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Chemise

A chemise or shift is a classic smock type of women's undergarment or dress. Historically, a chemise was a simple garment worn next to the skin to protect clothing from sweat and body oils, the precursor to the modern shirts commonly worn in Western nations.

Chemise, linen, c.1790-1810. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute: 2009.300.392.

Etymology edit

The English word chemise is a loanword from the French word for shirt and is related to the Italian camicia or Latin camisia, which, according to Elizabeth Wayland Barber, is likely derived from Celtic.[1]

History edit

 
A drawing of a chemise, laid flat. (2014)

The chemise seems to have developed from the Roman tunica and first became popular in Europe in the Middle Ages. At this time, the chemise was commonly referred to as a kemse or kemes.[2] A type of undergarment worn close to the skin in order to protect outergarments,[3] though the term chemise is now most commonly associated with being a women’s garment, during this period (Medieval through to the 15th century), it was also used to describe an item of men’s underclothing.[2] Women wore a shift or chemise under their gown or robe; while men wore a chemise with their trousers or braies, and covered the chemise with garments such as doublets, robes, etc.

A chemise, shift, or smock was usually sewn at home, by the women of a household. It was assembled from rectangles and triangles cut from one piece of cloth so as to leave no waste. The poor would wear chemises pieced from a narrow piece of rough cloth; while the rich might have voluminous chemises pieced from thin, smooth fine linen.

 
Marie Antoinette wearing a dress that came to be known as chemise à la reine.

Chemise during the period up to the 15th century were most often made from linen,[2] Over time cotton chemise also came into popularity, with both linen and cotton easy to wash – underclothes often being the only piece of clothing that was washed regularly.[4] Further, through the 17th and 18th centuries, linen was considered an essential means of maintaining cleanliness, and therefore, health,[5] a starched white chemise served as an indicator of an individual’s personal hygiene.

The term chemise was first used to describe an outer garment in the 1780s, when Queen Marie Antoinette of France popularized a kind of informal, loose-fitting gown of sheer white cotton, resembling a chemise in both cut and material, which became known as the chemise à la reine.[6][7] Such a chemise gown was made from very lightweight, slightly sheer fabrics, including muslin, silk, or cambric.[2]

In saying this, through the 18th century, chemise continued to be used to refer primarily to an undergarment, the type earlier described as a smock for women, and a shirt for men.[2] Through the century, the term shift slowly replaced smock, which would eventually be exchanged for chemise in the 19th century,[2] when chemise came into common use to refer to such a garment, as it was deemed more socially acceptable than shift, which had developed connotations of crudeness.[3]

 
Chemise, cotton, probably American, c.1880s. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute: C.I.51.30.1.

Into the 19th century, the chemise as an undergarment developed structure, fitting to the bust where worn next to the skin, underneath a pair of stays, the shaping and fabrics used reminiscent of late 18th century chemise.[8] Though simple in design, the early 19th century chemise often featured small decorative elements, such as a lace or ruffled edge.[8]

Where early and mid-19th century examples are often of plain cotton with a square-cut neckline,[4] through the century, chemise as an undergarment developed different shapes and styles, some being highly decorative with trimmings and embroidery.[2] Through the century, different types of undergarments began to be worn, including combinations.

In Western countries, the chemise as an undergarment fell out of fashion in the early 20th century, and was generally replaced by a brassiere, girdle, and full slip, and panties first came to be worn.

Men's chemises may be said to have survived as the common T-shirt, which still serves as an undergarment. The chemise also morphed into the smock-frock, a garment worn by English laborers until the early 20th century. Its loose cut and wide sleeves were well adapted to heavy labor. The name smock is nowadays still used for military combat jackets in the UK.

