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SV40

April 18, 2024

SV40 is an abbreviation for simian vacuolating virus 40 or simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. Like other polyomaviruses, SV40 is a DNA virus that sometimes causes tumors in animals, but most often persists as a latent infection. SV40 has been widely studied as a model eukaryotic virus, leading to many early discoveries in eukaryotic DNA replication[1] and transcription.[2]

Simian virus 40
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Monodnaviria
Kingdom: Shotokuvirae
Phylum: Cossaviricota
Class: Papovaviricetes
Order: Sepolyvirales
Family: Polyomaviridae
Genus: Betapolyomavirus
Species:
Macaca mulatta polyomavirus 1
Virus:
Simian virus 40
Synonyms

simian vacuolating virus 40, SV40

Following contamination of polio vaccine batches in the 1950s and 1960s, SV40 came under suspicion as a possible cancer risk, but no subsequent increased cancer rate was observed, making such a risk unlikely. Nevertheless SV40 has become a cause célèbre for anti-vaccination activists, who have blamed it for multiple ills, including cancer and HIV/AIDS.[3]

Human disease edit

The hypothesis that SV40 might cause cancer in humans was a particularly controversial area of research, fuelled by the historical contamination of some batches of polio vaccine with SV40 in the 1950s and 1960s.[4] "Persuasive evidence now indicates that SV40 is causing infections in humans today and represents an emerging pathogen."[5] However "It appears unlikely that SV40 infection alone is sufficient to cause human malignancy..."[6]

p53 damage and carcinogenicity edit

It has been suggested that SV40 may act as a co-carcinogen with crocidolite asbestos to cause mesothelioma.[7][8]

Polio vaccine contamination edit

Main article: Vaccine contamination with SV40

Some vaccines made in the US between 1955 and 1961 were found to be contaminated with SV40, from the growth medium and from the original seed strain. Population level studies did not show extensive evidence of increase in cancer incidence as a result of exposure,[9] though SV40 has been extensively studied.[10] A thirty-five year follow-up did not find excess numbers of cancers associated with SV40.[11]

Gene therapy edit

Due to its high tissue tropism, biotechnology companies seek to utilize modified SV40 based vectors as a viral vector for gene therapy. In these helper dependent virus or packaging cell line assisted produced vectors the SV40 large T antigen and SV40 small T antigen are removed.[12][13][14]

Virology edit

SV40 consists of an unenveloped icosahedral virion with a closed circular double-stranded DNA genome[15] of 5.2 kb.[16] The virion adheres to cell surface receptors of MHC class I by the virion glycoprotein VP1. Penetration into the cell is through a caveolin vesicle. Inside the cell nucleus, the cellular RNA polymerase II acts to promote early gene expression. This results in an mRNA that is spliced into two segments. The small and large T antigens result from this. The large T antigen has two functions: 5% goes to the plasma cell membrane and 95% returns to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus the large T antigen binds three viral DNA sites, I, II and III. Binding of sites I and II autoregulates early RNA synthesis. Binding to site II takes place in each cell cycle. Binding site I initiates DNA replication at the origin of replication. Early transcription gives two spliced RNAs that are both 19s. Late transcription gives both a longer 16s, which synthesizes the major viral capsid protein VP1; and the smaller 19s, which gives VP2 and VP3 through leaky scanning. All of the proteins, besides the 5% of large T, return to the nucleus because assembly of the viral particle happens there. A putative late protein VP4 has been reported to act as a viroporin facilitiating release of viral particles and resulting in cytolysis;[17][18] however the presence and role of VP4 have been disputed.[19][20]

Multiplicity reactivation edit

SV40 is capable of multiplicity reactivation (MR).[21][22] MR is the process by which two or more virus genomes containing otherwise lethal damage interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome. Yamamato and Shimojo observed MR when SV40 virions were irradiated with UV light and allowed to undergo multiple infection of host cells.[21] Hall studied MR when SV 40 virions were exposed to the DNA crosslinking agent 4, 5', 8-trimethylpsoralen.[22] Under conditions in which only a single virus particle entered each host cell, approximately one DNA cross-link was lethal to the virus and could not be repaired. In contrast, when multiple viral genomes infected a host cell, psoralen-induced DNA cross-links were repaired; that is, MR occurred. Hall suggested that the virions with cross-linked DNA were repaired by recombinational repair.[22] Michod et al. reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction that provides the advantage of recombinational repair of genome damages.[23]

