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Sims-class destroyer

March 08, 2023

The Sims-class destroyers were built for the United States Navy, and commissioned in 1939 and 1940. These twelve ships were the last United States destroyer class completed prior to the American entry into World War II. All Sims-class ships saw action in World War II, and seven survived the war. No ship of this class saw service after 1946. They were built under the Second London Naval Treaty, in which the limit on destroyer standard displacement was lifted, but an overall limit remained. Thus, to maximize the number of destroyers and avoid developing an all-new design, the Sims class were only 70 tons larger as designed than previous destroyers.[1] They are usually grouped with the 1500-ton classes and were the sixth destroyer class since production resumed with the Farragut class in 1932.[2]

USS Sims on trials in 1939, still missing its Mk37 director
Class overview
NameSims class
Builders
Operators United States Navy
Preceded byBenham class
Succeeded byBenson class
Built1937–1940
In commission1939–1946
Completed12
Lost5
Retired7
General characteristics
TypeDestroyer
Displacement
  • 1,570 tons (light standard)
  • 2,293 tons (full load)
Length348 ft 3 in (106.15 m)
Beam36 ft 1 in (11.00 m)
Draft13 ft 4 in (4.06 m)
Installed power
Propulsion2 shafts
Speed37 knots (69 km/h; 43 mph) on trials
Range5,640 nmi (10,450 km; 6,490 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement
  • 10 officers, 182 enlisted (peacetime)
  • 16 officers, 235 enlisted (wartime)
Sensors and
processing systems
Armament
Notesfuel capacity: 444 tons

The class served extensively in World War II, and five of the class were lost in the war. Of the five ships lost, four were at the hands of the Japanese and one at the hands of the Germans. The class served on Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic in 1940-41. Except for Roe, Wainwright, and Buck, the class was transferred to the Pacific shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. All of the ships saw extensive combat service. At the war's end in August 1945, three of the seven survivors were undergoing overhauls that were left unfinished, and were ultimately scrapped. The remaining four seaworthy ships were used as targets during the 1946 Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll. One was sunk by the first blast, while the other three were sunk as targets two years later after serving as experimental platforms.

Design

 
USS Russell, possibly as in 1941 with Mount 53 still equipped and K-guns added.

Compared with the Benhams, the Sims class were increased 8 feet (2.4 m) in hull length, and started a trend of increased size that led to the numerous larger 2100-ton destroyer classes that marked wartime construction. The class was designed by Gibbs & Cox. They incorporated streamlining of the bridge structure and the forward part of the hull, in an attempt to increase speed and improve fuel economy. They also had an additional 5-inch gun, with the torpedo tubes re-arranged so one less quadruple mount could be used while maintaining an eight-tube broadside.[3]

When Anderson, first of the class to be delivered in early 1939, was found to be 150 tons overweight and dangerously top-heavy due to insufficient metacentric height, it touched off a redesign and rebuilding of the class. One 5-inch (127 mm) gun (No. 3) and one quad torpedo tube mount were removed, with another torpedo tube mount relocated to the centerline.[3] It was determined that an underestimate by the Bureau of Engineering of the weight of a new machinery design was responsible, and that the Bureau of Construction and Repair did not have sufficient authority to detect or correct the error during the design process. Acting Secretary of the Navy Charles Edison proposed consolidation of the design divisions of the two bureaus. When the bureau chiefs could not agree on how to do this, he replaced both chiefs in September 1939. The consolidation into the new Bureau of Ships was finally effected by a law passed by Congress on 20 June 1940.[4]

Engineering

The Sims class nearly duplicated the advanced machinery of the preceding Benham class, they were the last built with the boiler rooms adjacent forward and the engine rooms adjacent aft and therefore the last one-stack US destroyers. Steam pressure was 600 psi (4,100 kPa) (one reference says 565 psi), superheated to 715 °F (379 °C).[2][5] Features that improved fuel economy included boiler economizers, double reduction gearing, and cruising turbines. The main turbines developed 51,138 shp (38,134 kW) on Sims' trials and were manufactured by Westinghouse.[6][7]

