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Sha'ar HaAmakim

January 01, 1970

Sha'ar HaAmakim (Hebrew: שַׁעַר הַעֲמָקִים, lit. 'Gate of the Valleys') is a kibbutz in northern Israel associated with the Hashomer Hatzair movement founded in 1935. Located near Kiryat Tiv'on, it falls under the jurisdiction of Zevulun Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 782.[1]

Sha'ar HaAmakim
Sha'ar HaAmakim in 2008
Sha'ar HaAmakim
Coordinates: 32°43′23″N 35°6′48″E / 32.72306°N 35.11333°E / 32.72306; 35.11333
Grid position160/236 PAL
CountryIsrael
DistrictHaifa
CouncilZevulun
AffiliationKibbutz Movement
Founded1935
Founded byRomanian and Yugoslav Jews
Population
 (2022)[1]
782
Websitewww.s-h.org.il

History edit

Antiquity edit

 
Hellenistic era site near the kibbutz

Human habitation in the area dates at least as far back as the Hellenistic period.[2] Although the site, in recent history, has borne the name of Ḫirbet el-Ḥârithîye, it is thought by modern-day archaeologists to have been the Second Temple-period site known as Geba / Gibea (Greek: Γάβα), based on Josephus' description of distances between Geba and Simonias and Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village) in Lower Galilee.[3][4][5]

Crusades edit

In 1283, during the hudna ("truce") between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, this location was named el Harathiyah and was described as part of the domain of the Crusaders.[6]

Ottoman rule edit

During the Ottoman era, a Muslim village at the site was named el Hâritheh.[7] The village appeared as El Harti on the map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799.[8] In 1859, the population was recorded as 120 with tillable land of 12 feddans.[9] In 1875, Victor Guérin reported about 40 houses.[10] In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as an adobe hamlet.[9]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Harithiyeh had about 120 inhabitants; all Muslims.[11]

British Mandate edit

 
Sha’ar HaAmakim 1947

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the Al Zubaidat, who cultivated the Hartieh land, numbered 363, all Muslims.[12]

The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase. In 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 50 feddans in Hartieh from the Sursock family of Beirut. At the time, there were 60 families living there.[13] In the 1931 census, the Arab Zubeidat was counted under the Shefa-'Amr suburbs.[14]

From 1931, and lasting several years, the Jewish Agency struggled to evict the Arab El Zubeidat, who were tenant farmers at Hartiya.[15][16][17][18] According to Avneri, Hartiya land was to become Sha'ar HaAmakim.[15] According to the Department of Statistics, however, Sha'ar HaAmakim had previously been part of Sheikh Bureik.[19][20]

Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim was founded in 1935 by immigrants from Romania and Yugoslavia. One of its founders was Aharon Cohen,[21] later to be convicted of spying for the Soviet Union. Its name was derived from the nearby confluence of the Jezreel and Zevulun valleys.[22] By the 1945 statistics it had a population of 360, all Jews.[19][20]

State of Israel edit

Sha'ar HaAmakim hosted volunteers from around the world, including France and the United States, who worked at the kibbutz and participated in cultural exchanges.[23] In the 1960s, there were up to 100 volunteers each year.[24] Bernie Sanders spent time at the kibbutz for several months in 1963.[25][24]

Economy edit

According to a 2016 report, the kibbutz derives most of its income from its solar water heater factory. Additional sources of income include agriculture, such as dairy farming.[23] For over five decades, the kibbutz has produced and processed sunflower seeds which it markets under its name both in Israel and for export.[26] It also has a fish pond and orchards producing apples, peaches, and pears.[24]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Segal, Arthur; Młynarczyk, Jolanta; Burdajewicz, Mariusz; Bar-Oz, Guy (2009). Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha'ar-Ha'Amakim. Haifa: Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa. ISBN 9789659041879.
  3. ^ Dvorjetski, Esti (2009)
  4. ^ Mazar (Maisler), B. (1957), p. 19; HUCA xxiv (1952/3), pp. 75–81; Avi-Yonah, M. (1940). Map of Roman Palestine. London: Oxford University Press. p. 38.
  5. ^ Cf. Josephus, Vita § 24; The Jewish War (3.3.1)
  6. ^ Barag, 1979, p. 204
  7. ^ ”the ploughed land”, Palmer, 1881, p. 109
  8. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 163 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 270
  10. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 399-400
  11. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 175
  12. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  13. ^ List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine Evidence to the Shaw Commission, 1930
  14. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 90.
  15. ^ a b Avneri, 1984, pp. 156-7
  16. ^ "PALESTINE (HARTIEH LANDS, DISTURBANCE). (Hansard, 26 February 1935)". api.parliament.uk.
  17. ^ "PALESTINE. (Hansard, 24 March 1936)". api.parliament.uk.
  18. ^ Bernie Sanders Stint at 'Stalinist' Kibbutz Draws Red-Baiting From Right, Nathan Guttman, February 5, 2016 The Forward
  19. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15
  20. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  21. ^ Almogi, Yosef (1982). Total commitment. New York: Herzl Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8453-4749-2. OCLC 8431597.
  22. ^ History Sha'ar HaAmakim Seeds
  23. ^ a b Erlanger, Steven (5 February 2016). "Bernie Sanders's Kibbutz Found. Surprise: It's Socialist". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  24. ^ a b c Sales, Ben (8 February 2016). "50 years on, Bernie Sanders still champions values of his Israeli kibbutz". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  25. ^ Aderet, Ofer (4 February 2016). "Mystery Solved? Haaretz Archive Reveals Which Kibbutz Bernie Sanders Volunteered On". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  26. ^ "Shaar Haamakim Seeds". Sha'ar Ha'amakim Seeds, Ltd. Retrieved 6 February 2016.

