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Shatsky Rise

January 01, 1970

The Shatsky Rise is Earth's third largest oceanic plateau,[1] (after Ontong Java and Kerguelen) located in the north-west Pacific Ocean 1,500 km (930 mi) east of Japan. It is one of a series of Pacific Cretaceous large igneous provinces (LIPs) together with Hess Rise, Magellan Rise, and Ontong Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi.[2] It was named for Nikolay Shatsky (1895-1960), a Soviet geologist, expert in tectonics of ancient platforms.

Shatsky Rise
Hess Rise
Emperor Seamounts Chain
Hawaiian Ridge
Mid-Pacific Mts
Japan
Kamchatka
Shatsky Rise
Hess Rise
Emperor Seamounts Chain
Hawaiian Ridge
Mid-Pacific Mts
Japan
Kamchatka
Location of Shatsky Rise

The rise consists of three large volcanic massifs, Tamu, Ori, and Shirshov, but, in contrast, there are few traces of magmatism on the surrounding ocean floor.[3] Tamu Massif is likely the largest volcano yet discovered on Earth.[4] In 2016, a study found that Tamu Massif covered the entire Shatsky Rise, meaning that the volcano had a surface area of 533,000 square kilometres (206,000 sq mi), surpassing Olympus Mons in terms of surface area.[5]

Extent and volume edit

The central area of the Shatsky Rise is a diagonal plateau that extends from about 32–38° N. and 156–164° E. Including its periphery and the Papanin Ridge, it reaches from about 30–44° N. and 154–168° E. It covers an area that has been estimated to c. 480,000 km2 (190,000 sq mi) (roughly the size of California or Sumatra) and a volume of c. 4,300,000 km3 (1,000,000 cu mi).[6] Beneath Shatsky rise, however, the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho, the mantle-crust boundary) disappears at a depth of 20 km (12 mi) whereas it is normally observed at a depth of 17 km (11 mi). Furthermore, the crustal thickness between the massifs of the Shatsky Rise is almost twice that of normal crust thickness. This considered, the area covered by the rise, assuming the crust was also formed by the Shatsky Rise volcanism, has been estimated to 533,000 km2 (206,000 sq mi) and the volume to 6,900,000 km3 (1,700,000 cu mi).[7]

Subsidence edit

After its formation Shatsky Rise was uplifted 2,500–3,500 m (8,200–11,500 ft) and it then subsided 2,600–3,400 m (8,500–11,200 ft), which, in both cases, is considerably more than the Ontong-Java Plateau. There was least subsidence at the centre of the Tamu Massif (c. 2,600 m (8,500 ft)), subsidence increased at the northern flank of the Tamu Massif and at the Ori Massif (c. 3,300 m (10,800 ft)), and it becomes greatest at the flank of Ori Massif. The cause of this gradual increase in subsidence can be underplating beneath Tamu Massif. There was much less subsidence at Shirshov Massif farther north (c. 2,900 m (9,500 ft)) which probably represents a later, different phase of volcanism.[8]

Origin controversy edit

Scientific studies of the size, shape, and eruption rate of the Shatsky Rise have concluded that the rise originated from a mantle plume, whereas studies of magnetic lineations and plate tectonic reconstructions have shown that it must have originated near a triple junction and drifted up to 2,000 km (1,200 mi) during the Early Cretaceous (140–100 Ma). A 2016 study concluded that the Tamu Massif formed at a mid-ocean ridge that interacted with a plume head and that the Ori Massif formed off-axis probably from a plume tail.[9]

Shatsky Rise formed at a triple junction, but the thickness of the plateau coupled with the depth and intensity of melting is different from those of MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt), making a recycled mantle slab a more likely source. A decrease in magma volume with time is more consistent with the involvement of a mantle plume.[10]

Tectonic history edit

It formed during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous at the Pacific–Farallon–Izanagi triple junction, probably making it the oldest unaltered ocean plateau. Because this occurred before the so-called Cretaceous silent period, a long period without magnetic reversals, its formation can be precisely dated.[6] Magnetic lineations on and surrounding Shatsky Rise range from M21 (147 Ma) at the south-western edge to M1 (124 Ma) at the northern tip.[3]

