Shena Simon, Baroness Simon of Wythenshawe
Shena Dorothy Simon, Baroness Simon of Wythenshawe (21 October 1883 – 17 July 1972), was an English politician, feminist, educationalist and writer.
The Lady Simon of Wythenshawe | |
|---|---|
| Personal details | |
| Born | Shena Dorothy Potter 21 October 1883 Croydon, England |
| Died | 17 July 1972 (aged 88) Manchester, England |
| Spouse | Ernest Simon, 1st Baron Simon of Wythenshawe |
| Children | 3, including Roger Simon, 2nd Baron Simon of Wythenshawe and Brian Simon |
| Occupation |
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Early years edit
Shena Dorothy Potter was born on 21 October 1883, daughter of John Wilson Potter and Jane Boyd Potter.[1] She had a privileged upbringing in a liberal, upper-middle-class family. Although she studied at Newnham College, Cambridge and then the London School of Economics, she was not granted a formal degree since the University of Cambridge did not grant full membership to women until 1946.[2] She received an Ad eundem degree from Trinity College Dublin as a 'Steamboat lady'.[3]
In 1911 Shena Potter became secretary of a committee for safeguarding women's rights under David Lloyd George's National Insurance Act 1911.[1] She was introduced to Ernest Simon by Sydney and Beatrice Webb, who thought she would make an ideal wife for him.[4] Ernest was the son of Henry Gustav Simon, a wealthy Victorian industrialist.[5] Shena married him in 1912, and they had two sons, Roger and Brian, and a daughter, Antonia.[1][6]
Career edit
Simon founded the Women Citizens' Association in Manchester, a local branch of the National Women Citizens' Association. Her husband was Lord Mayor of Manchester from 1921 to 1922. As Lady Mayoress, Simon caused a stir by refusing to attend a function at St Mary's Hospital for Women because there were no women on the Board or among the medical staff.[1] Shena Simon was a member of the Manchester City Council from 1924 to 1933, when she was voted out by the Conservatives. She was a member of the Royal Committee on Licensing in 1929 and a member of the Manchester Estate Council from 1931 to 1933.[1]
In 1926, Shena and Ernest Simon donated the Wythenshawe Park to the city of Manchester for use of the people living on the Wythenshawe estate.[7] She felt that parks were important, and later was to observe that there was a severe shortage of such open space in Manchester.[8] She devoted much energy to planning the Wythenshawe housing estate, but her recommendations were not always practical. For example, she fought for glazing bars in windows since they would make the housing more cottage-like in appearance, although the windows would be harder to clean. She accepted the conventional division of labour between men and women, at least for the working classes, where the woman minded the home.[4]
She became Chairperson of the Education Committee 1932–1933.[1] From 1933 she was actively involved in the Spens Report on secondary education reform, serving as a representative of the Local Education Authorities. On the committee she argued forcefully for abolition of fees in secondary schools, although she could not always get her way.[9] In 1933 Simon, her husband and Eva Marian Hubback co-founded the Association for Education in Citizenship.[10]
Her husband was knighted in 1932. He became chairman of the council of Victoria University of Manchester in 1939, was a sponsor of construction of the Jodrell Bank Observatory, and from 1947 to 1952 was chairman of the BBC.[5] Lady Simon became a member of the Labour Party in 1935, and was appointed to the Departmental Committee on Valuation of Dwelling Houses in 1938. She was Chair of the Further Education Sub-Committee for seven years. In 1946 she became Chair of the Education Advisory Committee of the Workers Educational Associations.[1] In 1964 she was made a freeman of the city.[5] Speaking at that occasion, she said:
- "Happiness, a much more fundamental conception than mere enjoyment or pleasure, depends upon the existence of life and liberty, but it cannot be pursued by the individual unless he has had a chance to develop, first as a child, and then as an adult, all his interests and faculties, varied as they are between each member of society. I do not for a moment suggest that we are even yet in sight of that goal, but that it must be our "guiding light" has been my belief for the forty years that I have been a member of the Education Committee".[2]
Shena Simon died on 17 July 1972.[1] The Shena Simon Campus of The Manchester College is named after her.[11]
Publications edit
Shena Simon was co-author with her husband Ernest Simon, William Alexander Robson and John Jewkes of the 1937 book Moscow in the Making.[12] In 1939 Shena Simon published her book A Hundred Years of City Government, Manchester 1838–1938. She was also the author of several pamphlets on education.[1] For example, in 1944 she published The four freedoms in secondary education.[13] The Fabian Society published her pamphlet on The Education Act, 1944,: Provisions and possibilities in 1945.[14] Her pamphlet Three Schools or One? (1948) called for establishment of multilateral or comprehensive schools.[15]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "SIMON, Shena Dorothy (1883–1972), Lady Simon of Wythenshawe". Archives in London and the M25 area. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
- ^ a b Jane Martin. "Beyond Suffrage: feminism, education and the politics of class in the inter-war years" (PDF). Institute of Education, University of London. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
- ^ Parkes, Susan M. "Steamboat ladies". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 23 April 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b Andrew Davies; Steven Fielding (1992). Workers' Worlds: Cultures and Communities in Manchester and Salford, 1880–1939. Manchester University Press ND. p. 81ff. ISBN 0-7190-2543-5.
- ^ a b c John J. Parkinson-Bailey (2000). Manchester: an architectural history. Manchester University Press. p. 307. ISBN 0-7190-5606-3.
- ^ Gary McCulloch; Tom Woodin (April 2010). "Learning and liberal education: the case of the Simon family, 1912–1939". Oxford Review of Education. 36 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1080/03054981003696697. S2CID 145082951.
- ^ . Manchester UK. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
- ^ Ian R. Taylor; Karen Evans; Penny Fraser (1996). A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield. Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 0-415-13828-0.
- ^ Joyce Goodman; Sylvia A. Harrop (2000). Women, educational policy-making, and administration in England: authoritative women since 1800. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 0-415-19858-5.
- ^ Eugenio F. Biagini (2002). Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals and Collective Identities in the British Isles, 1865–1931. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-521-89360-7.
- ^ "Simon Building, the University of Manchester". Our Manchester. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
- ^ Ernest Darwin Simon, Shena Dorothy (Potter) Simon (lady), William Alexander Robson, John Jewkes (1937). Moscow in the making. Longmans, Green and co. pp. 252 pages.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The four freedoms in secondary education". University of Manchester. 1944. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
- ^ "Books " Antiquarian, Rare & Collectable " By Subject " "Fabian Society"". Amazon UK. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
- ^ "Three Schools or One?". London Metropolitan University. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
Further reading edit
- Joan Simon (1986). Shena Simon: Feminist and Educationist. privately printed.