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Simeon ben Zemah Duran

May 08, 2024

Not to be confused with Profiat Duran.
"TaSHBaẒ" and "Tashbetz" redirect here. For the author of a different work with the same name, see Samson ben Zadok.

Simeon ben Zemah Duran, also Tzemach Duran (1361–1444; Hebrew: שמעון בן צמח דוראן), known as Rashbatz (רשב"ץ) or Tashbatz, was a Rabbinical authority, student of philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and especially of medicine, which he practised for a number of years at Palma de Mallorca. A major 15th century posek, his published decisions in matters of halakha have been widely quoted in halakhic literature for hundreds of years.

Biography edit

Simeon ben Tzemach was born in the Hebrew month of Adar, 1361. Various accounts put his birthplace as either Barcelona, or the island of Majorca.[1] He was a near relation but not a grandson of Levi ben Gershon. He was a student of Ephraim Vidal, and of Jonah de Maestre, rabbi in Zaragoza or in Calatayud, whose daughter Bongoda he married.

After the 1391 massacre in the Balearic Islands, he fled Spain with his father and sister for Algiers, where, in addition to practicing medicine, he continued his studies during the earlier part of his stay. In 1394 he and the Algerian rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet ("the Rivash") drafted statutes for the Jewish community of Algiers. After the Rivash's retirement, Duran became rabbi of Algiers in 1407. Unlike his predecessor, he refused on principle to accept any confirmation of his appointment by the regent.[2] As Duran had lost all his property during the massacre at Palma, he was forced against his will to accept a salary from the community, not having other means of subsistence. He held this office until his death. His epitaph, written by himself, has been reprinted for the first time, from a manuscript, in Orient, Lit. v. 452. According to Joseph ben Isaac Sambari, Simon was much respected in court circles.[3] He was the father of the Solomon ben Simon Duran.

Duran's Magen Avot was a polemic against Christians and Muslims, of which the fourth chapter of the second part was published separately as Keshet u-Magen ("The Arrow and the Shield").[4]

Works edit

Simon was prolific. He wrote commentaries on several tractates of the Mishnah and the Talmud and on Alfasi (Nos. 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, and 16 in the list of his works given below); he treated various religious dogmas as well as the synagogal rite of Algiers (Nos. 5, 8, 10, 16), while in his responsa he showed a profound acquaintance with the entire halakic literature. His theologico-philosophical scholarship, as well as his secular learning, is conspicuous in his elaborate work, Magen Abot, in which he also appears as a clever controversialist (No. 7). The same ability is evidenced in his writings against Hasdai Crescas, which afford him an opportunity to defend Maimonides (No. 2), in his commentary on the Pentateuch (No. 6), where he takes occasion to enter into polemics with Levi ben Gershon, and in that on the Book of Job (No. 1), especially the introduction. In his commentary on the Pirke Avot he shows a broad historical sense (No. 7, part iv.) and it is not improbable that the tradition which ascribes to him the historico-didactic poem Seder ha-Mishneh leha-Rambam (No. 9) is well founded.

Simon also wrote a considerable number of poems, both religious and secular (Nos. 9 [?], 15); commented on the Pesah Haggadah, the Hoshanot, the works of more ancient poets (Nos. 5 (c), 13, 14), and he was the author of numerous pamphlets. The following list of Duran's writings is arranged according to the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, on the basis of a catalogue drawn up by the author himself (Responsa, vol. iii.):