The Shatsky Rise LIP erupted at the location of the Pacific–Farallon–Izanagi triple junction c. 147–143 Ma either because a mantle plume reached the surface or because of decompression melting at a mid-ocean ridge. The eruption coincided with an 800 km (500 mi), nine-stage jump in the location of the triple junction and a configuration change from ridge-ridge-ridge to ridge-ridge-transform.[11]

A set of magnetic lineations, called the Hawaiian lineations, between Shatsky Rise, Hess Rise, and the Mid-Pacific Mountains, formed during the spreading between the Pacific and Farallon plates 156–120 Ma. North of Shatsky Rise the so-called Japanese lineations are oriented in another direction and the differences in orientations trace the path of the Pacific–Farallon–Izanagi triple junction.[11]

The triple junction moved north-west before M22 (150 Ma) after-which it started to reorganise, a microplate formed and the triple junction made an 800 km (500 mi) eastward jump to the oldest part of the rise, the TAMU Massif. The remainder of Shatsky Rise formed before M3 (126 Ma) along the trace of the triple junction. Shaktsky volcanism was episodic and tied to at least nine ridge jumps from this episode.[3]

The volume of the rise decreases along the trace of the triple junction. The TAMU Massif at the southern end has an estimated volume of 2,500,000 km3 (600,000 cu mi) whereas both ORI and Shirshov (136 Ma) attained 700,000 km3 (170,000 cu mi). Papanin Ridge, the north end of the rise, has a volume of 400,000 km3 (96,000 cu mi) but was probably emplaced over a longer period (131–124 Ma).[3]

The conjugates of the Shatsky and Hess rises on the Farallon Plate were most likely involved in the Laramide orogeny; the former subducted beneath North America and the latter below northern Mexico.[12]

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Geldmacher et al. 2014, Geological background and Exp. 324 drilling results, p. 1
  2. ^ Ingle et al. 2007, Fig. 1a, p. 595
  3. ^ a b c d Sager 2005, Tectonic History, pp. 725–726
  4. ^ Sager et al. 2013, Abstract
  5. ^ Stephen Chen (24 March 2016). "Tamu Massif even more massive: world's largest volcano almost same size as Japan, widest in solar system". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  6. ^ a b Sager 2005, Introduction, pp. 720–721
  7. ^ Zhang, Sager & Korenaga 2016, Abstract; Conclusions, p. 152
  8. ^ Shimizu et al. 2013, Subsidence of Shatsky Rise, pp. 42–43; Conclusions, pp. 43–44
  9. ^ Li et al. 2016, Discussion and conclusions, pp. 575–576; Fig. 11, p. 577
  10. ^ Heydolph et al. 2014, Conclusions, pp. 58–59; Geldmacher et al. 2014, Abstract
  11. ^ a b Seton et al. 2012, p. 228; Fig. 6, p. 227
  12. ^ Liu et al. 2010, Abstract

