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Active suspension

December 02, 2023

An active suspension is a type of automotive suspension that uses an onboard control system to control the vertical movement of the vehicle's wheels and axles relative to the chassis or vehicle frame, rather than the conventional passive suspension that relies solely on large springs to maintain static support and dampen the vertical wheel movements caused by the road surface. Active suspensions are divided into two classes: true active suspensions, and adaptive or semi-active suspensions. While semi-adaptive suspensions only vary shock absorber firmness to match changing road or dynamic conditions, active suspensions use some type of actuator to raise and lower the chassis independently at each wheel.

These technologies allow car manufacturers to achieve a greater degree of ride quality and car handling by keeping the tires consistently perpendicular to the road when turning corners, preventing unwanted contacts between the vehicle frame and the ground (especially when going over a depression), and allowing overall better traction and steering control. An onboard computer detects body movement from sensors throughout the vehicle and, using that data, controls the action of the active and semi-active suspensions. The system virtually eliminates body roll and pitch variation in many driving situations including cornering, accelerating and braking. When used on commercial vehicles such as buses, active suspension can also be used to temporarily lower the vehicle's floor, thus making it easier for passengers to board and exit the vehicle.

Principle edit

 
Figure 1
 
Figure 2
 
Figure 3

Skyhook theory is that the ideal suspension would let the vehicle maintain a stable posture, unaffected by weight transfer or road surface irregularities, as if suspended from an imaginary hook in the sky continuing at a constant altitude above sea level, therefore remaining stable.

Since an actual skyhook is obviously impractical,[1] real active suspension systems are based on actuator operations. The imaginary line (of zero vertical acceleration) is calculated based on the value provided by an acceleration sensor installed on the body of the vehicle (see Figure 3). The dynamic elements comprise only the linear spring and the linear damper; therefore, no complicated calculations are necessary.[2][3]

A vehicle contacts the ground through the spring and damper in a normal spring damper suspension, as in Figure 1. To achieve the same level of stability as the Skyhook theory, the vehicle must contact the ground through the spring, and the imaginary line with the damper, as in Figure 2. Theoretically, in a case where the damping coefficient reaches an infinite value, the vehicle will be in a state where it is completely fixed to the imaginary line, thus the vehicle will not shake.

Active edit

Active suspensions, the first to be introduced, use separate actuators which can exert an independent force on the suspension to improve the riding characteristics. The drawbacks of this design are high cost, added complication and mass of the apparatus, and the need for frequent maintenance on some implementations. Maintenance can require specialised tools, and some problems can be difficult to diagnose.

Hydraulic actuation edit

Hydraulically actuated suspensions are controlled with the use of hydraulics. The first example appeared in 1954, with the hydropneumatic suspension developed by Paul Magès at Citroën. The hydraulic pressure is supplied by a high pressure radial piston hydraulic pump. Sensors continually monitor body movement and vehicle ride level, constantly supplying the hydraulic height correctors with new data. In a matter of a few milliseconds, the suspension generates counter forces to raise or lower the body. During driving maneuvers, the encased nitrogen compresses instantly, offering six times the compressibility of the steel springs used by vehicles up to this time.[4]

In practice, the system has always incorporated the desirable self-levelling suspension and height adjustable suspension features, with the latter now tied to vehicle speed for improved aerodynamic performance, as the vehicle lowers itself at high speed.

This system performed remarkably well in straight ahead driving, including over uneven surfaces, but had little control over roll stiffness.[5]

Millions of production vehicles have been built with variations on this system.

Electronic actuation of hydraulic suspension edit

Colin Chapman developed the original concept of computer management of hydraulic suspension in the 1980s to improve cornering in racing cars. Lotus fitted and developed a prototype system to a 1985 Excel with electro-hydraulic active suspension, but never offered it for sale to the public, although many demonstration cars were built for other manufacturers.

Sensors continually monitor body movement and vehicle ride level, constantly supplying the computer with new data. As the computer receives and processes data, it operates the hydraulic servos, mounted beside each wheel. Almost instantly, the servo-regulated suspension generates counter forces to body lean, dive, and squat during driving maneuvers.