  1. Oheb Mishpaṭ, commentary on the Book of Job, with a theologico-philosophical introduction, Venice, 1589;[5] Amsterdam, 1724-1727 (in the Rabbinic Bible Ḳehillat Mosheh).
  2. Or ha-Ḥayyim, controversial treatise against Hasdai Crescas' Or Adonai.
  3. Zohar ha-Raḳia, commentary on Solomon ibn Gabirol's Azharot, Constantinople, 1515. (Jacob Hagis [Petil Tekelet] and Moses Pisante Ner Miẓwah have reedited this work, of which a shorter recension also exists.)
  4. Ḥiddushe ha-Rashbaẓ, novellæ on and elucidations of Niddah, Rosh ha-Shanah, Kinnim, Leghorn, 1744. (Ḥiddushim, novellæ to Ketubot and Gittin [Färth, 1779], is erroneously ascribed to Duran.)
  5. Yabin Shemu'ah:
    1. precepts for shehitah and bedikah
    2. Ma'amar Ḥameẓ, precepts concerning hamez and mazzah
    3. Afiḳomen, commentary on the Pesah Haggadah
    4. Tif'eret Yisrael, on the computations of the new moon ("moladot")
    5. Perush, commentary on the Mishnah Zebahim, ch. v. ("Ezehu Meḳoman"), and the Baraita de Rabbi Yishma'el (taken from the Sifra) subjoined thereto in the prayerbook (Leghorn, 1744). Part (c) appeared as Ma'amar Afiḳomen with the Haggadah (Rödelheim, 1822).
  6. Liwyat Ḥen, commentary on the Pentateuch; also two tracts against Hasdai Crescas ("Anaḳim," "Ma'amar Ha-Yiḥud")
  7. Magen Abot, consisting of four parts with special titles:
    1. "Ḥeleḳ Eloah mi-Ma'al"
    2. "Ḥeleḳ Shosenu"
    3. "Ḥeleḳ Ya'aḳob"
    4. "Ḥeleḳ Adonai 'Ammo."
    5. A commentary on Abot, including a literary-historical introduction on the sequence of tradition, appeared under the title "Magen Abot," Leghorn, 1762; reedited by Y. Fischl, Leipsic, 1855. Under the same title appeared parts i.-iii., with the exception of one chapter in part ii. (ib. 1785). The missing chapter in this edition, being a polemic against Christianity and Islam, was published under the title Ḳeshet u-Magen (ib. 1785–1790; reedited by Steinschneider, Berlin, 1881). Extracts from this chapter, "Setirat Emunat ha-Noẓrim," are contained in Milḥemet Ḥobah, Amsterdam, 1710. It is largely taken from Profiat Duran's Kelimmat ha-Goyim (Monatsschrift, iv. 179).
  8. Minhagim, ritual observances, presumably treating of the rites in Algiers.
  9. Seder ha-Mishneh leha-Rambam, didactic poem, ascribed to Duran in MS. Poc. 74 (Neubauer, Cat. Bodl. Hebr. MSS. No. 1971).
  10. Perush ha-Ketubbah weha-Geṭ, on marriage contracts and divorces, Constantinople, c. 1516–1548.
  11. Perush Hilkot Berakot le-Harif, commentary on Alfasi's Berakot.
  12. Perush Masseket 'Eduyyot, commentary on Eduyyot.
  13. Perush 'al ha-Hosha'not, published with the Hoshanot according to the Spanish rite, Ferrara, 1553. (A short extract from the Perush is contained in the Spanish prayer-book of 1571.)
  14. Perush Ḳeẓat Piyyuṭim, of which several pieces are inserted in the Algiers Mahzor, Leghorn, 1772. (The commentary on the introduction, "[Baruk] Asher Ishshesh," may also be found in B. Goldberg's Ḥefes Maṭmonim, pp. 85 et seq., Berlin, 1845.)
  15. Ḳunṭras Teḥinnot u-Pizmonim, religious and secular poems. (The elegy (ḳinah) on the destruction of Jerusalem, "Eksof le-Sapper," was published in Profiat Duran's Iggeret Al-Tehi, Constantinople, c. 1577; that on the persecutions in Spain in the second edition of Magen Abot, Leipsic, 1855. A larger collection was edited by I. Morali in part i. of his Ẓofnat Pa'aneaḥ, Berlin, 1897.)
  16. Remaze Pisḳe Niddah (distinct from No. 4).
  17. Taḳḳun ha-Ḥazzanim, of which the title only is known.
  18. Taḳḳanot ha-Rashbaẓ, inserted in part ii. of the responsa, (19), and in Judah Ayyash's responsa, entitled Bet Yehudah, Leghorn, 1746.
  19. Tashbaẓ, 802 responsa in three parts, Amsterdam, 1738–1739; title ed., ib. 1741.

External links edit

  • Seth (Avi) Kadish, The Book of Abraham: Rabbi Shimon ben Ẓemaḥ Duran and the School of Rabbenu Nissim Gerondi (Doctoral dissertation, University of Haifa, 2006).

References edit

  1. ^ Tasbatz Vol.1, Jerusalem 1998 introduction p.20, quoting various conflicting earlier accounts.
  2. ^ 'Codex Judaica', Zichron Press, M.Kantor p.206
  3. ^ Medieval Jew. Chron. i. 130
  4. ^ Jewish history and Jewish memory: essays in honor of Yosef Hayim p 39 Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Elisheva Carlebach, John M. Efron - 1998
  5. ^ Available online at HebrewBooks.org.

