 935 being interred in Hollywood Cemetery Richmond Seventy three bodies were reburied in home cemeteries The cemetery was transferred to the United States government May 1872 16 and the last Battle of Gettysburg body was reburied in the national cemetery after being discovered in 1997 17 Union Gettysburg veteran Emmor Cope was detailed to annotate the battlefield s troop positions 18 and his Map of the Battlefield of Gettysburg from the original survey made August to October 1863 was displayed at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition 19 Also in 1863 John B Bachelder escorted convalescing officers at Gettysburg to identify battlefield locations 20 during the next winter he interviewed Union officers about Gettysburg nbsp The Virginia Monument is the battlefield s largest equestrian monument Memorial association era edit See also List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield dd Gettysburg Battlefield eventsThis box viewtalkedit1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 National Cemetery to War Dept Battle and Gettysburg Address Camp Gettysburg Gettysburg Electric Railway Gettysburg National Military Park Camp Quay 1913 reunion Camp Colt Camp Harding Camp Sharpe 1938 reunion and Peace Memorial Cyclorama Building closed Round Top tower demolished Zeigler s Grove tower demolished Round Top Museum demolished National Tower demolished Museum and Visitor CenterAntebellum events 1835 Penn RR cut 1832 Lutheran Old Dorm 1812 Chambersburg Pike 1780 Gettysburg settled1761 Gettys Tavern Color Key administration 1933 NPS 1895 War Dept 1864 GBMA 1858 Gettysburg Railroad periods WWI amp WWII commemorative era Civil WarThe 1864 Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association GBMA added to McConaughy s land holdings and operated a wooden observation tower on East Cemetery Hill from 1878 1895 21 G 4 Post war John Bachelder invited over 1 000 officers including 49 generals to revisit the field with him 20 Bachelder also produced a battlefield survey with 1880 federal funds initiated by Senator Wade Hampton III a Confederate general The GBMA approved and disapproved various monuments and in 1888 planted trees at Zeigler s Grove The 1st battlefield monument was an 1867 marble urn in the National Cemetery dedicated to the 1st Minnesota Infantry and the 1st memorial outside of the cemetery was the 1878 Strong Vincent tablet on Little Round Top 3 210 By May 1887 there were 90 regimental and battery monuments on the battlefield 22 and the first bronze monument on the battlefield was Reynolds 1872 statue in the cemetery 23 The only two Confederate monuments inside the Union areas of battle held are an 1887 plaque near The Angle commemorating Gen Armistead s farthest advance on July 3 and the 1884 2nd Maryland Infantry monument on Culp s Hill The battlefield was used by the 1884 Camp Gettysburg and other summer encampments of the PA National Guard Commercial development in the 19th century included the 1884 Round Top Branch of railroad to Round Top Pennsylvania and after March 1892 Tipton Park operated in the Slaughter Pen 24 which was at a trolley station of the Gettysburg Electric Railway that operated from 1894 1916 The federal Gettysburg National Park Commission was established on March 3 1893 25 after which Congressman Daniel Sickles initiated a May 31 1894 resolution to acquire by purchase or by condemnation such lands or interests in lands upon or in the vicinity of said battle field 26 The memorial association era N 2 ended in 1895 when the N 3 Sickles Gettysburg Park Bill 28 Stat 651 designated the Gettysburg National Military Park GNMP under the War Department G 5 Subsequent battlefield improvements included the October 1895 construction of the War Department s observation towers to replace the 1878 Cemetery Hill tower and an 1881 Big Round Top tower 27 Commemorative era edit See also List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield nbsp Statue of General Wells by J Otto Schweizer For payment of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association s debts of 1960 46 on February 4 1896 the War Department acquired 124 GBMA tracts totaling 522 acres 211 ha 28 including 320 monuments and about 17 miles 27 km of roads 29 Commercial development after Tipton Park was abolished in the fall of 1901 included the July 1902 Hudson Park picnic grove north of Little Round Top 30 including a boxing arena 31 A dancing pavilion was erected at the Round Top Museum in 1902 G 6 and in the saddle area between the Round Tops David Weikert operated an eating house moved from Tipton Park after it was seized in 1901 by eminent domain G 7 Landscape preservation began in 1883 when peach trees were planted in the Peach Orchard 32 and 20 000 battlefield trees were planted in 1906 33 06 trees are periodically removed from battlefield