Williams Grand Prix Engineering prepared an active suspension, devised by designer-aerodynamicist Frank Dernie, for the team's Formula 1 cars in 1992, creating such successful cars that the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile decided to ban the technology to decrease the gap between Williams F1 team and its competitors.[6]

Computer Active Technology Suspension (CATS) co-ordinates the best possible balance between ride quality and handling by analysing road conditions and making up to 3,000 adjustments every second to the suspension settings via electronically controlled dampers.

The 1999 Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C215) introduced Active Body Control, where high pressure hydraulic servos are controlled by electronic computing, and this feature is still available. Vehicles can be designed to actively lean into curves to improve occupant comfort.[7][8]

Active anti-roll bar edit

Active anti-roll bar stiffens under command of the driver or suspension electronic control unit (ECU) during hard cornering. First production car was Mitsubishi Mirage Cyborg in 1988.

Electromagnetic recuperative edit

Main article: Electromagnetic suspension

In fully active electronically controlled production cars, the application of electric servos and motors married to electronic computing allows for flat cornering and instant reactions to road conditions.

The Bose Corporation has a proof of concept model. The founder of Bose, Amar Bose, had been working on exotic suspensions for many years while he was an MIT professor.[9]

Electromagnetic active suspension uses linear electromagnetic motors attached to each wheel. It provides extremely fast response, and allows regeneration of power consumed, by using the motors as generators. This nearly surmounts the issues of slow response times and high power consumption of hydraulic systems. Electronically controlled active suspension system (ECASS) technology was patented by the University of Texas Center for Electromechanics in the 1990s[10] and has been developed by L-3 Electronic Systems for use on military vehicles.[11] The ECASS-equipped Humvee exceeded the performance specifications for all performance evaluations in terms of absorbed power to the vehicle operator, stability and handling.

Active Wheel edit

  • Audi active electromechanical suspension system introduced in 2017. It drives each wheel individually and adapts to the prevailing road conditions. Each wheel has an electric motor which is powered by the 48-volt main electrical system. Additional components include gears, a rotary tube together with internal titanium torsion bar and a lever which exerts up to 1,100 Nm (811.3 lb-ft) on the suspension via a coupling rod. Thanks to the front camera, the sedan detects bumps in the road early on and predictively adjusts the active suspension. Even before the car reaches a bump in the road, the preview function developed by Audi transmits the right amount of travel to the actuators and actively controls the suspension. The computer-controlled motors can sense imperfection on the road, and can raise the suspension up from the wheel which would go over the undulation, thus aiding the ride quality. The system will direct the motors on the outside to push up or pull down the suspension while cornering. This will result in a flatter drive and reduced body-roll around corners which in turn means more confident handling dynamics.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

Adaptive and semi-active edit

Adaptive or semi-active systems can only change the viscous damping coefficient of the shock absorber, and do not add energy to the suspension system. While adaptative suspensions have generally a slow time response and a limited number of damping coefficient values, semi-active suspensions have time response close to a few milliseconds and can provide a wide range of damping values. Therefore, adaptative suspensions usually only propose different riding modes (comfort, normal, sport...) corresponding to different damping coefficients, while semi-active suspensions modify the damping in real time, depending on the road conditions and the dynamics of the car. Though limited in their intervention (for example, the control force can never have different direction than the current vector of velocity of the suspension), semi-active suspensions are less expensive to design and consume far less energy. In recent times, research in semi-active suspensions has continued to advance with respect to their capabilities, narrowing the gap between semi-active and fully active suspension systems.

Solenoid/valve actuated edit

This type is the most economic and basic type of semi-active suspensions. They consist of a solenoid valve which alters the flow of the hydraulic medium inside the shock absorber, therefore changing the damping characteristics of the suspension setup. The solenoids are wired to the controlling computer, which sends them commands depending on the control algorithm (usually the so-called "Sky-Hook" technique). This type of system is used in Cadillac's Computer Command Ride (CCR) suspension system. The first production car was the Toyota Soarer with semi-active Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension, from 1983.