Transcription edit

The early promoter for SV40 contains three elements. The TATA box is located approximately 20 base-pairs upstream from the transcriptional start site. The 21 base-pair repeats contain six GC boxes and are the site that determines the direction of transcription. Also, the 72 base-pair repeats are transcriptional enhancers. When the SP1 protein interacts with the 21 base-pair repeats, it binds either the first or the last three GC boxes. Binding the first three initiates early expression, binding the last three initiates late expression. The function of the 72 base-pair repeats is to enhance the amount of stable RNA and increase the rate of synthesis. This is done by binding (dimerization) with the AP-1 transcription factor to give a primary transcript that is 3' polyadenylated and 5' capped.[citation needed]

Other animals edit

SV40 is dormant and is asymptomatic in rhesus monkeys. The virus has been found in many macaque populations in the wild, where it rarely causes disease. However, in monkeys that are immunodeficient—due to, for example, infection with simian immunodeficiency virus—SV40 acts much like the human JC and BK polyomaviruses, producing kidney disease and sometimes a demyelinating disease similar to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In other species, particularly hamsters, SV40 causes a variety of tumors, generally sarcomas. In rats, the oncogenic SV40 large T antigen was used to establish a brain tumor model for primitive neuroectodermal tumor and medulloblastoma.[24]

The molecular mechanisms by which the virus reproduces and alters cell function were previously unknown, and research into SV40 vastly increased biologists' understanding of gene expression and the regulation of cell growth.[citation needed]

History edit

SV40 was first identified by Ben Sweet and Maurice Hilleman in 1960 when they found that between 10 and 30% of polio vaccines in the US were contaminated with SV40.[25] In 1962, Bernice Eddy described the SV40 oncogenic function inducing sarcoma and ependymomas in hamsters inoculated with monkeys cells infected with SV40.[26] The complete viral genome was sequenced by Weissman at Yale University (US)[27] in 1978 and also by Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent (Belgium).[28]

