The Farragut-class destroyers were a class of eight 1,365-ton destroyers in the United States Navy and the first US destroyers of post-World War I design. Their construction, along with the Porter class, was authorized by Congress on 29 April 1916, but funding was delayed considerably. Limited to 1,500 tons standard displacement by the provisions of the London Naval Treaty of 1930, the ships were laid down beginning in 1932 and were completed by 1935. After 12 years since the last of the previous class of American destroyers (the Clemson class) was commissioned, the Farraguts were commissioned in 1934 and 1935.
These ships were slightly larger than their predecessors, faster, and they had only two stacks, versus the four stacks common to all the earlier classes. The class was the first of six classes of 1,500-ton destroyers built in the 1930s to modernize the United States Navy, and all eight Farraguts saw extensive front-line service during World War II.[3] None were lost in battle, although only five survived the war. After numerous incremental improvements, the 1,500-tonners were succeeded by the 2,100-ton Fletcher class, which was not subject to treaty restrictions.
The Farraguts were a considerable improvement from previous destroyers, taking advantage of technological advances during the 12-year gap in destroyer production. The impact of aircraft on naval warfare was reflected in their heavy dual-purpose main gun armament. They also had greatly improved machinery and greater fuel capacity that extended their range to 5,980 nautical miles (11,070 km; 6,880 mi) as opposed to the Clemsons' 4,900 nautical miles (9,100 km; 5,600 mi).[4][5] Their larger size and improved habitability soon earned them the nickname of "goldplaters" from the crews of older destroyers.[6]
The list of desired improvements compiled from the operational experience of the earlier Wickes and Clemson classes was both long and comprehensive. Both classes had pointed sterns that deeply dug into the water, greatly increasing turning diameter.[7][8] This was addressed with the transom stern design of the Farragut class. The previous classes were flush deck designs; while providing good hull strength, this proved to be wet in high seas.[7][8] This was addressed with the raised forecastle employed on the Farragut class. Cruising range on both the Wickes and Clemson classes had been a constant affliction of commanders; the Clemsons had been built with wing tanks giving better range, but at the cost of having high mounted fuel oil on both sides—a decidedly vulnerable feature in a ship without an armored belt such as a destroyer.[9] The Farragut class corrected this range deficiency by having a design range of 5,980 nautical miles (11,070 km; 6,880 mi) as opposed to the Clemson's 4,900 nautical miles (9,100 km; 5,600 mi).[9][5] Steady improvements to both boilers and steam turbines in the years between the Clemson and Farragut designs allowed this improved range, along with greater speed and a reduction from 4 to 2 stacks.
The success of the efforts become clear with the testimony of Rear Admiral Emory S. Land, head of the Bureau of Construction and Repair, to the General Board, comparing the Farragut class to the Wickes and Clemson classes. Those advantages were:
The Farragut class was 3.3 knots faster.
The class had double the GM height (resulting in greater initial stability).
All 8 torpedo tubes were on the preferred centerline position.
The guns were fed by power hoist from the magazines.
Being high-freeboard vessels, sea-keeping was much improved over the flush deckers that preceded it.
The radius of action increased by 450 nautical miles (830 km; 520 mi).
This had all been accomplished on a displacement rise of only 22%.[10]
The Farragut-class destroyers were considered unstable in heavy weather and in turns. This was compounded by war-time modifications that made them even more top-heavy. Two of the destroyers, Hull and Monaghan, sank as a result of the December 1944 typhoon. One of the survivors stated
"The only thing I could complain about is ever since we left [Seattle] the ship seemed top heavy. I was on there for two years. Ever since we left [the shipyard] in October 1944, she seemed to roll worse than she ever did. Even in the calmest weather and even when anchored, she seemed to roll lots more than she used to."