Bibliography edit

  • Avneri, Arieh L. (1984). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-87855-964-7.
  • Barag, Dan (1979). "A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 29: 197–217.
  • Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Dvorjetski, Esti (2009), "Between the Valley of Zebulun and the Valley of Jezreel: the Historical Geography of Geva-Geba-Gaba-Jaba'", Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha'ar-Ha'Amakim (Gaba) 1984-1998, Haifa: Zinman Institute of Archaeology: University of Haifa
  • Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
  • Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Karmon, Y. (1960). (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  • Mazar (Maisler), B. (1957). Beth She'arim - Report on the Excavations during 1936–40 (in Hebrew). Vol. 1 (The Catacombs I–IV). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. OCLC 492594574. (reprinted from 1944 edition)
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shaar Haamkim.
  • Official website   (in Hebrew)
  • Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: IAA, Wikimedia commons
  • Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim Collection (in Hebrew) on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa

January 01, 1970
haamakim, hebrew, ים, gate, valleys, kibbutz, northern, israel, associated, with, hashomer, hatzair, movement, founded, 1935, located, near, kiryat, falls, under, jurisdiction, zevulun, regional, council, 2022, population, 2008coordinates, 72306, 11333, 72306,. Sha ar HaAmakim Hebrew ש ע ר ה ע מ ק ים lit Gate of the Valleys is a kibbutz in northern Israel associated with the Hashomer Hatzair movement founded in 1935 Located near Kiryat Tiv on it falls under the jurisdiction of Zevulun Regional Council In 2022 it had a population of 782 1 Sha ar HaAmakimSha ar HaAmakim in 2008Sha ar HaAmakimCoordinates 32 43 23 N 35 6 48 E 32 72306 N 35 11333 E 32 72306 35 11333Grid position160 236 PALCountryIsraelDistrictHaifaCouncilZevulunAffiliationKibbutz MovementFounded1935Founded byRomanian and Yugoslav JewsPopulation 2022 1 782Websitewww wbr s h wbr org wbr il Contents 1 History 1 1 Antiquity 1 2 Crusades 1 3 Ottoman rule 1 4 British Mandate 1 5 State of Israel 2 Economy 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksHistory editAntiquity edit nbsp Hellenistic era site near the kibbutz Human habitation in the area dates at least as far back as the Hellenistic period 2 Although the site in recent history has borne the name of Ḫirbet el Ḥarithiye it is thought by modern day archaeologists to have been the Second Temple period site known as Geba Gibea Greek Gaba based on Josephus description of distances between Geba and Simonias and Beit She arim Roman era Jewish village in Lower Galilee 3 4 5 Crusades edit In 1283 during the hudna truce between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al Mansur Qalawun this location was named el Harathiyah and was described as part of the domain of the Crusaders 6 Ottoman rule edit During the Ottoman era a Muslim village at the site was named el Haritheh 7 The village appeared as El Harti on the map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799 8 In 1859 the population was recorded as 120 with tillable land of 12 feddans 9 In 1875 Victor Guerin reported about 40 houses 10 In 1882 the Palestine Exploration Fund s Survey of Western Palestine described it as an adobe hamlet 9 A population list from about 1887 showed that Harithiyeh had about 120 inhabitants all Muslims 11 British Mandate edit nbsp Sha ar HaAmakim 1947 In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities the Al Zubaidat who cultivated the Hartieh land numbered 363 all Muslims 12 The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase In 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 50 feddans in Hartieh from the Sursock family of Beirut At the time there were 60 families living there 13 In the 1931 census the Arab Zubeidat was counted under the Shefa Amr suburbs 14 From 1931 and lasting several years the Jewish Agency struggled to evict the Arab El Zubeidat who were tenant farmers at Hartiya 15 16 17 18 According to Avneri Hartiya land was to become Sha ar HaAmakim 15 According to the Department of Statistics however Sha ar HaAmakim had previously been part of Sheikh Bureik 19 20 Kibbutz Sha ar HaAmakim was founded in 1935 by immigrants from Romania and Yugoslavia One of its founders was Aharon Cohen 21 later to be convicted of spying for the Soviet Union Its name was derived from the nearby confluence of the Jezreel