Culture and society edit

SV40 has become a totemic subject among anti-vaccination activists, where its presence in contaminated vaccine is accused of being a cause of a cancer "epidemic" and of being responsible for HIV/AIDS.[3]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Fanning, E; Zhao, K (February 2009). "SV40 DNA replication: From the A gene to a nanomachine". Virology. 384 (2): 352–359. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.038. PMC 2718763. PMID 19101707.
  2. ^ Banerji, J; Rusconi, S; Schaffner, W (December 1981). "Expression of a β-globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences". Cell. 27 (2): 299–308. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90413-X. PMID 6277502. S2CID 54234674.
  3. ^ a b Gorski DH (9 September 2013). "Another antivaccine zombie meme: polio vaccine and SV40 and cancer, oh, my!". Science-Based Medicine.
  4. ^ Poulin, D. L.; Decaprio, J. A. (2006). "Is There a Role for SV40 in Human Cancer?". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 24 (26): 4356–65. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.7101. PMID 16963733.
  5. ^ Vilchez, Regis A.; Butel, Janet S. (July 2004). "Emergent Human Pathogen Simian Virus 40 and Its Role in Cancer". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 17 (3): 495–508. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.3.495-508.2004. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 452549. PMID 15258090. S2CID 10372679.
  6. ^ Qi F, Carbone M, Yang H, Gaudino G (October 2011). "Simian virus 40 transformation, malignant mesothelioma and brain tumors". Expert Rev Respir Med (Review). 5 (5): 683–97. doi:10.1586/ers.11.51. PMC 3241931. PMID 21955238.
  7. ^ Kroczynska, Barbara; Cutrone, Rochelle; Bocchetta, Maurizio; Yang, Haining; Elmishad, Amira G.; Vacek, Pamela; Ramos-Nino, Maria; Mossman, Brooke T.; Pass, Harvey I.; Carbone, Michele (19 September 2006). "Crocidolite asbestos and SV40 are cocarcinogens in human mesothelial cells and in causing mesothelioma in hamsters". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (38): 14128–14133. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10314128K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604544103. PMC 1599923. PMID 16966607.
  8. ^ Pershouse, Mark A.; Heivly, Shane; Girtsman, Teri (January 2006). "The Role of SV40 in Malignant Mesothelioma and Other Human Malignancies". Inhalation Toxicology. 18 (12): 995–1000. Bibcode:2006InhTx..18..995P. doi:10.1080/08958370600835377. PMID 16920674. S2CID 30590705.
  9. ^ "Studies Find No Evidence That Simian Virus 40 Is Related To Human Cancer". Science Daily (Press release). NIH/National Cancer Institute. 25 August 2004.
  10. ^ Hilleman MR (1998). "Discovery of simian virus 40 (SV40) and its relationship to poliomyelitis virus vaccines". Dev Biol Stand. 94: 183–90. PMID 9776239.
  11. ^ Carroll-Pankhurst, C; Engels, EA; Strickler, HD; Goedert, JJ; Wagner, J; Mortimer EA Jr. (November 2001). "Thirty-five year mortality following receipt of SV40- contaminated polio vaccine during the neonatal period". Br J Cancer. 85 (9): 1295–7. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2001.2065. PMC 2375249. PMID 11720463.
  12. ^ Mueller, C.; Strayer, M. S.; Sirninger, J.; Braag, S.; Branco, F.; Louboutin, J.-P.; Flotte, T. R.; Strayer, D. S. (February 2010). "In vitro and in vivo functional characterization of gutless recombinant SV40-derived CFTR vectors". Gene Therapy. 17 (2): 227–237. doi:10.1038/gt.2009.137. PMC 2820588. PMID 19890354.
  13. ^ Toscano, Miguel G.; van der Velden, Jeroen; van der Werf, Sybrand; Odijk, Machteld; Roque, Ana; Camacho-Garcia, Rafael J.; Herrera-Gomez, Irene G.; Mancini, Irene; de Haan, Peter (15 September 2017). "Generation of a Vero-Based Packaging Cell Line to Produce SV40 Gene Delivery Vectors for Use in Clinical Gene Therapy Studies". Molecular Therapy. Methods & Clinical Development. 6: 124–134. doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2017.06.007. PMC 5537168. PMID 28791314.