areas that had been logged prior to the battle Battlefield visitors through the early 20th century typically arrived by train at the borough s 1884 Gettysburg amp Harrisburg RR Station G 8 or the 1859 Gettysburg Railroad Station and used horse drawn jitneys to tour the battlefield The borough licensed automobile taxis first in 1913 34 and the War Department expanded the battlefield roads throughout the commemorative era Early 20th century battlefield excursions included those by The Hod Carriers Consolidated Union of Baltimore 35 and the annual Topton Day autumn foliage tours from near Berks County Pennsylvania 36 Veterans reunions included the 1888 25th battle anniversary a 1906 ceremony to return Gen Armistead s sword to the South 37 and 53 407 civil war veterans attending the 1913 Gettysburg reunion for the 50th anniversary 38 The battlefield had a 1912 airfield at Camp Stuart and a WWI Tank Corps center at Brevet Lt Col Dwight D Eisenhower s 1918 Camp Colt and excursions to the Round Top Park brought alcohol and prostitution 39 The 1922 Camp Harding included a Marine Corps reenactment of Pickett s Charge observed by President Warren Harding and a next day simulation of the same attack with modern weapons and tactics G 9 The battlefield s commemorative era N 2 ended in 1927 N 3 and use of the national park for military camps continued under an 1896 federal law 29 Stat 120 e g a 1928 artillery and cavalry camp was held at Culp s Hill in conjunction with President Calvin Coolidge s Memorial Day address in the cemetery s rostrum Development era edit In 1933 administration of the GNMP transferred to the 1916 National Park Service NPS which initiated Great Depression projects including 1933 Civil Works Administration improvements 40 and two Civilian Conservation Corps camps were subsequently built for battlefield maintenance and construction projects After a 1933 comfort station had been built at The Pennsylvania State Memorial 33 33 similar stone Parkitecture structures were built the west ranger station was completed May 21 1937 G 10 and in April 1938 the Works Progress Administration added battlefield parking areas 41 Numerous commercial facilities were also developed on private battlefield land particularly during the 1950s Golden Age of Capitalism in the United States e g motels eateries amp visitor attractions The battlefield s 2nd largest monument the Eternal Light Peace Memorial was accepted by President Franklin D Roosevelt and unveiled at the 1938 Gettysburg reunion that attracted over 300 000 battlefield visitors In 1939 the 1st of the Gettysburg National Museum s 14 expansions was completed the electric map auditorium was added in 1963 and closed April 13 2008 42 Pitzer Woods was the site of the World War II Camp Sharpe and McMillan Woods had a German POW camp the latter was used for post war housing of migrant workers for local production Heads of state at the battlefield included a 1943 Winston Churchill auto tour with President Roosevelt 43 President Eisenhower escorting President Charles De Gaulle 1960 and President Jimmy Carter hosting President Anwar Sadat and Prime Minister Menachem Begin 1978 44 The 1956 Mission 66 plan for the 1966 NPS 50th anniversary included restoring battlefield houses resurfacing 31 miles 50 km of avenues replacing the railway cut bridge 45 and restoring the 1884 Gettysburg Cyclorama 1962 present edit As the Mission 66 Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg with a new battlefield observation deck was being completed in 1962 the nearby 1896 Zeigler s Grove observation tower was removed the 1895 Big Round Top observation tower was removed in 1968 In 1967 the NPS purchased the 1921 Gettysburg National Museum G 11 which the NPS operated from 1971 46 2008 42 Also in 1971 the NPS acquired Round Top Station and the Round Top Museum using the latter as an environmental resource center G 12 until demolished c July 1982 G 13 The private Gettysburg National Tower of 393 ft 120 m was completed in 1974 to provide several observation levels for viewing the battlefield but was purchased under eminent domain and demolished in 2000 In the Devil s Den area trees were removed in 2007 47 and the comfort station was razed April 8 2010 48 Similarly the Gettysburg National Museum was demolished in 2008 In 2008 the Gettysburg National Military Park had 1 320 monuments 410 cannon 148 historic buildings 2 observation towers and 41 miles 66 km of avenues roads and lanes G 14 8 unpaved 49 one of the largest collections of outdoor sculpture in the world 50 In February 2013 the landmark modernist Cyclorama Building and Visitor Center designed by renowned architect Richard Neutra was destroyed The 19th century Gettysburg Cyclorama depicting the battlefield had previously been removed for restoration and was reinstalled in the new rustic style Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center The Gettysburg National Military Park receives an annual 3 million visitors per year 51 The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 1 231 acres 4 98 km2 of the overall battlefield in more than 35 separate transactions since 1997 52 Some of the land has been sold or conveyed to the National Park Service to be incorporated into the national park but other land acquisitions are outside the official federally established current park boundary and thus cannot become part of the park This includes the headquarters of Confederate Gen Robert E Lee one of the Trust s most significant and expensive acquisitions 53 In 2015 the Trust paid 6 million for a four acre parcel that included the stone house that Lee used as his headquarters during the battle The Trust razed a motel restaurant and other buildings within the parcel to restore the site to its wartime appearance added interpretive signs and opened the site to the public in October 2016 54 See also editFor the 2008 Gettysburg National Military Park facility near the battlefield see Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District List of monuments of the Gettysburg BattlefieldReferences edit Another Reunion on the Battlefield Google News Archive Gettysburg Compiler June 21 1882 Retrieved 2011 03 15 About 6 a m July 1st as the leading regiment started to cross Marsh Creek bridge Lieutenant M E Jones said Hold on I want the honor of firing the gun Capt Callahan of Pegram s Texas battery which fired the first artillery shot in the battle from Lohr s hill west of Marsh Creek Voices of Gettysburg Sarah Broadhead Archived from the original on 2011 09 01 Retrieved 2015 09 25 a b Vanderslice John M 1897 Gettysburg A History of the Gettysburg Battle field Memorial Association With An Account of the Battle Philadelphia Gettysburg Battle Memorial Association commissioned 1895 p 210 archived from the original on 2011 07 26 retrieved 2011 02 10 Marye s Virginia artillery posted on Lohr s Hill opened fire artillery had kep up a fire successively from Lohr s Whistler s and School House Ridges Devin s brigade had its hands full The enemy advanced upon it by four roads and on each was checked until the infantry arrived to relieve it Coddington Edwin B 1968 The Gettysburg Campaign a study in command Google Books New York Scribner s p 462 ISBN 0 684 84569 5 Retrieved 2011 02 08 159 guns stretching in a long line from the Peach Orchard to Oak Hill were to open simultaneously Ballard Ted Arthur Billy 1999 Gettysburg Staff Ride Briefing Book PDF Carlisle Pennsylvania United States Army Center of Military History OCLC 42908450 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 04 30 Retrieved 2010 07 07 Inners Jon D et al 2006 Rifts Diabase and the Topographic Fishhook Terrain of the Battle of Gettysburg PDF Report Pennsylvania Geological Survey Archived from the original PDF on September 28 2012 Retrieved 2011 02 18 a b Trudeau Noah Andre 14 September 2010 Gettysburg Test of Courage Harper Collins ISBN 9780062045522 Retrieved 2011 03 12 Gottfried Bradley M 2008 The Artillery of Gettysburg Cumberland House ISBN 9781581826234 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Gettysburg Foundation Rupp House Archived from the original on 2011 02 07 Nasby Dolly 2008 Gettysburg Google Books Arcadia p 15 ISBN 9780738557687 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 03 11 Cleaves Freeman 1960 Meade of Gettysburg University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 9780806122984 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Daniel Skelly and A Boy s Experiences During the Battle of Gettysburg Archived from the original on 2006 12 30 Cleaves Freeman 1960 Meade at Gettysburg Google books University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 9780806122984 Retrieved 2011 03 14 The first battlefield excursion train from Harrisburg arrived promptly on Sunday July 5 Gettysburg Times Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 More Exempts from the Draft The Baltimore Sun September 16 1863 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 01 23 Cemetery Hill and the granite spur of Round Top purchased by Mr D McConaughy Bartlett John Russell 1874 The Soldiers National Cemetery at Gettysburg google com Retrieved 1 February 2015 Google News google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Reed Charles Wellington 2000 Campbell Eric A ed A Grand Terrible Dramma Google Books Fordham Univ Press ISBN 0 8232 1971 2 ISSN 1089 8719 Retrieved 2011 02 14 The Exhibit to Worlds Fair Google News Archive Gettysburg Compiler March 30 1904 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 02 17 a b Hampton Wade March 17 1880 Report of U S Senate Military Affairs Committee Report Gettysburg Times Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 