Magnetorheological damper edit

Main article: Magnetorheological damper

Another fairly recent method incorporates magnetorheological dampers with a brand name MagneRide. It was initially developed by Delphi Corporation for GM and was standard, as many other new technologies, for Cadillac STS (from model 2002), and on some other GM models from 2003. This was an upgrade for semi-active systems ("automatic road-sensing suspensions") used in upscale GM vehicles for decades. It allows, together with faster modern computers, changing the stiffness of all wheel suspensions independently. These dampers are finding increased usage in the US and already leases to some foreign brands, mostly in more expensive vehicles.

This system was in development for 25 years. The damper fluid contains metallic particles. Through the onboard computer, the dampers' compliance characteristics are controlled by an electromagnet. Essentially, increasing the current flow into the damper magnetic circuit increases the circuit magnetic flux. This in turn causes the metal particles to change their alignment, which increases fluid viscosity thereby raising the compression/rebound rates, while a decrease softens the effect of the dampers by aligning the particles in the opposite direction. If we imagine the metal particles as dinner plates then whilst aligned so they are on edge - viscosity is minimised. At the other end of the spectrum they will be aligned at 90 degrees so flat. Thus making the fluid much more viscous. It is the electric field produced by the electromagnet that changes the alignment of the metal particles. Information from wheel sensors (about suspension extension), steering, acceleration sensors - and other data, is used to calculate the optimal stiffness at that point in time. The fast reaction of the system (milliseconds) allows, for instance, making a softer passing by a single wheel over a bump in the road at a particular instant in time.

Production vehicles edit

By calendar year:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Qazizadeh, Alireza (2017). On Active Suspension in Rail Vehicles (PDF) (Thesis). Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology. p. 35. ISBN 978-91-7729-408-5.
  2. ^ Song, Xubin (2009). "Cost-Effective Skyhook Control for Semiactive Vehicle Suspension Applications". The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal. US. 3 (1): 17. Bibcode:2009OMEJ....3...17S. doi:10.2174/1874155X00903010017.
  3. ^ Hasebe, Masanobu; Phuc, Pham Van; Ohyama, Takumi (2010). "Fundamental Performance of a Hydraulically Actuated Friction Damper for Seismic Isolation System Based on the Skyhook Theory". Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering. Japan. 75 (658): 2133. doi:10.3130/aijs.75.2133. ISSN 1340-4202.
  4. ^ Moonjeli, Varun Joy (2011). "Analysis of Hydropneumatic Suspension". Amal Jyoti College of Engineering: 15. Retrieved 2017-05-07. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Edgar, Julian (2016-07-05). "The Amazing Citroen DS One of the most significant cars ever". Auto Speed (725). Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  6. ^ "Active suspension". Motor Sport Magazine. December 2001. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  7. ^ Yao, Jialing; Li, Zhihong; Wang, Meng; Yao, Feifan; Tang, Zheng (October 2018). "Automobile active tilt control based on active suspension". Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 10 (10): 168781401880145. doi:10.1177/1687814018801456.
  8. ^ "How the Active Curve Tilting Feature of the S-Class Coupe Works". BenzInsider.com. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  9. ^ Hanlon, Mike (2004-09-30). "Bose Redefines Automobile Suspension Systems". New Atlas. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
  10. ^ US patent 5999868 
  11. ^ Bryant, Adam; Beno, Joseph; Weeks, Damon (2011). "Benefits of Electronically Controlled Active Electromechanical Suspension Systems (EMS) for Mast Mounted Sensor Packages on Large Off-Road Vehicles". SAE Technical Paper Series. 1. doi:10.4271/2011-01-0269.
  12. ^ Dogget, Scott (2008-12-01). . Green Car Advisor. Edmunds.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
  13. ^ "MICHELIN ACTIVE WHEEL Press Kit". Michelin. 2008-09-26. Retrieved 2009-09-15.[permanent dead link]
  14. ^ (Press release). Audi. 2017-06-22. Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
  15. ^ Adcock, Ian (2017-06-17). "New Audi A8's robot suspension explained". Car. UK. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
  16. ^ Brady, Andrew (2017-06-23). "The New Audi A8 Will Spot Potholes And Adjust The Suspension". Motor 1. UK. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
  17. ^ Collie, Scott (2017-06-22). "Audi's active suspension prepares for the road ahead". New Atlas. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
  18. ^ Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (2017-06-22). "Audi reveals new A8's chassis technology". Motor Authority. US. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
  19. ^ (Press release). Audi. 2016-08-10. Archived from the original on 2017-07-20. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  20. ^ Tingwall, Eric (July 2017). "2019 Audi A8: Flagship Floats on Active Suspension - Official Photos and Info". Car and Driver. US. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  21. ^ Yokoya, Yuji; Asami, Ken; Hamajima, Toshimitsu; Nakashim, Noriyuki (1984-02-01). Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension (TEMS) System for the 1983 Soarer. SAE International Congress and Exposition. Society Automotive Engineers International. doi:10.4271/840341. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  22. ^ Mullen, Enda (30 June 2019). "The history of the amazing Jaguar XJ". CoventryLive.
  23. ^ Sugasawa, Fukashi; Kobayashi, Hiroshi; Kakimoto, Toshihiko; Shiraishi, Yasuhiro; Tateishi, Yoshiaki (1985-10-01). "Electronically Controlled Shock Absorber System Used as a Road Sensor Which Utilizes Super Sonic Waves". SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. Society Automotive Engineers International. doi:10.4271/851652. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  24. ^ "75 Years of Toyota | Technical Development | Chassis". Toyota. 2012. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  25. ^ Crosse, Jesse (2014-10-28). "The design, development and applications of MagneRide suspension". UK: Autocar. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  26. ^ Huntingford, Steve. "Jaguar XF Sportbrake review". WhatCar?. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  • Nye, Doug (1992). History of the Grand Prix Car: 1966-91. Hazleton Publishing. ISBN 0-905138-94-5.
  • Cox, Ronald W. (1986). . US: General Motors. Archived from the original on 2013-06-17. Retrieved 2013-01-17.