Armament

 
Mk 37 Director ca. 1944 with Mk 12 (rectangular antenna) and Mk 22 "orange peel" radar antennas

The Sims class introduced the advanced Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System.[8][9] With a turret-mounted gun director as in previous systems, the Mark 37 system incorporated the Ford Mark 1 Fire Control Computer mounted in a plotting room deep in the hull, which enabled automatic aiming of guns against surface or air targets with firing solutions in near real-time.[10][11] The system would evolve and be used extensively to control most 5-inch guns on destroyers and larger ships, and remained in service on US ships until the 1970s.

The class was completed with five 5-inch dual purpose guns (anti-surface and anti-aircraft (AA)); the two forward mounts and the aftermost mount were enclosed. The class proved to be top-heavy, and a quadruple torpedo mount and one 5-inch gun (No. 3) were removed by 1941. Early units were completed with 12 torpedo tubes in three quad mounts, one mounted centerline, the others port and starboard, while later ships were completed (and all eventually modified) with eight in two quad mounts, all on the centerline. The Mark 15 torpedo was equipped.[12] The 5 inch guns were removed some time after the torpedo tubes were removed in most cases.[13]

The as-built light AA armament of four .50 caliber machine guns (12.7 mm), the same as previous 1500-ton classes, was inadequate. This was partially remedied by increasing the number of guns to eight by 1941. As with most US Navy warships, the light AA armament was replaced with 40 mm Bofors and 20 mm Oerlikon guns within 18 months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Initially, this was four 40 mm in two twin mounts and four single 20 mm guns.[14] In 1945, with the emerging kamikaze threat and the dwindling threat from Japanese surface ships, Mustin, Morris, and Russell had all torpedo tubes removed in favor of four additional 40 mm guns for a total of eight in four twin mounts and were authorized replacement of the 20 mm single mounts by twin mounts; the latter part was not completed.[15]

The as-built anti-submarine armament of two depth charge racks was augmented by up to six K-gun depth charge throwers during the war.[16]

Service

The class served extensively in World War II, and five of the class were lost in the war. Of the five ships lost, four were at the hands of the Japanese and one at the hands of the Germans. The class served on Neutrality Patrols in the North Atlantic, Caribbean, and South Atlantic in 1940–41. Except for Roe, Wainwright, and Buck, the class was transferred to the Pacific shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, where they often screened aircraft carriers. Two were sunk as a direct result of this duty by the same torpedo spreads that killed their carriers; Hammann escorting USS Yorktown in the Battle of Midway and O'Brien escorting USS Wasp on 15 September 1942 (O'Brien did not sink until 19 October). In the Atlantic, Wainwright escorted the ill-fated convoy PQ 17, and with Roe supported Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. Buck, damaged in a collision, missed Torch but was sunk by a U-boat off Salerno, Italy in 1943. The remainder of the class saw hard service in the Pacific. At the war's end in August 1945, three of the seven survivors were undergoing overhauls that were left unfinished, and were ultimately scrapped. The remaining four seaworthy ships were used as targets during the 1946 Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll. One was sunk by the first blast, while the other three were sunk as targets two years later after serving as experimental platforms.