A court of inquiry after the loss concluded that [the] basic stability of the Farragut-class ships "is materially less than other destroyers."[11]
Engineering
The Farragut-class propulsion plant was considerably improved over the Clemson-class. Steam pressure and temperature were raised from 300 psi (2,100 kPa) saturated steam to 400 psi (2,800 kPa) steam superheated to 648 °F (342 °C). Superheated steam increased the efficiency of the turbines, improving the ships' range.[1] This was the first use of superheaters in a US destroyer. Economizers were also fitted; these used boiler exhaust gas to preheat the feedwater before it entered the boiler; these increased the ships' range by requiring less fuel to boil the water to steam.[12] The Farragut's turbines were Parsons-type reaction turbines manufactured by Bethlehem Steel. Each main turbine was divided into a high-pressure and a low-pressure turbine feeding into a common reduction gear to drive a shaft,[13] in a similar manner to the machinery illustrated below and at the following reference.[14] This general arrangement became standard for most subsequent steam-powered surface ships of the US Navy. Single-reduction gearing (as in the Clemsons) was used on the Farraguts; the Mahans and later classes had double-reduction gearing, which reduced the required size of the (then faster spinning) turbines still further.[12]
Armament
As built: These were the first US destroyers with a dual-purpose main armament. They received five of the then-new 5 in (127.0 mm)/38cal gun (Mark 12), installed in Mark 21 dual-purpose single mounts.[15] The forward two mounts (numbered 51 and 52) were partially enclosed with lightly-armored open-back shields. (see picture) The midships mount (No 53) and the after two mounts (numbers 54 and 55) were open. Unlike subsequent five-gun US destroyers, mount 53 was immediately aft of the stacks. An important feature was the dual-purpose Mark 33 director above the bridge, which coordinated the fire of the 5 inch guns against both ships and aircraft. By late 1942, radio proximity fuses (VT fuses) would make the guns much more effective against aircraft. Just aft of mount 53 were two trainable torpedo tube'quad-mounts' (with four 21-inch (533 mm) tubes on each mount), one abaft the other. The class was initially equipped with the Mark 8 torpedo, which was replaced by the Mark 15 torpedo beginning in 1938. On the 02 level, aft of mount 52, there were two single .50 cal (12.7mm) machine gun (MG) mounts next to the port and starboard rails. Two more .50 cal MGs were on the main deck, midships.[16]
c 1943: Due to the need for greater light anti-aircraft (AA) protection that emerged following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the .50 cal MGs and Mount 53 were replaced by 20 mm and 40 mm AA weapons. The type and quantity varied from ship to ship depending on when and where they were refitted. Also, roll-off depth charge racks were added to the stern, along with four K-gun depth charge throwers.[17] One source states the depth charge racks were added in 1936.[1]
Service
All ships were present at the attack on Pearl Harbor, where Monaghan sank a Japanesemidget submarine.[3] Three of the class were lost in the war: Worden ran aground in Alaskan waters in January 1943 and became a total loss, while Hull and Monaghan were lost in Typhoon Cobra in December 1944. The remaining five ships survived World War II; they were broken up for scrap shortly after the end of the war.
^"General Information Destroyer Number 438 U.S.S. Farragut" (PDF). Destroyer History Foundation. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
^"Turbine and reduction gear illustration". Leander Project. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
^. NavWeaps Naval Weapons, Naval Technology and Naval Reunions. Tony DiGiulian. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2007.
^"General Information Destroyer Number 438 U.S.S. Farragut" (PDF). Destroyer History Foundation. pp. 9–10. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
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For the post World War II ship class see Farragut class destroyer 1958 The Farragut class destroyers were a class of eight 1 365 ton destroyers in the United States Navy and the first US destroyers of post World War I design Their construction along with the Porter class was authorized by Congress on 29 April 1916 but funding was delayed considerably Limited to 1 500 tons standard displacement by the provisions of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 the ships were laid down beginning in 1932 and were completed by 1935 After 12 years since the last of the previous class of American destroyers the Clemson class was commissioned the Farraguts were commissioned in 1934 and 1935 USS Farragut in 1935Class overviewNameFarragut classBuildersBoston Navy Yard MA 2 Brooklyn Navy Yard NY 2 Bethlehem Fore River MA 1 Bath Iron Works ME 1 Puget Sound Navy Yard WA 1 Philadelphia Navy Yard PA 1 Operators United States NavyPreceded byClemson classSucceeded byPorter classBuilt1932 1935In commission1934 1945Completed8Lost3Retired5General characteristicsTypeDestroyerDisplacement1 365 tons standard 2 064 tons full load 1 Length341 ft 3 in 104 01 m Beam34 ft 3 in 10 44 m Draft16 ft 2 in 4 93 m Installed power4 Yarrow boilers 2 Parsons geared steam turbines 42 800 shp 31 900 kW Propulsion2 shaftsSpeed37 knots 69 km h 43 mph Range5 980 nautical miles 11 070 km 6 880 mi at 12 kn 22 km h 14 mph Complement10 officers 150 enlisted peacetime 250 wartime Sensors and processing systemsMk33 GFCS 2 1 SC radar 1943 ArmamentAs built 5 