December 02, 2023
active, suspension, active, suspension, type, automotive, suspension, that, uses, onboard, control, system, control, vertical, movement, vehicle, wheels, axles, relative, chassis, vehicle, frame, rather, than, conventional, passive, suspension, that, relies, s. An active suspension is a type of automotive suspension that uses an onboard control system to control the vertical movement of the vehicle s wheels and axles relative to the chassis or vehicle frame rather than the conventional passive suspension that relies solely on large springs to maintain static support and dampen the vertical wheel movements caused by the road surface Active suspensions are divided into two classes true active suspensions and adaptive or semi active suspensions While semi adaptive suspensions only vary shock absorber firmness to match changing road or dynamic conditions active suspensions use some type of actuator to raise and lower the chassis independently at each wheel These technologies allow car manufacturers to achieve a greater degree of ride quality and car handling by keeping the tires consistently perpendicular to the road when turning corners preventing unwanted contacts between the vehicle frame and the ground especially when going over a depression and allowing overall better traction and steering control An onboard computer detects body movement from sensors throughout the vehicle and using that data controls the action of the active and semi active suspensions The system virtually eliminates body roll and pitch variation in many driving situations including cornering accelerating and braking When used on commercial vehicles such as buses active suspension can also be used to temporarily lower the vehicle s floor thus making it easier for passengers to board and exit the vehicle Contents 1 Principle 2 Active 2 1 Hydraulic actuation 2 2 Electronic actuation of hydraulic suspension 2 3 Active anti roll bar 2 4 Electromagnetic recuperative 2 5 Active Wheel 3 Adaptive and semi active 3 1 Solenoid valve actuated 3 2 Magnetorheological damper 4 Production vehicles 5 See also 6 ReferencesPrinciple edit nbsp Figure 1 nbsp Figure 2 nbsp Figure 3Skyhook theory is that the ideal suspension would let the vehicle maintain a stable posture unaffected by weight transfer or road surface irregularities as if suspended from an imaginary hook in the sky continuing at a constant altitude above sea level therefore remaining stable Since an actual skyhook is obviously impractical 1 real active suspension systems are based on actuator operations The imaginary line of zero vertical acceleration is calculated based on the value provided by an acceleration sensor installed on the body of the vehicle see Figure 3 The dynamic elements comprise only the linear spring and the linear damper therefore no complicated calculations are necessary 2 3 A vehicle contacts the ground through the spring and damper in a normal spring damper suspension as in Figure 1 To achieve the same level of stability as the Skyhook theory the vehicle must contact the ground through the spring and the imaginary line with the damper as in Figure 2 Theoretically in a case where the damping coefficient reaches an infinite value the vehicle will be in a state where it is completely fixed to the imaginary line thus the vehicle will not shake Active editActive suspensions the first to be introduced use separate actuators which can exert an independent force on the suspension to improve the riding characteristics The drawbacks of this design are high cost added complication and mass of the apparatus and the need for frequent maintenance on some implementations Maintenance can require specialised tools and some problems can be difficult to diagnose Hydraulic actuation edit Hydraulically actuated suspensions are controlled with the use of hydraulics The first example appeared in 1954 with the hydropneumatic suspension developed by Paul Mages at Citroen The hydraulic pressure is supplied by a high pressure radial piston hydraulic pump Sensors continually monitor body movement and vehicle ride level constantly supplying the hydraulic height correctors with new data In a matter of a few milliseconds the suspension generates counter forces to raise or lower the body During driving maneuvers the encased nitrogen compresses instantly offering six