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Wikipedia

Stack Exchange

May 08, 2024

This article is about the network of collaborative Q&A sites. For the first site in the network, see Stack Overflow.
"Super User" redirects here. For a user account with special privileges, see superuser.

Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer (Q&A) websites on topics in diverse fields, each site covering a specific topic, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating.[5] As of March 2023, the three most actively-viewed sites in the network are Stack Overflow (which focuses on computer programming), Unix & Linux, and Mathematics.[6]

Stack Exchange Network
Type of site
OwnerProsus N.V.
Created by
URLstackexchange.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationYes
LaunchedSeptember 2009; 14 years ago (2009-09)[1]
(relaunched in January 2011)[2]
Content license
User contributions under CC BY-SA 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0[3][4]

All sites in the network are modeled after the initial site Stack Overflow which was created by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky in 2008. Further Q&A sites in the network are established, defined, and eventually – if found relevant – brought to creation by registered users through a special site named Area 51.[7][8]

User contributions since May 2, 2018 are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Older content, contributed while the site used the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license or the earlier Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Unported license, remains licensed under the license in force at the time it was contributed.[4][3][9]

In June 2021, Prosus acquired Stack Overflow for $1.8 billion, its first complete acquisition in the area of educational technology.[10]

History edit

Founding and growth edit

 
Super User logo

In 2008, Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky created Stack Overflow, a question-and-answer website for computer programming questions, which they described as an alternative to the programmer forum Experts-Exchange.[11] In 2009, they started additional sites based on the Stack Overflow model: Server Fault for questions related to system administration and Super User for questions from computer power users.[12]

In September 2009, Spolsky's company, Fog Creek Software, released a beta version of the Stack Exchange 1.0 platform[1] as a way for third parties to create their own communities based on the software behind Stack Overflow, with monthly fees.[13] This white label service was not successful, with few customers and slow growing communities.[14]

In May 2010, Stack Overflow (as its own new company) raised US$6 million in venture capital from Union Square Ventures and other investors, and it switched its focus to developing new sites for answering questions on specific subjects,[14] Stack Exchange 2.0. Users vote on new site topics in a staging area called Area 51, where algorithms determine which suggested site topics have critical mass and should be created.[11] In November 2010, Stack Exchange site topics in "beta testing" included physics, mathematics, and writing.[15] Stack Exchange publicly launched in January 2011 with 33 Web sites; it had 27 employees[16] and 1.5 million users at the time, and it included advertising.[2] At that time, it was compared to Quora, founded in 2009, which similarly specializes in expert answers.[2] Other competing sites include WikiAnswers and Yahoo! Answers.[17]

In February 2011, Stack Overflow released an associated job board called Careers 2.0, charging fees to recruiters for access, which later re-branded to Stack Overflow Careers.[18] In March 2011, Stack Overflow raised US$12 million in additional venture funding, and the company renamed itself to Stack Exchange, Inc.[19] It is based in Manhattan, New York City.[20] In February 2012, Atwood left the company.[21]

On April 18, 2013 CipherCloud issued Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices in an attempt to block discussion of possible weaknesses of their encryption algorithm.[22][23] The Stack Exchange Crypto group discussion on the algorithm was censored, but it was later restored without pictures.[24]

As of September 2015, "Stack Exchange" no longer refers to the company, only the network of question-and-answer websites. Instead, the company is now referred to as Stack Overflow.[25]

In 2016, Stack Exchange added a variety of new sites which pushed the boundaries of the typical question-and-answer site.[26] For example, Puzzling offers a platform for users who already know the answer to questions to challenge their peers to solve the problems unlike traditional Q–A sites where the poster does not know the answer.[26]

Declining relationship between users and company edit

In 2016, Stack Exchange announced the second iteration of the Stack Exchange Quality Project, in which they attempt to implement specific important features requested by the community to meet a distinct high-priority set of goals. After users enthusiastically responded with feature ideas, they complained that there was insufficient action on the company's part.[27]

In October 2018, the company removed its Interpersonal Skills site from the Hot Network Questions list after a complaint on Twitter, and an employee (who was part of the SRE team, which was not community-facing) posted tweets attacking moderators.[28]

Late 2019 controversies edit

To start, in June 2019, more advertisements were added causing a large dispute.[29] On September 27, 2019, a moderator of multiple Stack Exchange sites, specifically Monica Cellio, was dismissed from her moderator position, allegedly connected to behavior associated with upcoming changes to the Code of Conduct (CoC) relating to gender pronouns.[30][31][32] Many other moderators resigned or suspended their moderator activity in response to the dismissal. The company responded with two very poorly received messages which have since been deleted,[33] and by a slightly less negatively-received apology several days later.[34] In December 2019, the company posted a message, stating that they and the moderator had come to an agreement and expressing regret for any damage to her reputation.[35][36] Nevertheless, this, plus the sudden departure of multiple community managers (Stack Exchange employees who interact with the community), led to an erosion of trust between the community and the company—convincing many of the site's most prolific users, including many community-elected moderators and a community manager, to depart within the next few months.[37][38]