  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Duran". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. It has the following bibliography:

  • H. Jaulus, R. Simeon b. Zemach Duran, in Monatsschrift, xxiii. 241 et seq.;
  • A. Fränkel, Allg. Zeit. des Jud. xxiv. 417, 501;
  • Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim, p. 601;
  • Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. No. 7199;
  • Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi-C. H. Hamberger, Historisches Wörterbuch der Jüdischen Schriftsteller, pp. 92 et seq.;
  • Joseph Zedner, Cat. Hebr. Books Brit. Mus. pp. 703 et seq.;
  • Zunz, Literaturgesch. pp. 521 et seq.;
  • Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., viii. 100;
  • Brody, in Isr. Monatsschr. 1897, No. 7;
  • I. Morali, Ẓofnat Pa'aneaḥ, i., Berlin, 1897;
  • Kaufmann, in Monatsschrift, xli. 660

May 08, 2024
simeon, zemah, duran, confused, with, profiat, duran, tashbaẒ, tashbetz, redirect, here, author, different, work, with, same, name, samson, zadok, also, tzemach, duran, 1361, 1444, hebrew, שמעון, בן, צמח, דוראן, known, rashbatz, רשב, tashbatz, rabbinical, auth. Not to be confused with Profiat Duran TaSHBaẒ and Tashbetz redirect here For the author of a different work with the same name see Samson ben Zadok Simeon ben Zemah Duran also Tzemach Duran 1361 1444 Hebrew שמעון בן צמח דוראן known as Rashbatz רשב ץ or Tashbatz was a Rabbinical authority student of philosophy astronomy mathematics and especially of medicine which he practised for a number of years at Palma de Mallorca A major 15th century posek his published decisions in matters of halakha have been widely quoted in halakhic literature for hundreds of years Contents 1 Biography 2 Works 3 External links 4 ReferencesBiography editSimeon ben Tzemach was born in the Hebrew month of Adar 1361 Various accounts put his birthplace as either Barcelona or the island of Majorca 1 He was a near relation but not a grandson of Levi ben Gershon He was a student of Ephraim Vidal and of Jonah de Maestre rabbi in Zaragoza or in Calatayud whose daughter Bongoda he married After the 1391 massacre in the Balearic Islands he fled Spain with his father and sister for Algiers where in addition to practicing medicine he continued his studies during the earlier part of his stay In 1394 he and the Algerian rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet the Rivash drafted statutes for the Jewish community of Algiers After the Rivash s retirement Duran became rabbi of Algiers in 1407 Unlike his predecessor he refused on principle to accept any confirmation of his appointment by the regent 2 As Duran had lost all his property during the massacre at Palma he was forced against his will to accept a salary from the community not having other means of subsistence He held this office until his death His epitaph written by himself has been reprinted for the first time from a manuscript in Orient Lit v 452 According to Joseph ben Isaac Sambari Simon was much respected in court circles 3 He was the father of the Solomon ben Simon Duran Duran s Magen Avot was a polemic against Christians and Muslims of which the fourth chapter of the second part was published separately as Keshet u Magen The Arrow and the Shield 4 Works editSimon was prolific He wrote commentaries on several tractates of the Mishnah and the Talmud and on Alfasi Nos 4 5 7 11 12 and 16 in the list of his works given below he treated various religious dogmas as well as the synagogal rite of Algiers Nos 5 8 10 16 while in his responsa he showed a profound acquaintance with the entire halakic literature His theologico philosophical scholarship as well as his secular learning is conspicuous in his elaborate work Magen Abot in which he also appears as a clever controversialist No 7 The same ability is evidenced in his writings against Hasdai Crescas which afford him an opportunity to defend Maimonides No 2 in his commentary on the Pentateuch No 6 where he takes occasion to enter into polemics with Levi ben Gershon and in that on the Book of Job No 1 especially the introduction In his commentary on the Pirke Avot he shows a broad historical sense No 7 part iv and it is not improbable that the tradition which ascribes to him the historico didactic poem Seder ha Mishneh leha Rambam No 9 is well founded Simon also wrote a considerable number of poems both religious and secular Nos 9 15 commented on the Pesah Haggadah the Hoshanot the works of more ancient poets Nos 5 c 13 14 and he was the author of numerous pamphlets The following list of Duran s writings is arranged according to the letters of the Hebrew alphabet on the basis of a catalogue drawn up by the author himself Responsa vol iii Oheb Mishpaṭ commentary on the