times the compressibility of the steel springs used by vehicles up to this time 4 In practice the system has always incorporated the desirable self levelling suspension and height adjustable suspension features with the latter now tied to vehicle speed for improved aerodynamic performance as the vehicle lowers itself at high speed This system performed remarkably well in straight ahead driving including over uneven surfaces but had little control over roll stiffness 5 Millions of production vehicles have been built with variations on this system Electronic actuation of hydraulic suspension edit Colin Chapman developed the original concept of computer management of hydraulic suspension in the 1980s to improve cornering in racing cars Lotus fitted and developed a prototype system to a 1985 Excel with electro hydraulic active suspension but never offered it for sale to the public although many demonstration cars were built for other manufacturers Sensors continually monitor body movement and vehicle ride level constantly supplying the computer with new data As the computer receives and processes data it operates the hydraulic servos mounted beside each wheel Almost instantly the servo regulated suspension generates counter forces to body lean dive and squat during driving maneuvers Williams Grand Prix Engineering prepared an active suspension devised by designer aerodynamicist Frank Dernie for the team s Formula 1 cars in 1992 creating such successful cars that the Federation Internationale de l Automobile decided to ban the technology to decrease the gap between Williams F1 team and its competitors 6 Computer Active Technology Suspension CATS co ordinates the best possible balance between ride quality and handling by analysing road conditions and making up to 3 000 adjustments every second to the suspension settings via electronically controlled dampers The 1999 Mercedes Benz CL Class C215 introduced Active Body Control where high pressure hydraulic servos are controlled by electronic computing and this feature is still available Vehicles can be designed to actively lean into curves to improve occupant comfort 7 8 Active anti roll bar edit Active anti roll bar stiffens under command of the driver or suspension electronic control unit ECU during hard cornering First production car was Mitsubishi Mirage Cyborg in 1988 Electromagnetic recuperative edit Main article Electromagnetic suspension In fully active electronically controlled production cars the application of electric servos and motors married to electronic computing allows for flat cornering and instant reactions to road conditions The Bose Corporation has a proof of concept model The founder of Bose Amar Bose had been working on exotic suspensions for many years while he was an MIT professor 9 Electromagnetic active suspension uses linear electromagnetic motors attached to each wheel It provides extremely fast response and allows regeneration of power consumed by using the motors as generators This nearly surmounts the issues of slow response times and high power consumption of hydraulic systems Electronically controlled active suspension system ECASS technology was patented by the University of Texas Center for Electromechanics in the 1990s 10 and has been developed by L 3 Electronic Systems for use on military vehicles 11 The ECASS equipped Humvee exceeded the performance specifications for all performance evaluations in terms of absorbed power to the vehicle operator stability and handling Active Wheel edit Michelin s Active Wheel from 2004 incorporates an in wheel electrical suspension motor that controls torque distribution traction turning maneuvers pitch roll and suspension damping for that wheel in addition to an in wheel electric traction motor 12 13 Audi active electromechanical suspension system introduced in 2017 It drives each wheel individually and adapts to the prevailing road conditions Each wheel has an electric motor which is powered by the 48 volt main electrical system Additional components include gears a rotary tube together with internal titanium torsion bar and a lever which exerts up to 1 100 Nm 811 3 lb ft on the suspension via a coupling rod Thanks to the front camera the sedan detects bumps in the road early on and predictively adjusts the active suspension Even before the car reaches a bump in the road the