and Zevulun valleys 22 By the 1945 statistics it had a population of 360 all Jews 19 20 State of Israel edit Sha ar HaAmakim hosted volunteers from around the world including France and the United States who worked at the kibbutz and participated in cultural exchanges 23 In the 1960s there were up to 100 volunteers each year 24 Bernie Sanders spent time at the kibbutz for several months in 1963 25 24 Economy editAccording to a 2016 report the kibbutz derives most of its income from its solar water heater factory Additional sources of income include agriculture such as dairy farming 23 For over five decades the kibbutz has produced and processed sunflower seeds which it markets under its name both in Israel and for export 26 It also has a fish pond and orchards producing apples peaches and pears 24 References edit a b Regional Statistics Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 21 March 2024 Segal Arthur Mlynarczyk Jolanta Burdajewicz Mariusz Bar Oz Guy 2009 Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha ar Ha Amakim Haifa Zinman Institute of Archaeology University of Haifa ISBN 9789659041879 Dvorjetski Esti 2009 Mazar Maisler B 1957 p 19 HUCA xxiv 1952 3 pp 75 81 Avi Yonah M 1940 Map of Roman Palestine London Oxford University Press p 38 Cf Josephus Vita 24 The Jewish War 3 3 1 Barag 1979 p 204 the ploughed land Palmer 1881 p 109 Karmon 1960 p 163 Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine a b Conder and Kitchener 1881 SWP I p 270 Guerin 1880 pp 399 400 Schumacher 1888 p 175 Barron 1923 Table XI Sub district of Haifa p 34 List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine Evidence to the Shaw Commission 1930 Mills 1932 p 90 a b Avneri 1984 pp 156 7 PALESTINE HARTIEH LANDS DISTURBANCE Hansard 26 February 1935 api parliament uk PALESTINE Hansard 24 March 1936 api parliament uk Bernie Sanders Stint at Stalinist Kibbutz Draws Red Baiting From Right Nathan Guttman February 5 2016 The Forward a b Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 p 15 a b Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 49 Almogi Yosef 1982 Total commitment New York Herzl Press p 23 ISBN 978 0 8453 4749 2 OCLC 8431597 History Sha ar HaAmakim Seeds a b Erlanger Steven 5 February 2016 Bernie Sanders s Kibbutz Found Surprise It s Socialist The New York Times Retrieved 6 February 2016 a b c Sales Ben 8 February 2016 50 years on Bernie Sanders still champions values of his Israeli kibbutz Jewish Telegraphic Agency Retrieved 8 February 2016 Aderet Ofer 4 February 2016 Mystery Solved Haaretz Archive Reveals Which Kibbutz Bernie Sanders Volunteered On Haaretz Retrieved 5 February 2016 Shaar Haamakim Seeds Sha ar Ha amakim Seeds Ltd Retrieved 6 February 2016 Bibliography editAvneri Arieh L 1984 The Claim of Dispossession Jewish Land settlement and the Arabs 1878 1948 Transaction Publishers ISBN 0 87855 964 7 Barag Dan 1979 A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem Israel Exploration Journal 29 197 217 Barron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 1 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Dvorjetski Esti 2009 Between the Valley of Zebulun and the Valley of Jezreel the Historical Geography of Geva Geba Gaba Jaba Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha ar Ha Amakim Gaba 1984 1998 Haifa Zinman Institute of Archaeology University of Haifa Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Guerin V 1880 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 3 Galilee pt 1 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Karmon Y 1960 An Analysis of Jacotin s Map of Palestine PDF Israel Exploration Journal 10 3 4 155 173 244 253 Archived from the original PDF on 28 September 2018 Retrieved 26 November 2015 Mazar Maisler B 1957 Beth She arim Report on the Excavations during 1936 40 in Hebrew Vol 1 The Catacombs I IV Jerusalem Israel Exploration Society OCLC 492594574 reprinted from 1944 edition Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Schumacher G 1888 Population list of the Liwa of Akka Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Fund 20 169 191 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shaar Haamkim Official website nbsp in Hebrew Survey of Western Palestine Map 5 IAA Wikimedia commons Kibbutz Sha ar HaAmakim Collection in Hebrew on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library University of Haifa Portal nbsp Israel Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sha 27ar HaAmakim amp oldid 1211450392, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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