5 in 127 0 mm 38 caliber guns 4 50 caliber 12 7 mm machine guns 8 21 in 533 4 mm torpedo tubes 2 4 8 torpedoescirca 1943 4 5 in 127 0 mm 38 caliber guns 4 40 mm 1 6 in Bofors guns 2 2 5 20 mm 0 8 in Oerlikon cannons 8 21 in 533 4 mm torpedo tubes 2 4 8 torpedoes 4 K gun depth charge throwers 2 Depth charge stern racksThese ships were slightly larger than their predecessors faster and they had only two stacks versus the four stacks common to all the earlier classes The class was the first of six classes of 1 500 ton destroyers built in the 1930s to modernize the United States Navy and all eight Farraguts saw extensive front line service during World War II 3 None were lost in battle although only five survived the war After numerous incremental improvements the 1 500 tonners were succeeded by the 2 100 ton Fletcher class which was not subject to treaty restrictions Contents 1 Design 1 1 Engineering 1 2 Armament 2 Service 3 Ships in class 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Sources 6 External linksDesign EditThe Farraguts were a considerable improvement from previous destroyers taking advantage of technological advances during the 12 year gap in destroyer production The impact of aircraft on naval warfare was reflected in their heavy dual purpose main gun armament They also had greatly improved machinery and greater fuel capacity that extended their range to 5 980 nautical miles 11 070 km 6 880 mi as opposed to the Clemsons 4 900 nautical miles 9 100 km 5 600 mi 4 5 Their larger size and improved habitability soon earned them the nickname of goldplaters from the crews of older destroyers 6 The list of desired improvements compiled from the operational experience of the earlier Wickes and Clemson classes was both long and comprehensive Both classes had pointed sterns that deeply dug into the water greatly increasing turning diameter 7 8 This was addressed with the transom stern design of the Farragut class The previous classes were flush deck designs while providing good hull strength this proved to be wet in high seas 7 8 This was addressed with the raised forecastle employed on the Farragut class Cruising range on both the Wickes and Clemson classes had been a constant affliction of commanders the Clemsons had been built with wing tanks giving better range but at the cost of having high mounted fuel oil on both sides a decidedly vulnerable feature in a ship without an armored belt such as a destroyer 9 The Farragut class corrected this range deficiency by having a design range of 5 980 nautical miles 11 070 km 6 880 mi as opposed to the Clemson s 4 900 nautical miles 9 100 km 5 600 mi 9 5 Steady improvements to both boilers and steam turbines in the years between the Clemson and Farragut designs allowed this improved range along with greater speed and a reduction from 4 to 2 stacks The success of the efforts become clear with the testimony of Rear Admiral Emory S Land head of the Bureau of Construction and Repair to the General Board comparing the Farragut class to the Wickes and Clemson classes Those advantages were The Farragut class was 3 3 knots faster The class had double the GM height resulting in greater initial stability They had 25 more armament 5 main guns rather than 4 and about 35 greater firepower mounting 5 in 127 0 mm 38 caliber guns Mark 12 as opposed to the 4 in 102 mm 50 caliber gun Mark 9 mounted on most previous destroyers All 8 torpedo tubes were on the preferred centerline position The guns were fed by power hoist from the magazines Being high freeboard vessels sea keeping was much improved over the flush deckers that preceded it The radius of action increased by 450 nautical miles 830 km 520 mi This had all been accomplished on a displacement rise of only 22 10 The Farragut class destroyers were considered unstable in heavy weather and in turns This was compounded by war time modifications that made them even more top heavy Two of the destroyers Hull and Monaghan sank as a result of the December 1944 typhoon One of the survivors stated The only thing I could complain about is ever since we left Seattle the ship seemed top heavy I was on there for two years Ever since we left the shipyard in October 1944 she seemed to roll worse than she ever did Even in the calmest weather and even when anchored she seemed to roll lots more than she used to A court of inquiry after the loss concluded that the basic stability of the Farragut class ships is materially less than other destroyers 11 Engineering Edit The Farragut class propulsion plant was considerably improved over the Clemson class Steam pressure and temperature were raised from 300 psi 2 100 kPa saturated steam to 400 psi 2 800 kPa steam superheated to 648 F 342 C Superheated steam increased the efficiency of the turbines improving the ships range 1 This was the first use of superheaters in a US destroyer Economizers were also fitted these used boiler exhaust gas to preheat the feedwater before it entered the boiler these increased the ships range by requiring less fuel to boil the water to steam 12 The Farragut s turbines were Parsons type reaction turbines manufactured by Bethlehem Steel Each main turbine was divided into a high pressure and a low pressure turbine feeding into a common reduction gear to drive a shaft 13 in a similar manner to the machinery illustrated below and at the following reference 14 This general arrangement became standard for most subsequent steam powered surface ships of the US Navy Single reduction gearing as in the Clemsons was used on the Farraguts the Mahans and later classes had double reduction gearing which reduced the required size of