Ships in class

Ships of the Sims destroyer class[17]
Name Hull no. Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Fate
Sims DD-409 Bath Iron Works 15 July 1937 8 April 1939 1 August 1939 — Sunk by Japanese aircraft in the Battle of the Coral Sea, 7 May 1942 (14 survivors)
Hughes DD-410 15 September 1937 17 June 1939 21 September 1939 28 August 1946 Damaged during Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll, July 1946. Sunk as target, 16 October 1948.
Anderson DD-411 Federal Shipbuilding, Kearny, New Jersey 15 November 1937 4 February 1939 19 May 1939 28 August 1946 Sunk during Operation Crossroads atomic tests (Test "Able"), at Bikini Atoll, 1 July 1946
Hammann DD-412 17 January 1938 11 August 1939 — Sunk by Japanese submarine I-168 during the Battle of Midway with the same torpedo spread (salvo) that also sank USS Yorktown, 6 June 1942. (80 killed)
Mustin DD-413 Newport News Shipbuilding 20 December 1937 8 December 1938 15 September 1939 29 August 1946 Damaged during Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll, July 1946. Scuttled off Kwajalein, 18 April 1948.
Russell DD-414 3 November 1939 15 November 1945 Sold for scrap, September 1947
O'Brien DD-415 Boston Navy Yard 31 May 1938 20 October 1939 2 March 1940 — Torpedoed by Japanese submarine I-19, with the same torpedo spread (salvo) which also sank USS Wasp and damaged USS North Carolina, 15 September 1942. Sank 19 October 1942 after departing Suva, Fiji while en route to Pearl Harbor for repairs.
Walke DD-416 27 April 1940 Sunk in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 15 November 1942 (88 killed)
Morris DD-417 Norfolk Navy Yard 7 June 1938 1 June 1939 5 March 1940 9 November 1945 Sold for scrap, 2 August 1947
Roe DD-418 Charleston Navy Yard 23 April 1938 21 June 1939 5 January 1940 30 October 1945 Sold for scrap, August 1947
Wainwright DD-419 Norfolk Navy Yard 7 June 1938 1 June 1939 15 April 1940 29 August 1946 Damaged in the Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll, July 1946. Sunk as target in Pacific, 5 July 1948.
Buck DD-420 Philadelphia Naval Shipyard 6 April 1938 22 May 1939 15 May 1940 — Sunk by U-616 off Salerno, Italy, 9 October 1943 (150 killed)

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sims class destroyers.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Friedman, p.92
  2. ^ a b Comparison of 1500-ton classes at Destroyer History Foundation
  3. ^ a b Friedman, p.94
  4. ^ Furer, Julius Augustus (1959). Administration of the Navy Department in World War II. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 217–222.
  5. ^ Friedman, p. 469
  6. ^ Friedman, pp. 465-469
  7. ^ USS Sims and USS Hughes General Information Book with as-built data at Destroyer History Foundation
  8. ^ Jane's Naval Weapon Systems (dead link 2015-07-03, Jane's no longer has sample articles)
  9. ^ Friedman, p. 93
  10. ^ DiGiulian, Tony, 5"/38 (12.7 cm) Mark 12 gun at NavWeaps.com
  11. ^ Naval Ordnance and Gunnery, Vol. 2, Chapter 25, AA Fire Control Systems
  12. ^ "Torpedo History: Torpedo Mk 15". Retrieved 2015-07-07.
  13. ^ Friedman, pp. 94-95
  14. ^ Friedman, pp. 209-211
  15. ^ Friedman, pp. 218-219
  16. ^ Friedman, p. 194
  17. ^ Bauer and Roberts, pp. 187-188

Sources

External links

  • Sims-class destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation
  • Tin Can Sailors @ destroyers.org - Sims class destroyer article 2015-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
  • Tin Can Sailors @ destroyers.org - Sims class destroyer specs 2015-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
  • "Goldplater" destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation
  • Comparison of 1500-ton classes at Destroyer History Foundation
  • USS Sims and USS Hughes General Information Book with as-built data at Destroyer History Foundation
  • NavSource Destroyer Photo Index Page