Sources edit

  • Geldmacher, J.; van den Bogaard, P.; Heydolph, K.; Hoernle, K. (2014). "The age of Earth's largest volcano: Tamu Massif on Shatsky Rise (northwest Pacific Ocean)". International Journal of Earth Sciences. 103 (8): 2351–2357. Bibcode:2014IJEaS.103.2351G. doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1078-6. S2CID 140166591. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  • Heydolph, K.; Murphy, D. T.; Geldmacher, J.; Romanova, I. V.; Greene, A.; Hoernle, K.; Weis, D.; Mahoney, J. (2014). "Plume versus plate origin for the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau (NW Pacific): Insights from Nd, Pb and Hf isotopes". Lithos. 200 (49–63): 49–63. Bibcode:2014Litho.200...49H. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2014.03.031. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  • Ingle, S.; Mahoney, J. J.; Sato, H.; Coffin, M. F.; Kimura, J. I.; Hirano, N.; Nakanishi, M. (2007). "Depleted mantle wedge and sediment fingerprint in unusual basalts from the Manihiki Plateau, central Pacific Ocean". Geology. 35 (7): 595–598. Bibcode:2007Geo....35..595I. doi:10.1130/G23741A.1. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  • Li, S.; Suo, Y.; Yu, S.; Wu, T.; Somerville, I.; Sager, W.; Li, X.; Hui, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zang, Y; Zheng, Q. (2016). "Orientation of joints and arrangement of solid inclusions in fibrous veins in the Shatsky Rise, NW Pacific: implications for crack‐seal mechanisms and stress fields". Geological Journal. 51 (S1): 562–578. doi:10.1002/gj.2777. S2CID 131152069. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  • Liu, L.; Gurnis, M.; Seton, M.; Saleeby, J.; Müller, R. D.; Jackson, J. M. (2010). "The role of oceanic plateau subduction in the Laramide orogeny" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 3 (5): 353–357. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..353L. doi:10.1038/ngeo829. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  • Nakanishi, M.; Sager, W. W.; Klaus, A. (1999). "Magnetic lineations within Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean: Implications for hot spot‐triple junction interaction and oceanic plateau formation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 104 (B4): 7539–7556. Bibcode:1999JGR...104.7539N. doi:10.1029/1999JB900002.
  • Sager, W. W. (2005). "What built Shatsky Rise, a mantle plume or ridge tectonics?". Geological Society of America Special Papers: Plates, plumes and paradigms. Vol. 388. pp. 721–733. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2388-4.721. ISBN 978-0-8137-2388-4. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  • Sager, W. W.; Zhang, J.; Korenaga, J.; Sano, T.; Koppers, A. A.; Widdowson, M.; Mahoney, J. J. (2013). "An immense shield volcano within the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau, northwest Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 6 (11): 976–981. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..976S. doi:10.1038/ngeo1934. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  • Seton, M.; Müller, R. D.; Zahirovic, S.; Gaina, C.; Torsvik, T.; Shephard, G.; Talsma, A.; Gurnis, M.; Maus, S.; Chandler, M. (2012). "Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma". Earth-Science Reviews. 113 (3): 212–270. Bibcode:2012ESRv..113..212S. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  • Shimizu, K.; Shimizu, N.; Sano, T.; Matsubara, N.; Sager, W. (2013). "Paleo-elevation and subsidence of Shatsky Rise inferred from CO2 and H2O in fresh volcanic glass". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 383: 37–44. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.023. S2CID 129231435. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  • Zhang, J.; Sager, W. W.; Korenaga, J. (2016). "The seismic Moho structure of Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau, northwest Pacific Ocean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 441: 143–154. Bibcode:2016E&PSL.441..143Z. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.042. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