Book of Job with a theologico philosophical introduction Venice 1589 5 Amsterdam 1724 1727 in the Rabbinic Bible Ḳehillat Mosheh Or ha Ḥayyim controversial treatise against Hasdai Crescas Or Adonai Zohar ha Raḳia commentary on Solomon ibn Gabirol s Azharot Constantinople 1515 Jacob Hagis Petil Tekelet and Moses Pisante Ner Miẓwah have reedited this work of which a shorter recension also exists Ḥiddushe ha Rashbaẓ novellae on and elucidations of Niddah Rosh ha Shanah Kinnim Leghorn 1744 Ḥiddushim novellae to Ketubot and Gittin Farth 1779 is erroneously ascribed to Duran Yabin Shemu ah precepts for shehitah and bedikah Ma amar Ḥameẓ precepts concerning hamez and mazzah Afiḳomen commentary on the Pesah Haggadah Tif eret Yisrael on the computations of the new moon moladot Perush commentary on the Mishnah Zebahim ch v Ezehu Meḳoman and the Baraita de Rabbi Yishma el taken from the Sifra subjoined thereto in the prayerbook Leghorn 1744 Part c appeared as Ma amar Afiḳomen with the Haggadah Rodelheim 1822 Liwyat Ḥen commentary on the Pentateuch also two tracts against Hasdai Crescas Anaḳim Ma amar Ha Yiḥud Magen Abot consisting of four parts with special titles Ḥeleḳ Eloah mi Ma al Ḥeleḳ Shosenu Ḥeleḳ Ya aḳob Ḥeleḳ Adonai Ammo A commentary on Abot including a literary historical introduction on the sequence of tradition appeared under the title Magen Abot Leghorn 1762 reedited by Y Fischl Leipsic 1855 Under the same title appeared parts i iii with the exception of one chapter in part ii ib 1785 The missing chapter in this edition being a polemic against Christianity and Islam was published under the title Ḳeshet u Magen ib 1785 1790 reedited by Steinschneider Berlin 1881 Extracts from this chapter Setirat Emunat ha Noẓrim are contained in Milḥemet Ḥobah Amsterdam 1710 It is largely taken from Profiat Duran s Kelimmat ha Goyim Monatsschrift iv 179 Minhagim ritual observances presumably treating of the rites in Algiers Seder ha Mishneh leha Rambam didactic poem ascribed to Duran in MS Poc 74 Neubauer Cat Bodl Hebr MSS No 1971 Perush ha Ketubbah weha Geṭ on marriage contracts and divorces Constantinople c 1516 1548 Perush Hilkot Berakot le Harif commentary on Alfasi s Berakot Perush Masseket Eduyyot commentary on Eduyyot Perush al ha Hosha not published with the Hoshanot according to the Spanish rite Ferrara 1553 A short extract from the Perush is contained in the Spanish prayer book of 1571 Perush Ḳeẓat Piyyuṭim of which several pieces are inserted in the Algiers Mahzor Leghorn 1772 The commentary on the introduction Baruk Asher Ishshesh may also be found in B Goldberg s Ḥefes Maṭmonim pp 85 et seq Berlin 1845 Ḳunṭras Teḥinnot u Pizmonim religious and secular poems The elegy ḳinah on the destruction of Jerusalem Eksof le Sapper was published in Profiat Duran s Iggeret Al Tehi Constantinople c 1577 that on the persecutions in Spain in the second edition of Magen Abot Leipsic 1855 A larger collection was edited by I Morali in part i of his Ẓofnat Pa aneaḥ Berlin 1897 Remaze Pisḳe Niddah distinct from No 4 Taḳḳun ha Ḥazzanim of which the title only is known Taḳḳanot ha Rashbaẓ inserted in part ii of the responsa 19 and in Judah Ayyash s responsa entitled Bet Yehudah Leghorn 1746 Tashbaẓ 802 responsa in three parts Amsterdam 1738 1739 title ed ib 1741 External links editSeth Avi Kadish The Book of Abraham Rabbi Shimon ben Ẓemaḥ Duran and the School of Rabbenu Nissim Gerondi Doctoral dissertation University of Haifa 2006 References edit Tasbatz Vol 1 Jerusalem 1998 introduction p 20 quoting various conflicting earlier accounts Codex Judaica Zichron Press M Kantor p 206 Medieval Jew Chron i 130 Jewish history and Jewish memory essays in honor of Yosef Hayim p 39 Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi Elisheva Carlebach John M Efron 1998 Available online at HebrewBooks org nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Singer Isidore et al eds 1901 1906 Duran The Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls It has the following bibliography H Jaulus R Simeon b Zemach Duran in Monatsschrift xxiii 241 et seq A Frankel Allg Zeit des Jud xxiv 417 501 Michael Or ha Ḥayyim p 601 Moritz Steinschneider Cat Bodl No 7199 Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi C H Hamberger Historisches Worterbuch der Judischen Schriftsteller pp 92 et seq Joseph Zedner Cat Hebr Books Brit Mus pp 703 et seq Zunz Literaturgesch pp 521 et seq Heinrich Gratz Gesch 3d ed viii 100 Brody in Isr Monatsschr 1897 No 7 I Morali Ẓofnat Pa aneaḥ i Berlin 1897 Kaufmann in Monatsschrift xli 660 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Simeon ben Zemah Duran amp oldid 1208977935, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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