  14. ^ Vera, Maria; Fortes, Puri (May 2004). "Simian Virus-40 as a Gene Therapy Vector". DNA and Cell Biology. 23 (5): 271–282. doi:10.1089/104454904323090903. PMID 15169607.
  15. ^ Fanning, E; Zhao, K (2009). "SV40 DNA replication: from the A gene to a nanomachine". Virology. 384 (2): 352–359. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.038. PMC 2718763. PMID 19101707.
  16. ^ Sowd, GA; Fanning, E (2012). "A wolf in sheep's clothing: SV40 co-opts host genome maintenance proteins to replicate viral DNA". PLOS Pathogens. 8 (11): e1002994. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002994. PMC 3493471. PMID 23144614.
  17. ^ Raghava, Smita; Giorda, Kristina M.; Romano, Fabian B.; Heuck, Alejandro P.; Hebert, Daniel N. (30 June 2011). "The SV40 Late Protein VP4 Is a Viroporin that Forms Pores to Disrupt Membranes for Viral Release". PLOS Pathogens. 7 (6): e1002116. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002116. PMC 3128117. PMID 21738474.
  18. ^ DeCaprio, James A.; Garcea, Robert L. (April 2013). "A cornucopia of human polyomaviruses". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 11 (4): 264–276. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2992. PMC 3928796. PMID 23474680.
  19. ^ Henriksen, Stian; Rinaldo, Christine Hanssen (29 April 2020). "Does the Evidence Support the Existence of the Simian Polyomavirus SV40 Vp4 Viroporin?". mSphere. 5 (2): e00019-20. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00019-20. PMC 7082134. PMID 32188744.
  20. ^ Daniels, Robert; Hebert, Daniel N. (29 April 2020). "In Support of Simian Polyomavirus 40 VP4 as a Later Expressed Viroporin". mSphere. 5 (2): e00187-20. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00187-20. PMC 7082142. PMID 32188752.
  21. ^ a b Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Shimojo, H (August 1971). "Multiplicity reactivation of human adenovirus type 12 and simian virus 40 irradiated by ultraviolet light". Virology. 45 (2): 529–31. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(71)90355-2. PMID 4328814.
  22. ^ a b c Hall, J. D. (1982). "Repair of psoralen-induced crosslinks in cells multiply infected with SV40". Molecular & General Genetics. 188 (1): 135–8. doi:10.1007/bf00333007. PMID 6294477. S2CID 5843939.
  23. ^ Michod, Richard E.; Bernstein, Harris; Nedelcu, Aurora M. (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 8 (3): 267–85. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002. PMID 18295550.
  24. ^ Eibl, R. H.; Kleihues, P; Jat, P. S.; Wiestler, O. D. (1994). "A model for primitive neuroectodermal tumors in transgenic neural transplants harboring the SV40 large T antigen". The American Journal of Pathology. 144 (3): 556–64. PMC 1887088. PMID 8129041.
  25. ^ Sweet, B. H.; Hilleman, M. R. (November 1960). "The vacuolating virus, S.V. 40". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 105 (2): 420–427. doi:10.3181/00379727-105-26128. PMID 13774265. S2CID 38744505.
  26. ^ Eddy, B. E.; Borman, G. S.; Grubbs, G. E.; Young, R. D. (May 1962). "Identification of the oncogenic substance in rhesus monkey kidney cell culture as simian virus 40". Virology. 17: 65–75. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(62)90082-x. PMID 13889129.
  27. ^ Reddy, V. B.; Weissman, S. M. (May 1978). "The genome of simian virus 40". Science. 200 (4341): 494–502. Bibcode:1978Sci...200..494R. doi:10.1126/science.205947. PMID 205947.
  28. ^ Fiers, W; Contreras, R; Haegemann, G; Rogiers, R; Van De Voorde, A; Van Heuverswyn, H; Van Herreweghe, J; Volckaert, G; Ysebaert, M (May 1978). "Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA". Nature. 273 (5658): 113–20. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..113F. doi:10.1038/273113a0. PMID 205802. S2CID 1634424.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Simian virus 40.