NEW YORK AT GETTYSBURG PDF The New York Times 11 June 1888 Archived PDF from the original on 18 November 2022 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Unrau Harlan D 1991 Administrative History of Gettysburg National Military Park and Gettysburg National Cemetery Pennsylvania PDF Denver National Park Service OCLC 24228617 archived from the original 2005 NPS Butowski pdf also at Google books on 2012 10 20 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a External link in code class cs1 code format code help Tipton Boundary Marker documented 2004 structure ID MN807 LCS ID 080808 List of Classified Structures GETT p 41 National Park Service 1892 Archived from the original on 2012 09 17 Retrieved 2011 03 02 approximately 7 x7 x1 Inscribed T on top of marker rough granite with a T inscribed on the top at a corner of Tipton land purchased in March 1892 as part of the Tipton Park and photographic studio a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code work code help NOTE The federal survey to determine the extent of the railway was initiated in 1893 Archived 2012 09 15 at the Wayback Machine Gettysburg National Military Park Marker HMdb org webpage for marker 14520 War Department 1908 Archived from the original on 2011 07 26 Retrieved 2011 02 08 NPS webpage MN508 Archived 2011 07 21 at the Wayback Machine Hessler James Dan Sickles The Battlefield Preservationist Civil War Trust Archived from the original on 2011 09 18 Retrieved 2011 02 01 incorporated the Gettysburg Electric Railway Company in 1892 New Observatory Google News Archive The Star and Sentinel July 20 1881 p 3 col 3 Archived from the original on 2015 12 22 Retrieved 2011 03 13 Battlefield Memorial Association February 4 1896 Deed to United States of America recorded June 25 Adams County Courthouse Deed Book XX a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Gettysburg Compiler Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 We Have Another Park Google News Archives The Star and Sentinel July 2 1902 p 3 col 5 Archived from the original on 2015 12 22 Retrieved 2011 02 06 The Electric Railway Company under the superintendency of H J Gintling is busily engaged preparing for encampment week and the work of putting in new machinery is progressing rapidly p 3 col 1 Dr E D Hudson Succumbs to Heart Attack Google News Archives The Star and Sentinel Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 01 26 Gettysburg Compiler Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 a b The Gettysburg Commission Reports transcribed versions 1893 1921 1927 1933 Gettysburg Discussion Group Archived from the original on 2011 06 06 Retrieved 2010 02 04 original formats 1895 1896 1897 1989 1901 1902 Archived 2023 06 29 at the Wayback Machine 1909 1913 1918 Gettysburg Times Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Gettysburg Times Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Adams County News Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Frazier John W 1906 Reunion of the Blue and Gray Philadelphia Brigade and Pickett s Division Google Books Philadelphia Ware Bros Company Printers Retrieved 2011 02 06 Beitler Lewis Eugene editor and compiler December 31 1913 Report of the Pennsylvania Commission Google Books Report Harrisburg PA Wm Stanley Bay state printer Retrieved 2011 02 06 a href Template Cite report html title Template Cite report cite report a first has generic name help inspecting officer s findings Report 1918 ThisRound Top Park areais frequented by prostitutes from Gettysburg and via excursions from the neighboring towns These excursions bring in beer and whiskey which they give or sell to the soldiers On a single evening over 50 couples were detected and driven from hiding places behind the tablets monuments rocks and trees of the reservation Re employment Office Set Up Google News Archives New Oxford Item November 20 1933 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 02 20 Gettysburg Area to Be Renovated for Reunion Google News Archive Lawrence Journal World April 18 1938 Archived from the original on 2023 02 24 Retrieved 2011 02 19 a 25 000 face lifting for the reunion of the Blue and the Gray A corps of WPA workers will start possibly this week to obliterate abandoned roadways reconstruct those now in use develop parking areas and repaint signs and fences 52 200 Civil Works Project Approved Here December 1 1933 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 03 15 a b homepage SaveTheElectricMap com Archived from the original on 2011 01 28 Retrieved 2011 03 13 Gettysburg Times Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 President Jimmy Carter at Gettysburg Part 2 Licensed Battlefield Guide Bob Prosperi Gettysburg Daily 30 October 2009 Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Gettysburg Times Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Huntington