preview function developed by Audi transmits the right amount of travel to the actuators and actively controls the suspension The computer controlled motors can sense imperfection on the road and can raise the suspension up from the wheel which would go over the undulation thus aiding the ride quality The system will direct the motors on the outside to push up or pull down the suspension while cornering This will result in a flatter drive and reduced body roll around corners which in turn means more confident handling dynamics 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Adaptive and semi active editAdaptive or semi active systems can only change the viscous damping coefficient of the shock absorber and do not add energy to the suspension system While adaptative suspensions have generally a slow time response and a limited number of damping coefficient values semi active suspensions have time response close to a few milliseconds and can provide a wide range of damping values Therefore adaptative suspensions usually only propose different riding modes comfort normal sport corresponding to different damping coefficients while semi active suspensions modify the damping in real time depending on the road conditions and the dynamics of the car Though limited in their intervention for example the control force can never have different direction than the current vector of velocity of the suspension semi active suspensions are less expensive to design and consume far less energy In recent times research in semi active suspensions has continued to advance with respect to their capabilities narrowing the gap between semi active and fully active suspension systems Solenoid valve actuated edit This type is the most economic and basic type of semi active suspensions They consist of a solenoid valve which alters the flow of the hydraulic medium inside the shock absorber therefore changing the damping characteristics of the suspension setup The solenoids are wired to the controlling computer which sends them commands depending on the control algorithm usually the so called Sky Hook technique This type of system is used in Cadillac s Computer Command Ride CCR suspension system The first production car was the Toyota Soarer with semi active Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension from 1983 Magnetorheological damper edit Main article Magnetorheological damper Another fairly recent method incorporates magnetorheological dampers with a brand name MagneRide It was initially developed by Delphi Corporation for GM and was standard as many other new technologies for Cadillac STS from model 2002 and on some other GM models from 2003 This was an upgrade for semi active systems automatic road sensing suspensions used in upscale GM vehicles for decades It allows together with faster modern computers changing the stiffness of all wheel suspensions independently These dampers are finding increased usage in the US and already leases to some foreign brands mostly in more expensive vehicles This system was in development for 25 years The damper fluid contains metallic particles Through the onboard computer the dampers compliance characteristics are controlled by an electromagnet Essentially increasing the current flow into the damper magnetic circuit increases the circuit magnetic flux This in turn causes the metal particles to change their alignment which increases fluid viscosity thereby raising the compression rebound rates while a decrease softens the effect of the dampers by aligning the particles in the opposite direction If we imagine the metal particles as dinner plates then whilst aligned so they are on edge viscosity is minimised At the other end of the spectrum they will be aligned at 90 degrees so flat Thus making the fluid much more viscous It is the electric field produced by the electromagnet that changes the alignment of the metal particles Information from wheel sensors about suspension extension steering acceleration sensors and other data is used to calculate the optimal stiffness at that point in time The fast reaction of the system milliseconds allows for instance making a softer passing by a single wheel over a bump in the road at a particular instant in time Production vehicles editThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed December 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas incidents or controversies Please help to create a more balanced presentation Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message December 2017 By calendar year 1954 Citroen Traction Avant 15 6H self leveling Citroen hydropneumatic suspension on rear wheels 1955 Citroen DS self leveling Citroen hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels 1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham premiere of self leveling GM air suspension 1967 Rolls Royce Silver Shadow Partial load bearing hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels Front system deleted in 1969 1970 Citroen SM self leveling Citroen hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels 1970 Citroen GS self leveling Citroen hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels 1974 Citroen CX self leveling Citroen hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels 1975 Mercedes Benz 450 SEL 6 9 Hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels 1982 Citroen BX self leveling Citroen hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels 1979 Mercedes Benz W126 Hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels as an option on the LWB v8 models 1983 Toyota Soarer premiere of semi active Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension TEMS 21 1985 Mercedes Benz 190E 2 3 16 Partial load bearing hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels as an option on the 16v model Standard on the Evo 1 and Evo 2 models 1986 Jaguar XJ40 self leveling suspension 22 1986 Toyota Soarer world first Electronically controlled TEMS full air suspension spring constant variable attenuation force installed 1986 Mercedes Benz W126 Hydropneumatic suspension on all four wheels with electronically controlled adaptive damping as an option on the LWB v8 models 1987 Mitsubishi Galant sixth generation features Active Controlled Suspension Dynamic ECS The system enables a comfortable ride and handling stability by automatically adjusting the vehicle height and damping force 1989 Citroen XM self levelling semi active Hydractive on all four wheels with automatically adjusted spring rates and dampeners 1989 Mercedes Benz R129 Partial load bearing hydropneumatic suspension with automatically adjusted spring rates and dampers as an option ADS 1990 First semi active suspension scanning the road ahead sonar 1990 Nissan Leopard Nissan Cedric Nissan Maxima Nissan J30 DUET SS Super Sonic Suspension 23 1990 Infiniti Q45 Full Active Suspension FAS active suspension system although it did still have conventional coil springs 1992 Toyota Celica Toyota Electronically Modulated Suspension 1992 Citroen Xantia VSX self levelling semi active Hydractive 2 on all four wheels with automatically adjusted spring rates and dampeners 1993 Cadillac several models with RSS road sensing suspension RSS was available in both standard and CVRSS continuously variable road sensing suspension systems It monitored damping rates of the shock absorbers every 15 milliseconds selecting between two settings 1994 Toyota Celsior introduced first Skyhook air suspension 24 1994 Citroen Xantia Activa self levelling fully active Hydractive on all four wheels with hydraulic anti roll bars and automatically adjusted spring rates and dampeners 1998 Land Rover Discovery series 2 Active Cornering Enhancement an electronically controlled hydraulic anti roll bar system was fitted to some versions which reduced cornering roll 1999 Mercedes Benz C215 Self leveling fully active hydraulic Active body control Available on the S CL and SL models 2000 Citroen C5 Hydractive 3 or Hydractive 3 2002 Cadillac Seville STS first MagneRide 25 2004 Volvo S60 R and V70 R Four C a short name for Continuously Controlled Chassis Concept semi active 2006 Citroen C6 Hydractive 3 2010 Alfa Romeo MiTo Cloverleaf DNA System based on Maserati s Skyhook technology 2012 Jaguar XF Sportbrake self leveling air suspension 26 2013 Mercedes Benz W222 Optional Magic body control Self leveling fully active hydraulic system with road surface scanning electronics 2013 Volkswagen Mk7 Golf R User Selectable Electronically Controlled Shock Dampening Dynamic Chassis Control DCC 2019 Toyota Avalon Touring model Adaptive Variable Suspension AVS See also editToyota Active Control Suspension Hydropneumatic suspension Active Body controlReferences