32°02′00″N 158°04′00″E / 32.0333°N 158.0667°E / 32.0333; 158.0667

January 01, 1970
shatsky, rise, earth, third, largest, oceanic, plateau, after, ontong, java, kerguelen, located, north, west, pacific, ocean, east, japan, series, pacific, cretaceous, large, igneous, provinces, lips, together, with, hess, rise, magellan, rise, ontong, java, m. The Shatsky Rise is Earth s third largest oceanic plateau 1 after Ontong Java and Kerguelen located in the north west Pacific Ocean 1 500 km 930 mi east of Japan It is one of a series of Pacific Cretaceous large igneous provinces LIPs together with Hess Rise Magellan Rise and Ontong Java Manihiki Hikurangi 2 It was named for Nikolay Shatsky 1895 1960 a Soviet geologist expert in tectonics of ancient platforms Shatsky Rise Hess Rise Emperor Seamounts Chain Hawaiian Ridge Mid Pacific Mts Japan Kamchatka Shatsky Rise Hess Rise Emperor Seamounts Chain Hawaiian Ridge Mid Pacific Mts Japan Kamchatka Location of Shatsky Rise The rise consists of three large volcanic massifs Tamu Ori and Shirshov but in contrast there are few traces of magmatism on the surrounding ocean floor 3 Tamu Massif is likely the largest volcano yet discovered on Earth 4 In 2016 a study found that Tamu Massif covered the entire Shatsky Rise meaning that the volcano had a surface area of 533 000 square kilometres 206 000 sq mi surpassing Olympus Mons in terms of surface area 5 Contents 1 Extent and volume 2 Subsidence 3 Origin controversy 4 Tectonic history 5 References 5 1 Notes 5 2 SourcesExtent and volume editThe central area of the Shatsky Rise is a diagonal plateau that extends from about 32 38 N and 156 164 E Including its periphery and the Papanin Ridge it reaches from about 30 44 N and 154 168 E It covers an area that has been estimated to c 480 000 km2 190 000 sq mi roughly the size of California or Sumatra and a volume of c 4 300 000 km3 1 000 000 cu mi 6 Beneath Shatsky rise however the Mohorovicic discontinuity Moho the mantle crust boundary disappears at a depth of 20 km 12 mi whereas it is normally observed at a depth of 17 km 11 mi Furthermore the crustal thickness between the massifs of the Shatsky Rise is almost twice that of normal crust thickness This considered the area covered by the rise assuming the crust was also formed by the Shatsky Rise volcanism has been estimated to 533 000 km2 206 000 sq mi and the volume to 6 900 000 km3 1 700 000 cu mi 7 Subsidence editAfter its formation Shatsky Rise was uplifted 2 500 3 500 m 8 200 11 500 ft and it then subsided 2 600 3 400 m 8 500 11 200 ft which in both cases is considerably more than the Ontong Java Plateau There was least subsidence at the centre of the Tamu Massif c 2 600 m 8 500 ft subsidence increased at the northern flank of the Tamu Massif and at the Ori Massif c 3 300 m 10 800 ft and it becomes greatest at the flank of Ori Massif The cause of this gradual increase in subsidence can be underplating beneath Tamu Massif There was much less subsidence at Shirshov Massif farther north c 2 900 m 9 500 ft which probably represents a later different phase of volcanism 8 Origin controversy editScientific studies of the size shape and eruption rate of the Shatsky Rise have concluded that the rise originated from a mantle plume whereas studies of magnetic lineations and plate tectonic reconstructions have shown that it must have originated near a triple junction and drifted up to 2 000 km 1 200 mi during the Early Cretaceous 140 100 Ma A 2016 study concluded that the Tamu Massif formed at a mid ocean ridge that interacted with a plume head and that the Ori Massif formed off axis probably from a plume tail 9 Shatsky Rise formed at a triple junction but the thickness of the plateau coupled with the depth and intensity of melting is different from those of MORB mid ocean ridge basalt making a recycled mantle slab a more likely source A decrease in magma volume with time is more consistent with the involvement of a mantle plume 10 Tectonic history editIt formed during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous at the Pacific Farallon Izanagi triple junction probably making it the oldest unaltered ocean plateau Because this occurred before the so called Cretaceous silent period a long period without magnetic reversals its formation can be precisely dated 6 Magnetic lineations on and surrounding Shatsky Rise range from M21 147 Ma at the south western edge to M1 124 Ma at the northern tip 3 The Shatsky Rise LIP erupted at the location of the Pacific Farallon Izanagi triple junction c 147 143 Ma either because a mantle plume reached the surface or because of decompression melting at a mid ocean ridge The eruption coincided with an 800 km 500 mi nine stage jump in the location of the triple junction and a configuration change from ridge ridge ridge to ridge ridge transform 11 A set of magnetic lineations called the Hawaiian lineations between Shatsky Rise Hess Rise and the Mid Pacific Mountains formed during the spreading between the Pacific and Farallon plates 156 120 Ma North of Shatsky Rise the so called Japanese lineations are oriented in another direction and the differences in orientations trace the path of the Pacific Farallon Izanagi triple junction 11 The triple junction moved north west