2019–2020 licensing change announcements edit

On September 2, 2019, the terms of service (and the footer of every page served) changed to referencing the "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike" (CC BY-SA) license's 4.0 version instead of its 3.0 version.[3] Users were puzzled as to how Stack Overflow acquired the rights for this relicensing of their past contributions,[39] with some users explicitly stating that they did not intend their contributions to be licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.[40][41] Users were concerned that, if the relicensing was found to be a breach of CC BY-SA 3.0, Stack Exchange would have made itself unable to distribute the content under any CC BY-SA license (and that the footer's license statement could be erroneous), and would have to rely on its "perpetual and irrevocable right and license to use, copy, cache, publish, display, distribute, modify, create derivative works and store" the content instead.[42] On September 27, an official Stack Exchange reply stated it had been an "important step", but declined to discuss with the community the legal basis for the relicensing.[43]

In March 2020, a post announced that content contributed before May 2, 2018 was available under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.[4] In the ensuing discussion, several users asked about the similar situation in August 2010, when Stack Exchange switched from accepting CC BY-SA 2.5 contributions to 3.0. A representative of the corporation noted "we are looking [...] to show v2.5 for posts predating this change but cannot commit to it yet". Some users were unconvinced that the September 2019 announcement was not a breach of CC BY-SA 3.0 that would have caused its termination, and some answers were not placated by the dateline chosen.[44] In the ensuing discussion, Stack Overflow staff declined to comment.[45]

June - August 2023 moderation strike edit

In mid-2023, Stack Exchange made several changes regarding its policies around content generated by artificial intelligence which resulted in a strike of a portion of its volunteer moderators. The protest centered around a policy posted to moderators on May 29 stating that the use of AI-detection tools were not permitted to be used as part of moderation. In a statement, Stack Exchange confirmed that 11% of moderators had ceased content moderation in response to this policy.[46] This would grow to more than 23% of all moderators on the network by June 22, including more than 70% of all Stack Overflow moderators.[47]

The strike began with a post to Meta Stack Exchange, which raised concerns regarding the quality and accuracy of AI-generated content, and the lack of transparency from Stack Exchange surrounding this policy change.[48] Moderators also stated that the version of the policy released to the public differed from the version they had received on the moderator-only forum, notably in that the public version did not include language requiring that moderators stop restricting all AI content.[49]

Negotiations between Stack Exchange and moderators resulted in new policies allowing moderators to remove AI content when there is a strong indicator of GPT usage, and a commitment from the site to continue to provide data and API access. At the conclusion of negotiations, the strike ended on August 2, 2023.[50]

Site features edit

Reputation and badges edit

The primary purpose of each Stack Exchange site is to enable users to post questions and answer them.[15] Users can vote on both answers and questions, and through this process users earn reputation points, a form of gamification.[21][51] This voting system was compared to Digg when the Stack Exchange platform was first released.[13] Users receive privileges by collecting reputation points, ranging from the ability to vote and comment on questions and answers to the ability to moderate many aspects of the site.[51] Due to the prominence of Stack Exchange profiles in web search results and the Stack Overflow Careers job board, users may have reason to game the system.[18] Along with posting questions and answers, users can add comments to them and edit text written by others.[52] Each Stack Exchange site has a "meta" section where users can settle disputes, in the style of MetaFilter's "MetaTalk" forum, because the self-moderation system for questions and answers can lead to significant arguments.[53]

Badges are awarded for asking and answering, participating in meta, and for moderating the site. There are bronze, silver and gold badges and appear on users' profile pages as well as their posts.[54][55]

Moderators and election process edit

Moderators are responsible for managing the site, such as by following up on flagged posts, locking and protecting posts, suspending users, and deleting the worst posts (including misinformation) on the site. According to the Stack Exchange philosophy, they should be minimally involved in the site. They are also expected to lead by example, as well as to show respect to other users.[56]

To become a moderator, users have to participate in an election. Elections are called as needed by the Stack Exchange Community Team for a designated number of seats. Users must first nominate themselves and have at least 300 reputation (3,000 on Stack Overflow and 1,000 on Math Stack Exchange), while also being in good standing, such as not having been suspended during the past year. Aside from introducing themselves and explaining why they would be a good moderator, users must also answer questions written by the community. Nominations can be withdrawn at any time.[57]

After this, users vote on the candidates in a primary, where the vote tally is made public. The top 10 nominees advance to the election stage, where any user with at least 150 reputation is allowed to vote. A ranked-choice voting system is used where users can rank all the candidates if they wish. Votes are tallied using the Meek STV method (single transferable vote) which allows fractional parts of a vote to be counted.[58]