CDC FAQ edit

  • "Simian Virus 40 (SV40) - 1955 – 1963" in "Historical Safety Concerns". Vaccine Safety. CDC. 30 March 2022.

Other edit

  • Simian+virus+40 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  • SV40 entry in the NCBI Taxonomy database
  • SV40 entry in the NCBI Genome database

April 18, 2024
sv40, abbreviation, simian, vacuolating, virus, simian, virus, polyomavirus, that, found, both, monkeys, humans, like, other, polyomaviruses, virus, that, sometimes, causes, tumors, animals, most, often, persists, latent, infection, been, widely, studied, mode. SV40 is an abbreviation for simian vacuolating virus 40 or simian virus 40 a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans Like other polyomaviruses SV40 is a DNA virus that sometimes causes tumors in animals but most often persists as a latent infection SV40 has been widely studied as a model eukaryotic virus leading to many early discoveries in eukaryotic DNA replication 1 and transcription 2 Simian virus 40Virus classification unranked VirusRealm MonodnaviriaKingdom ShotokuviraePhylum CossaviricotaClass PapovaviricetesOrder SepolyviralesFamily PolyomaviridaeGenus BetapolyomavirusSpecies Macaca mulatta polyomavirus 1Virus Simian virus 40Synonymssimian vacuolating virus 40 SV40Following contamination of polio vaccine batches in the 1950s and 1960s SV40 came under suspicion as a possible cancer risk but no subsequent increased cancer rate was observed making such a risk unlikely Nevertheless SV40 has become a cause celebre for anti vaccination activists who have blamed it for multiple ills including cancer and HIV AIDS 3 Contents 1 Human disease 1 1 p53 damage and carcinogenicity 1 2 Polio vaccine contamination 2 Gene therapy 3 Virology 4 Multiplicity reactivation 5 Transcription 6 Other animals 7 History 8 Culture and society 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 11 1 CDC FAQ 11 2 OtherHuman disease editThe hypothesis that SV40 might cause cancer in humans was a particularly controversial area of research fuelled by the historical contamination of some batches of polio vaccine with SV40 in the 1950s and 1960s 4 Persuasive evidence now indicates that SV40 is causing infections in humans today and represents an emerging pathogen 5 However It appears unlikely that SV40 infection alone is sufficient to cause human malignancy 6 p53 damage and carcinogenicity edit It has been suggested that SV40 may act as a co carcinogen with crocidolite asbestos to cause mesothelioma 7 8 Polio vaccine contamination edit Main article Vaccine contamination with SV40 Some vaccines made in the US between 1955 and 1961 were found to be contaminated with SV40 from the growth medium and from the original seed strain Population level studies did not show extensive evidence of increase in cancer incidence as a result of exposure 9 though SV40 has been extensively studied 10 A thirty five year follow up did not find excess numbers of cancers associated with SV40 11 Gene therapy editDue to its high tissue tropism biotechnology companies seek to utilize modified SV40 based vectors as a viral vector for gene therapy In these helper dependent virus or packaging cell line assisted produced vectors the SV40 large T antigen and SV40 small T antigen are removed 12 13 14 Virology editSV40 consists of an unenveloped icosahedral virion with a closed circular double stranded DNA genome 15 of 5 2 kb 16 The virion adheres to cell surface receptors of MHC class I by the virion glycoprotein VP1 Penetration into the cell is through a caveolin vesicle Inside the cell nucleus the cellular RNA polymerase II acts to promote early gene expression This results in an mRNA that is spliced into two segments The small and large T antigens result from this The large T antigen has two functions 5 goes to the plasma cell membrane and 95 returns to the nucleus Once in the nucleus the large T antigen binds three viral DNA sites I II and III Binding of sites I and II autoregulates early RNA synthesis Binding to site II takes place in each cell cycle Binding site I initiates DNA replication at the origin of replication Early transcription gives two spliced RNAs that are both 19s Late transcription gives both a longer 16s which synthesizes the major viral capsid protein VP1 and the smaller 19s which gives VP2 and VP3 through leaky scanning All of the proteins besides the 5 of large T return to the nucleus because assembly of the viral particle happens there A putative late protein VP4 has been reported to act as a viroporin facilitiating release of viral particles and resulting in cytolysis 17 18 however the presence and role of VP4 have been disputed 19 20 Multiplicity reactivation editSV40 is capable of multiplicity reactivation MR 21 22 MR is the process by which two or more virus genomes containing otherwise lethal damage interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome Yamamato and Shimojo observed MR when SV40 virions were irradiated with UV light and allowed to