Siege of Córdoba (1236)

During the reconquista, the siege of Córdoba (Spanish: Conquista de Córdoba, Conquest of Córdoba) was a successful investment by the forces of Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, marking the end of the Islamic rule over the city that had begun in 711.^[1]

Siege of Córdoba
Part of the Reconquista
The conquest of Córdoba by Ferdinand III the Saint, by Antonio Palomino. Chapel of Saint Teresa of the Mosque of Córdoba (Spain).
Date June 29, 1236 Location Córdoba Result Castilian victory The capital of the taifa of Córdoba is conquered by the Christians.
Belligerents
Crown of Castile	Taifa of Córdoba
Commanders and leaders
Ferdinand III of Castile	Abul-l-Casan Lorenzo Suárez Ibn Hud

In capturing the city, Ferdinand certainly benefited from the rivalry between the two main competing taifa rulers following the dissolution of the Almohad authority, itself triggered by the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.^[2] The siege however began in unusual circumstances, with little preparation.

Upon receiving information that part of the inhabitants of the eastern quarter of Cordoba—called Ajarquia—were disaffected with their rulers, a handful of almogávars led by knights acting on their own initiative scaled a tower during a rainy winter night of 1235–1236, and after meeting their contacts inside, they eventually seized control of the neighborhood. The almogávars, some of whom spoke Arabic, were most likely employed as Castilian border guards in the Andújar region, because this is where they assembled before mounting their daring operation.^[3] The whole episode has been subject to varying interpretations. The Primera Crónica General highlighted the heroic act of the leading knights, while later Spanish historian Julio González emphasized that help from within city walls must have been a significant factor in the success of this takeover, for it met with little opposition in Ajarquia.^[3][4] After the city fell to Ferdinand, a tower and nearby gate in Ajarquia were named after Alvaro Colodro, a knight who the chronicles record as having led the climb.^[2][3][4] The precise date of this coup de main is also a bit unclear; it is most likely it happened in last week of 1235.^[5]

The Christian soldiers certainly killed a number of the Muslim inhabitants of Ajarquia, and some survivors took refuge in the better-off Al Medina quarter, the sociopolitical center of the city. Because an inner wall separated the two quarters, a bloody standoff followed, with significant losses on both sides, but with neither being able to make significant progress. The Christians however immediately sent word to neighboring border forces, most notably those of Álvaro Pérez de Castro, who reinforced them, and they also asked king Ferdinand for help.^[3][6]

What is more certain is that the event took Ferdinand by surprise, as he had concluded a truce with Ibn Hud. Throwing caution to the wind, Ferdinand rode with a small band of knights to, no more than 100, although they may have been as few as 30 at one point. He arrived at Córdoba on February 7, 1236, after traveling through rainstorms and a flooded country.

References

1. Philip Khûri Hitti (1973). Capital cities of Arab Islam. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 138 and 159. ISBN 978-0-8166-0663-4.
2. Enrique Aguilar Gavilá́n (1995). Historia de Córdoba. Silex Ediciones. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-84-7737-053-6.
3. Julio González (2006) [First published in 1946 in De Hispania no. XXV]. Las conquistas de Fernando III en Andalucía. Editorial MAXTOR. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-84-9761-277-7.
4. Francisco Ansón (1998). Fernando III, rey de Castilla y León. Ediciones Palabra. pp. 145–147. ISBN 978-84-8239-233-2.
5. Interpretations of the single chronicle passage that allows a precise dating vary:
   • Ansón concluded it may have happened either on the night of 23–24 December 1235 or on that of 7–8 January 1236 based on a literal reading of the polysemic passage in Francisco Ansón (1998). Fernando III, rey de Castilla y León. Ediciones Palabra. pp. 145–147. ISBN 978-84-8239-233-2.
   • O'Callaghan ascribes it "toward the end of 1235" in Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2004). Reconquest and crusade in medieval Spain. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8122-1889-3.
   • Gonzalo Martínez Diez puts it on 23-24 or 24–25 December in Gonzalo Martínez Diez (2000). "La conquista de Andujar: su integración en la Corona de Castilla". Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (176): 640–642. ISSN 0561-3590.
6. Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2004). Reconquest and crusade in medieval Spain. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8122-1889-3.