March 08, 2023
sims, class, destroyer, were, built, united, states, navy, commissioned, 1939, 1940, these, twelve, ships, were, last, united, states, destroyer, class, completed, prior, american, entry, into, world, sims, class, ships, action, world, seven, survived, ship, t. The Sims class destroyers were built for the United States Navy and commissioned in 1939 and 1940 These twelve ships were the last United States destroyer class completed prior to the American entry into World War II All Sims class ships saw action in World War II and seven survived the war No ship of this class saw service after 1946 They were built under the Second London Naval Treaty in which the limit on destroyer standard displacement was lifted but an overall limit remained Thus to maximize the number of destroyers and avoid developing an all new design the Sims class were only 70 tons larger as designed than previous destroyers 1 They are usually grouped with the 1500 ton classes and were the sixth destroyer class since production resumed with the Farragut class in 1932 2 USS Sims on trials in 1939 still missing its Mk37 directorClass overviewNameSims classBuildersBath Iron Works Federal Shipbuilding Newport News Shipbuilding Boston Navy Yard Norfolk Naval Shipyard Charleston Navy Yard Philadelphia Naval ShipyardOperators United States NavyPreceded byBenham classSucceeded byBenson classBuilt1937 1940In commission1939 1946Completed12Lost5Retired7General characteristicsTypeDestroyerDisplacement1 570 tons light standard 2 293 tons full load Length348 ft 3 in 106 15 m Beam36 ft 1 in 11 00 m Draft13 ft 4 in 4 06 m Installed power3 Babcock amp Wilcox boilers 2 geared steam turbines 51 138 shp 38 134 kW on trialsPropulsion2 shaftsSpeed37 knots 69 km h 43 mph on trialsRange5 640 nmi 10 450 km 6 490 mi at 12 knots 22 km h 14 mph Complement10 officers 182 enlisted peacetime 16 officers 235 enlisted wartime Sensors and processing systemsMk37 GFCS introduced 1 SC radarArmamentAs designed 5 5 inch 127 mm 38 caliber guns 5 1 4 50 caliber machine guns 12 7 mm 12 21 inch 533 mm torpedo tubes 3 4 one mount centerline 2 depth charge racks Typical 1941 4 5 inch 127 mm 38 caliber guns 4 1 8 50 caliber 12 7 mm machine guns 8 21 inch 533 mm torpedo tubes 2 4 both mounts centerline 2 depth charge racks Typical 1944 4 5 inch 127 mm 38 caliber guns 4 1 4 40 mm Bofors guns 1 6 in 2 2 4 20 mm Oerlikon guns 0 8 in 8 21 inch 533 mm torpedo tubes 2 4 both mounts centerline 6 K gun depth charge throwers 2 depth charge racksNotesfuel capacity 444 tonsThe class served extensively in World War II and five of the class were lost in the war Of the five ships lost four were at the hands of the Japanese and one at the hands of the Germans The class served on Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic in 1940 41 Except for Roe Wainwright and Buck the class was transferred to the Pacific shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor All of the ships saw extensive combat service At the war s end in August 1945 three of the seven survivors were undergoing overhauls that were left unfinished and were ultimately scrapped The remaining four seaworthy ships were used as targets during the 1946 Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll One was sunk by the first blast while the other three were sunk as targets two years later after serving as experimental platforms Contents 1 Design 1 1 Engineering 1 2 Armament 2 Service 3 Ships in class 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Sources 6 External linksDesign Edit USS Russell possibly as in 1941 with Mount 53 still equipped and K guns added Compared with the Benhams the Sims class were increased 8 feet 2 4 m in hull length and started a trend of increased size that led to the numerous larger 2100 ton destroyer classes that marked wartime construction The class was designed by Gibbs amp Cox They incorporated streamlining of the bridge structure and the forward part of the hull in an attempt to increase speed and improve fuel economy They also had an additional 5 inch gun with the torpedo tubes re arranged so one less quadruple mount could be used while maintaining an eight tube broadside 3 When Anderson first of the class to be delivered in early 1939 was found to be 150 tons overweight and dangerously top heavy due to insufficient metacentric height it touched off a redesign and rebuilding of the class One 5 inch 127 mm gun No 3 and one quad torpedo tube mount were removed with another torpedo tube mount relocated to the centerline 3 It was determined that an underestimate by the Bureau of Engineering of the weight of a new machinery design was responsible and