undergo multiple infection of host cells 21 Hall studied MR when SV 40 virions were exposed to the DNA crosslinking agent 4 5 8 trimethylpsoralen 22 Under conditions in which only a single virus particle entered each host cell approximately one DNA cross link was lethal to the virus and could not be repaired In contrast when multiple viral genomes infected a host cell psoralen induced DNA cross links were repaired that is MR occurred Hall suggested that the virions with cross linked DNA were repaired by recombinational repair 22 Michod et al reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction that provides the advantage of recombinational repair of genome damages 23 Transcription editThe early promoter for SV40 contains three elements The TATA box is located approximately 20 base pairs upstream from the transcriptional start site The 21 base pair repeats contain six GC boxes and are the site that determines the direction of transcription Also the 72 base pair repeats are transcriptional enhancers When the SP1 protein interacts with the 21 base pair repeats it binds either the first or the last three GC boxes Binding the first three initiates early expression binding the last three initiates late expression The function of the 72 base pair repeats is to enhance the amount of stable RNA and increase the rate of synthesis This is done by binding dimerization with the AP 1 transcription factor to give a primary transcript that is 3 polyadenylated and 5 capped citation needed Other animals editSV40 is dormant and is asymptomatic in rhesus monkeys The virus has been found in many macaque populations in the wild where it rarely causes disease However in monkeys that are immunodeficient due to for example infection with simian immunodeficiency virus SV40 acts much like the human JC and BK polyomaviruses producing kidney disease and sometimes a demyelinating disease similar to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy In other species particularly hamsters SV40 causes a variety of tumors generally sarcomas In rats the oncogenic SV40 large T antigen was used to establish a brain tumor model for primitive neuroectodermal tumor and medulloblastoma 24 The molecular mechanisms by which the virus reproduces and alters cell function were previously unknown and research into SV40 vastly increased biologists understanding of gene expression and the regulation of cell growth citation needed History editSV40 was first identified by Ben Sweet and Maurice Hilleman in 1960 when they found that between 10 and 30 of polio vaccines in the US were contaminated with SV40 25 In 1962 Bernice Eddy described the SV40 oncogenic function inducing sarcoma and ependymomas in hamsters inoculated with monkeys cells infected with SV40 26 The complete viral genome was sequenced by Weissman at Yale University US 27 in 1978 and also by Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent Belgium 28 Culture and society editSV40 has become a totemic subject among anti vaccination activists where its presence in contaminated vaccine is accused of being a cause of a cancer epidemic and of being responsible for HIV AIDS 3 See also edit nbsp Viruses portalMason Pfizer monkey virus packaging signal SV40 Cancer FoundationReferences edit Fanning E Zhao K February 2009 SV40 DNA replication From the A gene to a nanomachine Virology 384 2 352 359 doi 10 1016 j virol 2008 11 038 PMC 2718763 PMID 19101707 Banerji J Rusconi S Schaffner W December 1981 Expression of a b globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences Cell 27 2 299 308 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 81 90413 X PMID 6277502 S2CID 54234674 a b Gorski DH 9 September 2013 Another antivaccine zombie meme polio vaccine and SV40 and cancer oh my Science Based Medicine Poulin D L Decaprio J A 2006 Is There a Role for SV40 in Human Cancer Journal of Clinical Oncology 24 26 4356 65 doi 10 1200 JCO 2005 03 7101 PMID 16963733 Vilchez Regis A Butel Janet S July 2004 Emergent Human Pathogen Simian Virus 40 and Its Role in Cancer Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17 3 495 508 doi 10 1128 CMR 17 3 495 508 2004 ISSN 0893 8512 PMC 452549 PMID 15258090 S2CID 10372679 Qi F Carbone M Yang H Gaudino G October 2011 Simian virus 40 transformation malignant mesothelioma and brain tumors Expert Rev Respir Med Review 5 5 683 97 doi 10 1586 ers 11 51 PMC 3241931 PMID 21955238 Kroczynska Barbara Cutrone Rochelle Bocchetta Maurizio Yang Haining Elmishad Amira G Vacek Pamela Ramos Nino Maria Mossman Brooke T Pass Harvey I Carbone Michele 19 September 2006 Crocidolite asbestos and SV40 are cocarcinogens in human mesothelial cells and in causing mesothelioma in hamsters Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 38 14128 14133 Bibcode 2006PNAS 10314128K doi 10 1073 pnas 0604544103 PMC 1599923 PMID 16966607 Pershouse Mark A Heivly Shane Girtsman Teri January 2006 The Role of SV40 in Malignant Mesothelioma and Other Human Malignancies Inhalation Toxicology 