Modern chemise edit

A modern chemise is generally a woman's garment that vaguely resembles the older shirts but is typically more delicate, and usually more revealing. Most commonly the term refers to a loose-fitting, sleeveless undergarment or type of lingerie which is unfitted at the waist. It can also refer to a short, sleeveless dress that hangs straight from the shoulders and fits loosely at the waist. A chemise typically does not have any buttons or other fasteners and is put on by either dropping it over the head or stepping into it and lifting it up.

As lingerie, a chemise is similar to a babydoll, which is also a short, loose-fitting, sleeveless garment. Typically, though, babydolls are looser fitting at the hips.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1994). Women's Work: The first 20,000 Years. New York: Norton & Company. p. 137. ISBN 0-393-31348-4. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C.W.; Cunnington, P.E. (2017). The Dictionary of Fashion History (2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 59–240.
  3. ^ a b Purshouse, Craig (September 2018). "Barker v Corus UK Ltd [2006] 2 AC 572". Law Trove. doi:10.1093/he/9780191866128.003.0002.
  4. ^ a b Chemise, 1851, retrieved 2023-07-29
  5. ^ "A Chemise for Clean Comfort • V&A Blog". V&A Blog. 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  6. ^ "Chemise Dress". Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. 2005.
  7. ^ "Title". Manchester Art Gallery. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  8. ^ a b Shift, 1800–1820, retrieved 2023-07-29

Bibliography edit

  • Burnham, Dorothy (1973). Cut My Cote. Royal Ontario Museum. ISBN 978-0-88854-046-1.. A survey of shirt patterns over the ages, with diagrams.
  • Smith, Kathleen R. (February–March 1987). "A Plain Linen Shift: Plain Sewing Makes the Most of Your Fabric". Threads Magazine.

Further reading edit

  • . larsdatter.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  • "How to make an 18th-century chemise". marquise.de.
  • . larsdatter.com. Archived from the original on 2010-10-15. Retrieved 2010-09-01.