that the Bureau of Construction and Repair did not have sufficient authority to detect or correct the error during the design process Acting Secretary of the Navy Charles Edison proposed consolidation of the design divisions of the two bureaus When the bureau chiefs could not agree on how to do this he replaced both chiefs in September 1939 The consolidation into the new Bureau of Ships was finally effected by a law passed by Congress on 20 June 1940 4 Engineering Edit The Sims class nearly duplicated the advanced machinery of the preceding Benham class they were the last built with the boiler rooms adjacent forward and the engine rooms adjacent aft and therefore the last one stack US destroyers Steam pressure was 600 psi 4 100 kPa one reference says 565 psi superheated to 715 F 379 C 2 5 Features that improved fuel economy included boiler economizers double reduction gearing and cruising turbines The main turbines developed 51 138 shp 38 134 kW on Sims trials and were manufactured by Westinghouse 6 7 Armament Edit Mk 37 Director ca 1944 with Mk 12 rectangular antenna and Mk 22 orange peel radar antennas The Sims class introduced the advanced Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System 8 9 With a turret mounted gun director as in previous systems the Mark 37 system incorporated the Ford Mark 1 Fire Control Computer mounted in a plotting room deep in the hull which enabled automatic aiming of guns against surface or air targets with firing solutions in near real time 10 11 The system would evolve and be used extensively to control most 5 inch guns on destroyers and larger ships and remained in service on US ships until the 1970s The class was completed with five 5 inch dual purpose guns anti surface and anti aircraft AA the two forward mounts and the aftermost mount were enclosed The class proved to be top heavy and a quadruple torpedo mount and one 5 inch gun No 3 were removed by 1941 Early units were completed with 12 torpedo tubes in three quad mounts one mounted centerline the others port and starboard while later ships were completed and all eventually modified with eight in two quad mounts all on the centerline The Mark 15 torpedo was equipped 12 The 5 inch guns were removed some time after the torpedo tubes were removed in most cases 13 The as built light AA armament of four 50 caliber machine guns 12 7 mm the same as previous 1500 ton classes was inadequate This was partially remedied by increasing the number of guns to eight by 1941 As with most US Navy warships the light AA armament was replaced with 40 mm Bofors and 20 mm Oerlikon guns within 18 months after the attack on Pearl Harbor Initially this was four 40 mm in two twin mounts and four single 20 mm guns 14 In 1945 with the emerging kamikaze threat and the dwindling threat from Japanese surface ships Mustin Morris and Russell had all torpedo tubes removed in favor of four additional 40 mm guns for a total of eight in four twin mounts and were authorized replacement of the 20 mm single mounts by twin mounts the latter part was not completed 15 The as built anti submarine armament of two depth charge racks was augmented by up to six K gun depth charge throwers during the war 16 Service EditThe class served extensively in World War II and five of the class were lost in the war Of the five ships lost four were at the hands of the Japanese and one at the hands of the Germans The class served on Neutrality Patrols in the North Atlantic Caribbean and South Atlantic in 1940 41 Except for Roe Wainwright and Buck the class was transferred to the Pacific shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor where they often screened aircraft carriers Two were sunk as a direct result of this duty by the same torpedo spreads that killed their carriers Hammann escorting USS Yorktown in the Battle of Midway and O Brien escorting USS Wasp on 15 September 1942 O Brien did not sink until 19 October In the Atlantic Wainwright escorted the ill fated convoy PQ 17 and with Roe supported Operation Torch the invasion of North Africa Buck damaged in a collision missed Torch but was sunk by a U boat off Salerno Italy in 1943 The remainder of the class saw hard service in the Pacific At the war s end in August 1945 three of the seven survivors were undergoing overhauls that were left unfinished and were ultimately scrapped The remaining four seaworthy ships were used as targets during the 1946 Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll One was sunk by the first blast while the other three were sunk as targets two years later after serving as experimental platforms Ships in class EditShips of the Sims destroyer class 17 