18 12 995 1000 Bibcode 2006InhTx 18 995P doi 10 1080 08958370600835377 PMID 16920674 S2CID 30590705 Studies Find No Evidence That Simian Virus 40 Is Related To Human Cancer Science Daily Press release NIH National Cancer Institute 25 August 2004 Hilleman MR 1998 Discovery of simian virus 40 SV40 and its relationship to poliomyelitis virus vaccines Dev Biol Stand 94 183 90 PMID 9776239 Carroll Pankhurst C Engels EA Strickler HD Goedert JJ Wagner J Mortimer EA Jr November 2001 Thirty five year mortality following receipt of SV40 contaminated polio vaccine during the neonatal period Br J Cancer 85 9 1295 7 doi 10 1054 bjoc 2001 2065 PMC 2375249 PMID 11720463 Mueller C Strayer M S Sirninger J Braag S Branco F Louboutin J P Flotte T R Strayer D S February 2010 In vitro and in vivo functional characterization of gutless recombinant SV40 derived CFTR vectors Gene Therapy 17 2 227 237 doi 10 1038 gt 2009 137 PMC 2820588 PMID 19890354 Toscano Miguel G van der Velden Jeroen van der Werf Sybrand Odijk Machteld Roque Ana Camacho Garcia Rafael J Herrera Gomez Irene G Mancini Irene de Haan Peter 15 September 2017 Generation of a Vero Based Packaging Cell Line to Produce SV40 Gene Delivery Vectors for Use in Clinical Gene Therapy Studies Molecular Therapy Methods amp Clinical Development 6 124 134 doi 10 1016 j omtm 2017 06 007 PMC 5537168 PMID 28791314 Vera Maria Fortes Puri May 2004 Simian Virus 40 as a Gene Therapy Vector DNA and Cell Biology 23 5 271 282 doi 10 1089 104454904323090903 PMID 15169607 Fanning E Zhao K 2009 SV40 DNA replication from the A gene to a nanomachine Virology 384 2 352 359 doi 10 1016 j virol 2008 11 038 PMC 2718763 PMID 19101707 Sowd GA Fanning E 2012 A wolf in sheep s clothing SV40 co opts host genome maintenance proteins to replicate viral DNA PLOS Pathogens 8 11 e1002994 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 1002994 PMC 3493471 PMID 23144614 Raghava Smita Giorda Kristina M Romano Fabian B Heuck Alejandro P Hebert Daniel N 30 June 2011 The SV40 Late Protein VP4 Is a Viroporin that Forms Pores to Disrupt Membranes for Viral Release PLOS Pathogens 7 6 e1002116 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 1002116 PMC 3128117 PMID 21738474 DeCaprio James A Garcea Robert L April 2013 A cornucopia of human polyomaviruses Nature Reviews Microbiology 11 4 264 276 doi 10 1038 nrmicro2992 PMC 3928796 PMID 23474680 Henriksen Stian Rinaldo Christine Hanssen 29 April 2020 Does the Evidence Support the Existence of the Simian Polyomavirus SV40 Vp4 Viroporin mSphere 5 2 e00019 20 doi 10 1128 mSphere 00019 20 PMC 7082134 PMID 32188744 Daniels Robert Hebert Daniel N 29 April 2020 In Support of Simian Polyomavirus 40 VP4 as a Later Expressed Viroporin mSphere 5 2 e00187 20 doi 10 1128 mSphere 00187 20 PMC 7082142 PMID 32188752 a b Yamamoto Hiroshi Shimojo H August 1971 Multiplicity reactivation of human adenovirus type 12 and simian virus 40 irradiated by ultraviolet light Virology 45 2 529 31 doi 10 1016 0042 6822 71 90355 2 PMID 4328814 a b c Hall J D 1982 Repair of psoralen induced crosslinks in cells multiply infected with SV40 Molecular amp General Genetics 188 1 135 8 doi 10 1007 bf00333007 PMID 6294477 S2CID 5843939 Michod Richard E Bernstein Harris Nedelcu Aurora M 2008 Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens Infection Genetics and Evolution 8 3 267 85 doi 10 1016 j meegid 2008 01 002 PMID 18295550 Eibl R H Kleihues P Jat P S Wiestler O D 1994 A model for primitive neuroectodermal tumors in transgenic neural transplants harboring the SV40 large T antigen The American Journal of Pathology 144 3 556 64 PMC 1887088 PMID 8129041 Sweet B H Hilleman M R November 1960 The vacuolating virus S V 40 Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 105 2 420 427 doi 10 3181 00379727 105 26128 PMID 13774265 S2CID 38744505 Eddy B E Borman G S Grubbs G E Young R D May 1962 Identification of the oncogenic substance in rhesus monkey kidney cell culture as simian virus 40 Virology 17 65 75 doi 10 1016 0042 6822 62 90082 x PMID 13889129 Reddy V B Weissman S M May 1978 The genome of simian virus 40 Science 200 4341 494 502 Bibcode 1978Sci 200 494R doi 10 1126 science 205947 PMID 205947 Fiers W Contreras R Haegemann G Rogiers R Van De Voorde A Van Heuverswyn H Van Herreweghe J Volckaert G Ysebaert M May 1978 Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA Nature 273 5658 113 20 Bibcode 1978Natur 273 113F doi 10 1038 273113a0 PMID 205802 S2CID 1634424 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Simian virus 40 CDC FAQ edit Simian Virus 40 SV40 1955 1963 in Historical Safety Concerns Vaccine Safety CDC 30 March 2022 Other edit Simian virus 40 at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH SV40 entry in the NCBI Taxonomy database SV40 entry in the NCBI Genome database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title SV40 amp oldid 1216028153, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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