edit Qazizadeh Alireza 2017 On Active Suspension in Rail Vehicles PDF Thesis Stockholm Sweden KTH Royal Institute of Technology p 35 ISBN 978 91 7729 408 5 Song Xubin 2009 Cost Effective Skyhook Control for Semiactive Vehicle Suspension Applications The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal US 3 1 17 Bibcode 2009OMEJ 3 17S doi 10 2174 1874155X00903010017 Hasebe Masanobu Phuc Pham Van Ohyama Takumi 2010 Fundamental Performance of a Hydraulically Actuated Friction Damper for Seismic Isolation System Based on the Skyhook Theory Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering Japan 75 658 2133 doi 10 3130 aijs 75 2133 ISSN 1340 4202 Moonjeli Varun Joy 2011 Analysis of Hydropneumatic Suspension Amal Jyoti College of Engineering 15 Retrieved 2017 05 07 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Edgar Julian 2016 07 05 The Amazing Citroen DS One of the most significant cars ever Auto Speed 725 Retrieved 2017 05 12 Active suspension Motor Sport Magazine December 2001 Retrieved 2017 05 14 Yao Jialing Li Zhihong Wang Meng Yao Feifan Tang Zheng October 2018 Automobile active tilt control based on active suspension Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10 10 168781401880145 doi 10 1177 1687814018801456 How the Active Curve Tilting Feature of the S Class Coupe Works BenzInsider com 16 February 2014 Retrieved 2 December 2014 Hanlon Mike 2004 09 30 Bose Redefines Automobile Suspension Systems New Atlas Retrieved 2017 04 08 US patent 5999868 Bryant Adam Beno Joseph Weeks Damon 2011 Benefits of Electronically Controlled Active Electromechanical Suspension Systems EMS for Mast Mounted Sensor Packages on Large Off Road Vehicles SAE Technical Paper Series 1 doi 10 4271 2011 01 0269 Dogget Scott 2008 12 01 Michelin to Commercialize Active Wheel Technology to Appear in 2010 Cars Green Car Advisor Edmunds com Archived from the original on 2009 02 10 Retrieved 2009 09 15 MICHELIN ACTIVE WHEEL Press Kit Michelin 2008 09 26 Retrieved 2009 09 15 permanent dead link Looking ahead to the new Audi A8 Fully active suspension offers tailor made flexibility Press release Audi 2017 06 22 Archived from the original on 2017 10 13 Retrieved 2017 06 24 Adcock Ian 2017 06 17 New Audi A8 s robot suspension explained Car UK Retrieved 2017 06 24 Brady Andrew 2017 06 23 The New Audi A8 Will Spot Potholes And Adjust The Suspension Motor 1 UK Retrieved 2017 06 25 Collie Scott 2017 06 22 Audi s active suspension prepares for the road ahead New Atlas Retrieved 2017 06 25 Vijayenthiran Viknesh 2017 06 22 Audi reveals new A8 s chassis technology Motor Authority US Retrieved 2017 06 25 The innovative shock absorber system from Audi New technology saves fuel and enhances comfort Press release Audi 2016 08 10 Archived from the original on 2017 07 20 Retrieved 2017 07 12 Tingwall Eric July 2017 2019 Audi A8 Flagship Floats on Active Suspension Official Photos and Info Car and Driver US Retrieved 2017 07 12 Yokoya Yuji Asami Ken Hamajima Toshimitsu Nakashim Noriyuki 1984 02 01 Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension TEMS System for the 1983 Soarer SAE International Congress and Exposition Society Automotive Engineers International doi 10 4271 840341 Retrieved 2017 12 16 Mullen Enda 30 June 2019 The history of the amazing Jaguar XJ CoventryLive Sugasawa Fukashi Kobayashi Hiroshi Kakimoto Toshihiko Shiraishi Yasuhiro Tateishi Yoshiaki 1985 10 01 Electronically Controlled Shock Absorber System Used as a Road Sensor Which Utilizes Super Sonic Waves SAE Technical Paper Series Vol 1 Society Automotive Engineers International doi 10 4271 851652 Retrieved 2017 12 16 75 Years of Toyota Technical Development Chassis Toyota 2012 Retrieved 2017 12 16 Crosse Jesse 2014 10 28 The design development and applications of MagneRide suspension UK Autocar Retrieved 2017 12 16 Huntingford Steve Jaguar XF Sportbrake review WhatCar Retrieved 11 January 2023 Nye Doug 1992 History of the Grand Prix Car 1966 91 Hazleton Publishing ISBN 0 905138 94 5 Cox Ronald W 1986 Electronics Developed for Lotus Active Suspension Technology US General Motors Archived from the original on 2013 06 17 Retrieved 2013 01 17 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Active suspension amp oldid 1170556593, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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