Name Hull no Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned FateSims DD 409 Bath Iron Works 15 July 1937 8 April 1939 1 August 1939 Sunk by Japanese aircraft in the Battle of the Coral Sea 7 May 1942 14 survivors Hughes DD 410 15 September 1937 17 June 1939 21 September 1939 28 August 1946 Damaged during Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll July 1946 Sunk as target 16 October 1948 Anderson DD 411 Federal Shipbuilding Kearny New Jersey 15 November 1937 4 February 1939 19 May 1939 28 August 1946 Sunk during Operation Crossroads atomic tests Test Able at Bikini Atoll 1 July 1946Hammann DD 412 17 January 1938 11 August 1939 Sunk by Japanese submarine I 168 during the Battle of Midway with the same torpedo spread salvo that also sank USS Yorktown 6 June 1942 80 killed Mustin DD 413 Newport News Shipbuilding 20 December 1937 8 December 1938 15 September 1939 29 August 1946 Damaged during Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll July 1946 Scuttled off Kwajalein 18 April 1948 Russell DD 414 3 November 1939 15 November 1945 Sold for scrap September 1947O Brien DD 415 Boston Navy Yard 31 May 1938 20 October 1939 2 March 1940 Torpedoed by Japanese submarine I 19 with the same torpedo spread salvo which also sank USS Wasp and damaged USS North Carolina 15 September 1942 Sank 19 October 1942 after departing Suva Fiji while en route to Pearl Harbor for repairs Walke DD 416 27 April 1940 Sunk in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 15 November 1942 88 killed Morris DD 417 Norfolk Navy Yard 7 June 1938 1 June 1939 5 March 1940 9 November 1945 Sold for scrap 2 August 1947Roe DD 418 Charleston Navy Yard 23 April 1938 21 June 1939 5 January 1940 30 October 1945 Sold for scrap August 1947Wainwright DD 419 Norfolk Navy Yard 7 June 1938 1 June 1939 15 April 1940 29 August 1946 Damaged in the Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll July 1946 Sunk as target in Pacific 5 July 1948 Buck DD 420 Philadelphia Naval Shipyard 6 April 1938 22 May 1939 15 May 1940 Sunk by U 616 off Salerno Italy 9 October 1943 150 killed See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sims class destroyers Benham class destroyer Gridley class destroyer List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy List of United States Navy losses in World War IIReferences EditCitations Edit Friedman p 92 a b Comparison of 1500 ton classes at Destroyer History Foundation a b Friedman p 94 Furer Julius Augustus 1959 Administration of the Navy Department in World War II Washington DC Government Printing Office pp 217 222 Friedman p 469 Friedman pp 465 469 USS Sims and USS Hughes General Information Book with as built data at Destroyer History Foundation Jane s Naval Weapon Systems dead link 2015 07 03 Jane s no longer has sample articles Friedman p 93 DiGiulian Tony 5 38 12 7 cm Mark 12 gun at NavWeaps com Naval Ordnance and Gunnery Vol 2 Chapter 25 AA Fire Control Systems Torpedo History Torpedo Mk 15 Retrieved 2015 07 07 Friedman pp 94 95 Friedman pp 209 211 Friedman pp 218 219 Friedman p 194 Bauer and Roberts pp 187 188 Sources Edit Bauer K Jack Roberts Stephen S 1991 Register of Ships of the U S Navy 1775 1990 Major Combatants Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press ISBN 0 313 26202 0 Friedman Norman 2004 US Destroyers An Illustrated Design History Revised ed Annapolis Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 442 3 Gardiner Robert Chesneau Roger 1980 Conway s All the World s Fighting Ships 1922 1946 London Conway Maritime Press ISBN 0 83170 303 2 Silverstone Paul H 1965 U S Warships of World War II London Ian Allan Zajkowski Edward J Wright Christopher C June 2021 Question 4 58 Warship International LVIII 2 101 115 ISSN 0043 0374 This article incorporates text from the public domainDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships External links EditSims class destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation Tin Can Sailors destroyers org Sims class destroyer article Archived 2015 06 25 at the Wayback Machine Tin Can Sailors destroyers org Sims class destroyer specs Archived 2015 07 06 at the Wayback Machine Sims class at DestroyersOnline com Goldplater destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation Comparison of 1500 ton classes at Destroyer History Foundation USS Sims and USS Hughes General Information Book with as built data at Destroyer History Foundation NavSource Destroyer Photo Index Page Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sims class destroyer amp oldid 1128053075, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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