The Andean coot (Fulica ardesiaca), also known as the slate-colored coot, is a species of bird in subfamily Rallinae of family Rallidae, the rails, gallinules, and coots. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[2][3][4]
The Andean coot has two subspecies, the nominateF. a. ardesiaca and F. a. atrura. They have a somewhat tortuous taxonomic history. The nominate was at one time treated as a subspecies of the American coot (F. americana) and the other as a separate species. Later they were both included as subspecies of the American coot. The current treatment has been widely accepted since the 1980s, but there is some speculation that the subspecies might be full species.[5][6]
Descriptionedit
The Andean coot is 40 to 43 cm (16 to 17 in) long. It has two color morphs that are present in both subspecies. Both morphs are mostly slaty gray that is blacker on the head and neck. Their secondaries usually have white tips. One morph has a chrome yellow bill that is paler yellow and sometimes green on the tip, a deep chesnut frontal shield, and green legs and feet. The other has a white bill, a white to orange-yellow frontal shield, and slaty legs and feet. Independent of the color morphs, the subspecies differ only in the color of their undertail coverts: The nominate's are white and those of F. a. atrura are almost black.[6]
Distribution and habitatedit
The nominate subspecies of Andean coot is found in the Andes from northern Peru south through western Bolivia into northern Chile as far as the Antofagasta Region and into northwestern Argentina as far as Catamarca Province. F. a. atrura is found from the Andes of southern Colombia through Ecuador into far northern Peru and also in coastal Peru.[2][6]Fossils tentatively assigned to this species are known from the Laguna de Tagua Tagua formation of Chile.[7]
The Andean coot mostly inhabits large lakes with heavily vegetated shallows, though it also is found in sparsely vegetated lakes and in ponds, marshes, and rivers. Red-fronted birds tend to dominate in vegetated lakes and white-fronted ones in the less vegetated higher elevation ones. The nominate subspecies is found at elevations between 2,100 and 4,700 m (6,900 and 15,400 ft). F. a. atrura is found between 2,200 and 3,600 m (7,200 and 11,800 ft) in Colombia and at lower elevations in Ecuador and Peru.[6]
Physiologyedit
Populations of Andean coots that live at high elevations have adapted physiologically to a low-oxygen environment. Those living higher have more capillaries per square millimeter of muscle compared to those living at sea level.[8]
Behavioredit
Movementedit
Andean coots make some seasonal movements but they have not been defined.[6]
Feedingedit
The Andean coot's diet is mostly aquatic vegetation. Chara is a main component, especially in higher elevation lakes, but others include Myriophyllum and Elodea. It feeds by diving as deep as 5 m (20 ft) and also by walking on floating vegetation. It is gregarious when not breeding and often feeds with other species of coots.[6]
Breedingedit
The Andean coot's breeding season varies geographically. It may breed at any time of year but most egg laying is in the July–August dry season. It is monogamous and when breeding it is aggressive and territorial. Mixed pairs of the two color morphs often occur. Nests are constructed among reeds or on floating vegetation. Most clutches are of four or five eggs.[6]
Songs and calls
Listen to Andean coot on xeno-canto
Vocalizationedit
The Andean coot's usual call is "a low 'churr' or harder 'hrrp'" that is often repeated. Females make a "low chitter".[6]
Statusedit
The IUCN has assessed the Andean coot as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, but its population size and trend are not known. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered "locally common to abundant, sometimes assembling in thousands."[6]
^ abBirdLife International (2016). "Andean Coot Fulica ardesiaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692932A93374813. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692932A93374813.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ abGill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
^ abcdefghiTaylor, B. (2020). Slate-colored Coot (Fulica ardesiaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.slccoo1.01 retrieved November 24, 2022
^Alarcón-Muñoz, Jhonatan; Labarca, Rafael; Soto-Acuña, Sergio (2020-12-01). "The late Pleistocene-early Holocene rails (Gruiformes: Rallidae) of Laguna de Tagua Tagua Formation, central Chile, with the description of a new extinct giant coot". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 104: 102839. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102839. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 225031984.
^León-Velarde, F.; Sanchez, J.; Bigard, A. X.; Brunet, A.; Lesty, C.; Monge-C, C. (February 1993). "High altitude tissue adaptation in Andean coots: capillarity, fibre area, fibre type and enzymatic activities of skeletal muscle". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 163 (1): 52–58. doi:10.1007/BF00309665. ISSN 0174-1578. PMID 8459054. S2CID 24202102.