the then faster spinning turbines still further 12 Armament Edit As built These were the first US destroyers with a dual purpose main armament They received five of the then new 5 in 127 0 mm 38cal gun Mark 12 installed in Mark 21 dual purpose single mounts 15 The forward two mounts numbered 51 and 52 were partially enclosed with lightly armored open back shields see picture The midships mount No 53 and the after two mounts numbers 54 and 55 were open Unlike subsequent five gun US destroyers mount 53 was immediately aft of the stacks An important feature was the dual purpose Mark 33 director above the bridge which coordinated the fire of the 5 inch guns against both ships and aircraft By late 1942 radio proximity fuses VT fuses would make the guns much more effective against aircraft Just aft of mount 53 were two trainable torpedo tube quad mounts with four 21 inch 533 mm tubes on each mount one abaft the other The class was initially equipped with the Mark 8 torpedo which was replaced by the Mark 15 torpedo beginning in 1938 On the 02 level aft of mount 52 there were two single 50 cal 12 7mm machine gun MG mounts next to the port and starboard rails Two more 50 cal MGs were on the main deck midships 16 c 1943 Due to the need for greater light anti aircraft AA protection that emerged following the attack on Pearl Harbor the 50 cal MGs and Mount 53 were replaced by 20 mm and 40 mm AA weapons The type and quantity varied from ship to ship depending on when and where they were refitted Also roll off depth charge racks were added to the stern along with four K gun depth charge throwers 17 One source states the depth charge racks were added in 1936 1 Service EditAll ships were present at the attack on Pearl Harbor where Monaghan sank a Japanese midget submarine 3 Three of the class were lost in the war Worden ran aground in Alaskan waters in January 1943 and became a total loss while Hull and Monaghan were lost in Typhoon Cobra in December 1944 The remaining five ships survived World War II they were broken up for scrap shortly after the end of the war Ships in class EditShips of the Farragut class 18 Ship Name Hull no Builder Laid Down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned FateFarragut DD 348 Fore River Shipbuilding 20 September 1932 15 March 1934 18 June 1934 23 October 1945 Scrapped 1947Dewey DD 349 Bath Iron Works 16 December 1932 28 July 1934 4 October 1934 19 October 1945 Scrapped 1946Hull DD 350 Brooklyn Navy Yard 7 March 1933 31 January 1934 11 January 1935 Lost in Typhoon Cobra 17 December 1944Macdonough DD 351 Boston Navy Yard 15 May 1933 22 August 1934 15 March 1935 22 October 1945 Scrapped 1946Worden DD 352 Puget Sound Navy Yard 29 December 1932 27 October 1934 15 January 1935 Grounded near Amchitka Alaska 12 January 1943Dale DD 353 Brooklyn Navy Yard 10 February 1934 23 January 1935 17 June 1935 16 October 1945 Scrapped 1946Monaghan DD 354 Boston Navy Yard 21 November 1933 9 January 1935 19 April 1935 Lost in Typhoon Cobra 17 December 1944Aylwin DD 355 Philadelphia Navy Yard 23 September 1933 10 July 1934 1 March 1935 16 October 1945 Scrapped 1946See also EditFarragut class destroyer 1958 List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy List of United States Navy losses in World War IIReferences EditCitations Edit a b c Friedman p 463 Friedman p 403 a b Farragut class destroyers Destroyer History Foundation Retrieved 23 October 2015 Friedman pp 44 463 a b The Farragutclass Destroyers Online Retrieved 23 October 2015 Goldplater s Destroyer History Foundation Retrieved 23 October 2015 a b Friedman p 46 a b Wickes and Clemson Classes Destroyer History Foundation Retrieved 23 October 2015 a b Friedman p 44 Friedman p 81 Henderson Bruce Down to the Sea An Epic Story of Naval Disaster and Heroism in World War II copyright 2007 a b Friedman p 88 General Information Destroyer Number 438 U S S Farragut PDF Destroyer History Foundation pp 6 7 Retrieved 23 October 2015 Turbine and reduction gear illustration Leander Project Retrieved 23 October 2015 United States of America 5 38 12 7 cm Mark 12 NavWeaps Naval Weapons Naval Technology and Naval Reunions Tony DiGiulian Archived from the original on 30 June 2013 Retrieved 8 September 2007 General Information Destroyer Number 438 U S S Farragut PDF Destroyer History Foundation pp 9 10 Retrieved 23 October 2015 Gardiner and Chesneau p 125 Bauer and Roberts p 183 Sources Edit Bauer K Jack Roberts Stephen S 1991 Register of Ships of the U S Navy 1775 1990 Major Combatants Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press ISBN 0 313 26202 0 Friedman Norman 2004 US Destroyers An Illustrated Design History Revised ed Annapolis Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 442 3 Gardiner Robert Chesneau Roger 1980 Conway s All the World s Fighting Ships 1922 1946 London Conway Maritime Press ISBN 0 83170 303 2 Silverstone Paul H 1965 U S Warships of World War II London Ian Allan Ltd External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Farragut class destroyers 1934 Farragut class destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation Goldplater destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation Comparison of 1500 ton classes at Destroyer History Foundation USS Farragut DD 348 General Information Book with as built data at Destroyer History Foundation Tin Can Sailors Destroyers org Farragut class destroyer NavSource Destroyer Photo Index Page This article incorporates text from the public domainDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Farragut class destroyer 1934 amp oldid 1111938065, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