External links edit

chemise, wall, fortification, wall, confused, with, chamise, shrub, chemise, shift, classic, smock, type, women, undergarment, dress, historically, chemise, simple, garment, worn, next, skin, protect, clothing, from, sweat, body, oils, precursor, modern, shirt. For the wall in fortification see Chemise wall Not to be confused with chamise a shrub A chemise or shift is a classic smock type of women s undergarment or dress Historically a chemise was a simple garment worn next to the skin to protect clothing from sweat and body oils the precursor to the modern shirts commonly worn in Western nations Chemise linen c 1790 1810 The Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute 2009 300 392 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Modern chemise 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology editThe English word chemise is a loanword from the French word for shirt and is related to the Italian camicia or Latin camisia which according to Elizabeth Wayland Barber is likely derived from Celtic 1 History edit nbsp A drawing of a chemise laid flat 2014 The chemise seems to have developed from the Roman tunica and first became popular in Europe in the Middle Ages At this time the chemise was commonly referred to as a kemse or kemes 2 A type of undergarment worn close to the skin in order to protect outergarments 3 though the term chemise is now most commonly associated with being a women s garment during this period Medieval through to the 15th century it was also used to describe an item of men s underclothing 2 Women wore a shift or chemise under their gown or robe while men wore a chemise with their trousers or braies and covered the chemise with garments such as doublets robes etc A chemise shift or smock was usually sewn at home by the women of a household It was assembled from rectangles and triangles cut from one piece of cloth so as to leave no waste The poor would wear chemises pieced from a narrow piece of rough cloth while the rich might have voluminous chemises pieced from thin smooth fine linen nbsp Marie Antoinette wearing a dress that came to be known as chemise a la reine Chemise during the period up to the 15th century were most often made from linen 2 Over time cotton chemise also came into popularity with both linen and cotton easy to wash underclothes often being the only piece of clothing that was washed regularly 4 Further through the 17th and 18th centuries linen was considered an essential means of maintaining cleanliness and therefore health 5 a starched white chemise served as an indicator of an individual s personal hygiene The term chemise was first used to describe an outer garment in the 1780s when Queen Marie Antoinette of France popularized a kind of informal loose fitting gown of sheer white cotton resembling a chemise in both cut and material which became known as the chemise a la reine 6 7 Such a chemise gown was made from very lightweight slightly sheer fabrics including muslin silk or cambric 2 In saying this through the 18th century chemise continued to be used to refer primarily to an undergarment the type earlier described as a smock for women and a shirt for men 2 Through the century the term shift slowly replaced smock which would eventually be exchanged for chemise in the 19th century 2 when chemise came into common use to refer to such a garment as it was deemed more socially acceptable than shift which had developed connotations of crudeness 3 nbsp Chemise cotton probably American c 1880s The Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute C I 51 30 1 Into the 19th century the chemise as an undergarment developed structure fitting to the bust where worn next to the skin underneath a pair of stays the shaping and fabrics used reminiscent of late 18th century chemise 8 Though simple in design the early 19th century chemise often featured small decorative elements such as a lace or ruffled edge 8 Where early and mid 19th century examples are often of plain cotton with a square cut neckline 4 through the century chemise as an undergarment developed different shapes and styles some being highly decorative with trimmings and embroidery 2 Through the century different types of undergarments began to be worn including combinations In Western countries the chemise as an undergarment fell out of fashion in the early 20th century and was generally replaced by a brassiere girdle and full slip and panties first came to be worn Men s chemises may be said to have survived as the common T shirt which still serves as an undergarment The chemise also morphed into the smock frock a garment worn by English laborers until the early 20th century Its loose cut and wide sleeves were well adapted to heavy labor The name smock is nowadays still used for military combat jackets in the UK Modern chemise editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2012 Learn how and when to remove this message A modern chemise is generally a woman s garment that vaguely resembles the older shirts but is typically more delicate and usually more revealing Most commonly the term refers to a loose fitting sleeveless undergarment or type of lingerie which is unfitted at the waist It can also refer to a short sleeveless dress that hangs straight from the shoulders and fits loosely at the waist A chemise typically does not have any buttons or other fasteners and is put on by either dropping it over the head or stepping into it and lifting it up As lingerie a chemise is similar to a babydoll which is also a short loose fitting sleeveless garment Typically though babydolls are looser fitting at the hips See also editShift dress Camisole Kirtle Shalwar kameez Slip clothing Smock disambiguation Teddy garment Portal nbsp FashionReferences edit Barber Elizabeth Wayland 1994 Women s Work The first 20 000 Years New York Norton amp Company p 137 ISBN 0 393 31348 4 Retrieved 3 June 2021 a b c d e f g Cumming Valerie Cunnington C W Cunnington P E 2017 The Dictionary of Fashion History 2nd ed London Bloomsbury Academic pp 59 240 a b Purshouse Craig September 2018 Barker v Corus UK Ltd 2006 2 AC 572 Law Trove doi 10 1093 he 9780191866128 003 0002 a b Chemise 1851 retrieved 2023 07 29 A Chemise for Clean Comfort V amp A Blog V amp A Blog 2016 01 26 Retrieved 2023 07 29 Chemise Dress Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion 2005 Title Manchester Art Gallery Retrieved 2021 07 06 a b Shift 1800 1820 retrieved 2023 07 29Bibliography editBurnham Dorothy 1973 Cut My Cote Royal Ontario Museum ISBN 978 0 88854 046 1 A survey of shirt patterns over the ages with diagrams Smith Kathleen R February March 1987 A Plain Linen Shift Plain Sewing Makes the Most of Your Fabric Threads Magazine Further reading edit 18th century women s shifts larsdatter com Archived from the original on 2010 12 27 Retrieved 2010 09 01 How to make an 18th century chemise marquise de Women s smocks in the 13th 15th centuries larsdatter com Archived from the original on 2010 10 15 Retrieved 2010 09 01 External links editChemise at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chemise amp oldid 1218736941, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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