April 15, 2024
andean, coot, fulica, ardesiaca, also, known, slate, colored, coot, species, bird, subfamily, rallinae, family, rallidae, rails, gallinules, coots, found, argentina, bolivia, chile, colombia, ecuador, peru, temporal, range, late, pleistocene, present, preꞒ, ot. The Andean coot Fulica ardesiaca also known as the slate colored coot is a species of bird in subfamily Rallinae of family Rallidae the rails gallinules and coots It is found in Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador and Peru 2 3 4 Andean cootTemporal range Late Pleistocene present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N at Otavalo EcuadorConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder GruiformesFamily RallidaeGenus FulicaSpecies F ardesiacaBinomial nameFulica ardesiacaTschudi 1843 Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Physiology 5 Behavior 5 1 Movement 5 2 Feeding 5 3 Breeding 5 4 Vocalization 6 Status 7 Gallery 8 ReferencesTaxonomy and systematics editThe Andean coot has two subspecies the nominate F a ardesiaca and F a atrura They have a somewhat tortuous taxonomic history The nominate was at one time treated as a subspecies of the American coot F americana and the other as a separate species Later they were both included as subspecies of the American coot The current treatment has been widely accepted since the 1980s but there is some speculation that the subspecies might be full species 5 6 Description editThe Andean coot is 40 to 43 cm 16 to 17 in long It has two color morphs that are present in both subspecies Both morphs are mostly slaty gray that is blacker on the head and neck Their secondaries usually have white tips One morph has a chrome yellow bill that is paler yellow and sometimes green on the tip a deep chesnut frontal shield and green legs and feet The other has a white bill a white to orange yellow frontal shield and slaty legs and feet Independent of the color morphs the subspecies differ only in the color of their undertail coverts The nominate s are white and those of F a atrura are almost black 6 Distribution and habitat editThe nominate subspecies of Andean coot is found in the Andes from northern Peru south through western Bolivia into northern Chile as far as the Antofagasta Region and into northwestern Argentina as far as Catamarca Province F a atrura is found from the Andes of southern Colombia through Ecuador into far northern Peru and also in coastal Peru 2 6 Fossils tentatively assigned to this species are known from the Laguna de Tagua Tagua formation of Chile 7 The Andean coot mostly inhabits large lakes with heavily vegetated shallows though it also is found in sparsely vegetated lakes and in ponds marshes and rivers Red fronted birds tend to dominate in vegetated lakes and white fronted ones in the less vegetated higher elevation ones The nominate subspecies is found at elevations between 2 100 and 4 700 m 6 900 and 15 400 ft F a atrura is found between 2 200 and 3 600 m 7 200 and 11 800 ft in Colombia and at lower elevations in Ecuador and Peru 6 Physiology editPopulations of Andean coots that live at high elevations have adapted physiologically to a low oxygen environment Those living higher have more capillaries per square millimeter of muscle compared to those living at sea level 8 Behavior editMovement edit Andean coots make some seasonal movements but they have not been defined 6 Feeding edit The Andean coot s diet is mostly aquatic vegetation Chara is a main component especially in higher elevation lakes but others include Myriophyllum and Elodea It feeds by diving as deep as 5 m 20 ft and also by walking on floating vegetation It is gregarious when not breeding and often feeds with other species of coots 6 Breeding edit The Andean coot s breeding season varies geographically It may breed at any time of year but most egg laying is in the July August dry season It is monogamous and when breeding it is aggressive and territorial Mixed pairs of the two color morphs often occur Nests are constructed among reeds or on floating vegetation Most clutches are of four or five eggs 6 nbsp Songs and callsListen to Andean coot on xeno canto Vocalization edit The Andean coot s usual call is a low churr or harder hrrp that is often repeated Females make a low chitter 6 Status editThe IUCN has assessed the Andean coot as being of Least Concern It has a large range but its population size and trend are not known No immediate threats have been identified 1 It is considered locally common to abundant sometimes assembling in thousands 6 Gallery edit nbsp Red fronted morph nbsp White fronted morph nbsp Illustration by Joseph Smit 1869References edit a b BirdLife International 2016 Andean Coot Fulica ardesiaca IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22692932A93374813 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22692932A93374813 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 a b Gill F Donsker D Rasmussen P eds August 2022 Finfoots flufftails rails trumpeters cranes Limpkin IOC World Bird List v 12 2 Retrieved August 9 2022 HBW and BirdLife International 2021 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 6 Available at http datazone birdlife org userfiles file Species Taxonomy HBW BirdLife Checklist v6 Dec21 zip retrieved August 7 2022 Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 24 July 2022 Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCCountryLists htm retrieved July 24 2022 Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 24 July 2022 A classification of the bird species of South America American Ornithological Society https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCBaseline htm retrieved July 24 2022 a b c d e f g h i Taylor B 2020 Slate colored Coot Fulica ardesiaca version 1 0 In Birds of the World J del Hoyo A Elliott J Sargatal D A Christie and E de Juana Editors Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow slccoo1 01 retrieved November 24 2022 Alarcon Munoz Jhonatan Labarca Rafael Soto Acuna Sergio 2020 12 01 The late Pleistocene early Holocene rails Gruiformes Rallidae of Laguna de Tagua Tagua Formation central Chile with the description of a new extinct giant coot Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 102839 doi 10 1016 j jsames 2020 102839 ISSN 0895 9811 S2CID 225031984 Leon Velarde F Sanchez J Bigard A X Brunet A Lesty C Monge C C February 1993 High altitude tissue adaptation in Andean coots capillarity fibre area fibre type and enzymatic activities of skeletal muscle Journal of Comparative Physiology B 163 1 52 58 doi 10 1007 BF00309665 ISSN 0174 1578 PMID 8459054 S2CID 24202102 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Andean coot amp oldid 1131311085, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