Tom Spring Summer 2008 Gettysburg Redux American Heritage History News 38 4 Archived from the original on 2009 09 16 Retrieved 2011 01 26 Gettysburg Times Google News Archive Search google com Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Restrooms On Gettysburg Battlefield Demolished WGAL Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 Retrieved 1 February 2015 http www nps gov archive gett gettplan gettdocuments DIST2bpi gett final pdf dead link Monument Preservation Preserve Gettysburg GettysburgFoundation org Archived from the original on 2011 02 05 Retrieved 2011 02 08 Gettysburg prepares for tourist spike during 150th anniversary Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 Retrieved 1 February 2015 1 Archived 2019 08 12 at the Wayback Machine American Battlefield Trust Saved Land webpage Accessed November 23 2021 2 Archived 2020 09 30 at the Wayback Machine Evening Sun Hanover Pa Oct 24 2014 Accessed May 30 2018 3 Archived 2018 07 08 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post Lee s Gettysburg headquarters restored set to open Oct 28 Accessed May 24 2018 G Archives Google News Archive Gettysburg Times Times and News Publishing Company Retrieved 2010 02 20 Roth Jeffrey B September 7 1988 Boundary study draft report for Battlefield now complete Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 03 12 four acres the site of the first shot of the opening battle at Gettysburg which stands next to U S Route 30 and the Whistler house amp Storrick William C December 17 1936 Who Fired the First Shot At Battle of Gettysburg Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 03 16 Heritage Sites Walking Tour June 28 2002 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 03 12 14 Confederate skirmish line along Breckenridge Street facing Federal s on Cemetery Hill Care of wounded after Battle of Gettysburg amp Reburial of Union dead in National Cemetery July 14 1986 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 02 23 Demise Of 1st Tower Is Located August 7 1971 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 03 13 Gettysburg Compiler of July 30 1895 Archived December 22 2015 at the Wayback Machine Gettysburg National Military Park Established By Sickles Bill Passed In February 1895 February 10 1970 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 01 26 Local Miscellany Out of the Past Twenty Five Years Ago May 25 1927 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 02 18 Local Miscellany Out of the Past Twenty Five Years Ago August 9 1927 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 01 26 The Gettysburg amp Harrisburg railroad station February 8 1988 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 02 17 Weaver William G November 13 1967 Reminisces Of Gettysburg Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 03 14 1 of 2 Entrance Stations Opens For Public Use May 21 1937 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 02 19 Plan 50 000 Battlefield Project Here July 16 1934 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 02 08 Pickett Spur New Addition To Park Relic Collection April 2 1975 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 02 20 Nature Study Areas Are Set For Park Here December 28 1971 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 01 26 Two Special Park Walks This Summer July 5 1973 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 01 26 De Blasi Nancy June 11 1982 Draft of park plan will be printed soon Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 01 26 Latschar John A GNMP Superintendent April 7 2009 Facilities closings explained As our readers see it Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2011 02 02 N National Park Service NPS gov Camp Letterman General Hospital Voices of Battle 1864 Archived from the original on 2011 04 03 Retrieved 2011 02 01 Union dead in the camp Letterman graveyard were removed to the Soldiers National Cemetery in from which southern remains were exhumed between 1872 and 1873 for relocation to southern cemeteries a b Musselman Curt 2001 Gettysburg s Codori Farm Lane Project PDF Report p 1 Retrieved 2011 01 30 a b Historians Peer Review of the Process Developed by GNMP General Management Plan 1999 History Report NPS gov March 1998 Archived from the original on 2008 05 12 Retrieved 2011 02 13 1927 The end of the era of battlefield administration by veterans 1927 marks the death of Supt Emmor B Cope nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gettysburg Battlefield External images nbsp GettysburgPhotographs com nbsp Battlefield and 145th Reenactment nbsp Tipton stereoviews nbsp Library of Congress maps nbsp GDG org map room Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gettysburg Battlefield amp oldid 1174030634, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.