before M22 150 Ma after which it started to reorganise a microplate formed and the triple junction made an 800 km 500 mi eastward jump to the oldest part of the rise the TAMU Massif The remainder of Shatsky Rise formed before M3 126 Ma along the trace of the triple junction Shaktsky volcanism was episodic and tied to at least nine ridge jumps from this episode 3 The volume of the rise decreases along the trace of the triple junction The TAMU Massif at the southern end has an estimated volume of 2 500 000 km3 600 000 cu mi whereas both ORI and Shirshov 136 Ma attained 700 000 km3 170 000 cu mi Papanin Ridge the north end of the rise has a volume of 400 000 km3 96 000 cu mi but was probably emplaced over a longer period 131 124 Ma 3 The conjugates of the Shatsky and Hess rises on the Farallon Plate were most likely involved in the Laramide orogeny the former subducted beneath North America and the latter below northern Mexico 12 References editNotes edit Geldmacher et al 2014 Geological background and Exp 324 drilling results p 1 Ingle et al 2007 Fig 1a p 595 a b c d Sager 2005 Tectonic History pp 725 726 Sager et al 2013 Abstract Stephen Chen 24 March 2016 Tamu Massif even more massive world s largest volcano almost same size as Japan widest in solar system South China Morning Post Retrieved 2 July 2019 a b Sager 2005 Introduction pp 720 721 Zhang Sager amp Korenaga 2016 Abstract Conclusions p 152 Shimizu et al 2013 Subsidence of Shatsky Rise pp 42 43 Conclusions pp 43 44 Li et al 2016 Discussion and conclusions pp 575 576 Fig 11 p 577 Heydolph et al 2014 Conclusions pp 58 59 Geldmacher et al 2014 Abstract a b Seton et al 2012 p 228 Fig 6 p 227 Liu et al 2010 Abstract Sources edit Geldmacher J van den Bogaard P Heydolph K Hoernle K 2014 The age of Earth s largest volcano Tamu Massif on Shatsky Rise northwest Pacific Ocean International Journal of Earth Sciences 103 8 2351 2357 Bibcode 2014IJEaS 103 2351G doi 10 1007 s00531 014 1078 6 S2CID 140166591 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Heydolph K Murphy D T Geldmacher J Romanova I V Greene A Hoernle K Weis D Mahoney J 2014 Plume versus plate origin for the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau NW Pacific Insights from Nd Pb and Hf isotopes Lithos 200 49 63 49 63 Bibcode 2014Litho 200 49H doi 10 1016 j lithos 2014 03 031 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Ingle S Mahoney J J Sato H Coffin M F Kimura J I Hirano N Nakanishi M 2007 Depleted mantle wedge and sediment fingerprint in unusual basalts from the Manihiki Plateau central Pacific Ocean Geology 35 7 595 598 Bibcode 2007Geo 35 595I doi 10 1130 G23741A 1 Retrieved 29 December 2016 Li S Suo Y Yu S Wu T Somerville I Sager W Li X Hui X Zhang Y Zang Y Zheng Q 2016 Orientation of joints and arrangement of solid inclusions in fibrous veins in the Shatsky Rise NW Pacific implications for crack seal mechanisms and stress fields Geological Journal 51 S1 562 578 doi 10 1002 gj 2777 S2CID 131152069 Retrieved 20 December 2016 Liu L Gurnis M Seton M Saleeby J Muller R D Jackson J M 2010 The role of oceanic plateau subduction in the Laramide orogeny PDF Nature Geoscience 3 5 353 357 Bibcode 2010NatGe 3 353L doi 10 1038 ngeo829 Retrieved 12 January 2017 Nakanishi M Sager W W Klaus A 1999 Magnetic lineations within Shatsky Rise northwest Pacific Ocean Implications for hot spot triple junction interaction and oceanic plateau formation Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 104 B4 7539 7556 Bibcode 1999JGR 104 7539N doi 10 1029 1999JB900002 Sager W W 2005 What built Shatsky Rise a mantle plume or ridge tectonics Geological Society of America Special Papers Plates plumes and paradigms Vol 388 pp 721 733 doi 10 1130 0 8137 2388 4 721 ISBN 978 0 8137 2388 4 Retrieved 28 December 2016 Sager W W Zhang J Korenaga J Sano T Koppers A A Widdowson M Mahoney J J 2013 An immense shield volcano within the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau northwest Pacific Ocean PDF Nature Geoscience 6 11 976 981 Bibcode 2013NatGe 6 976S doi 10 1038 ngeo1934 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Seton M Muller R D Zahirovic S Gaina C Torsvik T Shephard G Talsma A Gurnis M Maus S Chandler M 2012 Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma Earth Science Reviews 113 3 212 270 Bibcode 2012ESRv 113 212S doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2012 03 002 Retrieved 23 October 2016 Shimizu K Shimizu N Sano T Matsubara N Sager W 2013 Paleo elevation and subsidence of Shatsky Rise inferred from CO2 and H2O in fresh volcanic glass Earth and Planetary Science Letters 383 37 44 doi 10 1016 j epsl 2013 09 023 S2CID 129231435 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Zhang J Sager W W Korenaga J 2016 The seismic Moho structure of Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau northwest Pacific Ocean Earth and Planetary Science Letters 441 143 154 Bibcode 2016E amp PSL 441 143Z doi 10 1016 j epsl 2016 02 042 Retrieved 30 December 2016 32 02 00 N 158 04 00 E 32 0333 N 158 0667 E 32 0333 158 0667 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shatsky Rise amp oldid 1190367310, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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