Bounties edit

Stack Exchange allows users to donate some of their reputation to help questions receive answers or better answers, as well as to incentivize users to answer. This is called a 'bounty' and can be applied on questions 48 hours after being asked, lasting for 7 days plus a grace period of 24 hours. The minimum bounty is set at 50 reputation, except if the user has already answered the question or has offered a previous bounty on the question. Bounties cannot be cancelled, and reputation cannot be refunded from a bounty, even if the question did not receive an answer.[59][60]

Technologies used edit

Stack Exchange uses IIS, SQL Server,[61] and the ASP.NET framework,[61] all from a single code base for every Stack Exchange site (except Area 51, which runs off a fork of the Stack Overflow code base).[62] Blogs formerly used WordPress, but they have been discontinued.[63] The team also uses Redis, HAProxy and Elasticsearch.[61]

Stack Exchange tries to stay up to date with the newest technologies from Microsoft, usually using the latest releases of any given framework. The code is primarily written in C# ASP.NET MVC using the Razor View Engine. The preferred IDE is Visual Studio and the data layers uses Dapper for data access.[64]

The site makes use of URL slugs in addition to numeric identifiers for question URLs.

Site creation process edit

Every new site created in the Stack Exchange Network goes through a detailed review process on a site called Area 51, that is consisting of four steps:[8][65][66][67]

  • Definition: A public proposal must be drafted and posted so that any member of the community can discuss the proposal and vote on it. This allows a collaborative proposal to emerge over time. The proposal must address these four key issues
    1. the topic of the site
    2. the targeted audience
    3. forty exemplary questions, upvoted at least 10 times from the community
    4. 60 followers from the community
  • Commitment: First, 200 users interested in the new site are asked to formally commit and support the site by actively participating and contributing to it by asking or answering 10 questions during the FIRDR six months of the public beta. Second, 100 users interested in the new site that have committed with over 200 reputation on another site on the network. Finally, it requires a commitment score of 500, which uses the following formula:[68]
    1. PrelimScore = SUM(Reputation >= 200 ? 0.233 * ln(Reputation-101) - 0.75 : 0) + 1.5
    2. UserScore = PrelimScore * 0.9 ^ (DAYS / 180)
  • Beta: A live test version of this site is tested out, in two steps.
  1. Private Beta:If the concept receives 100% commitment (reaches the requirements listed above), the site enters the private beta phase, where committed members begin actively using the site and publicizing it. It must remain for at least 35 days (or 5 weeks).
  2. Public Beta: The site is open to the public for a long period. This allows the creators to ensure that the site reaches critical mass before it is fully launched. It much remain for at least 180 days (or 6 months) of public beta, and 215 total days of beta (31 weeks).
  • Graduation: If the site has at least 1000 open questions, and 70% of questions or more have at least 1 upvoted answer, it is granted a "graduation" and fully launched.[69]

Notable users edit

Nobel Prize winners edit

Fields Medal winners edit

Founders edit

Other notable scientists and mathematicians edit

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

  • Official website  
  • List of Stack Exchange sites
  • Stack Exchange monthly archive of sites

May 08, 2024
stack, exchange, this, article, about, network, collaborative, sites, first, site, network, stack, overflow, super, user, redirects, here, user, account, with, special, privileges, superuser, network, question, answer, websites, topics, diverse, fields, each, . This article is about the network of collaborative Q amp A sites For the first site in the network see Stack Overflow Super User redirects here For a user account with special privileges see superuser Stack Exchange is a network of question and answer Q amp A websites on topics in diverse fields each site covering a specific topic where questions answers and users are subject to a reputation award process The reputation system allows the sites to be self moderating 5 As of March 2023 update the three most actively viewed sites in the network are Stack Overflow which focuses on computer programming Unix amp Linux and Mathematics 6 Stack Exchange NetworkType of siteKnowledge marketQuestion and answerOwnerProsus N V Created byJeff AtwoodJoel SpolskyURLstackexchange wbr comCommercialYesRegistrationYesLaunchedSeptember 2009 14 years ago 2009 09 1 relaunched in January 2011 2 Content licenseUser contributions under CC BY SA 2 5 3 0 and 4 0 3 4 All sites in the network are modeled after the initial site Stack Overflow which was created by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky in 2008 Further Q amp A sites in the network are established defined and eventually if found relevant brought to creation by registered users through a special site named Area 51 7 8 User contributions since May 2 2018 are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4 0 International Older content contributed while the site used the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3 0 Unported license or the earlier Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2 5 Unported license remains licensed under the license in force at the time it was contributed 4 3 9 In June 2021 Prosus acquired Stack Overflow for 1 8 billion its first complete acquisition in the area of educational technology 10 Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding and growth 1 2 Declining relationship between users and company 1 2 1 Late 2019 controversies 1 2 2 2019 2020 licensing change announcements 1 2 3 June August 2023 moderation strike 2 Site features 2 1 Reputation and badges 2 2 Moderators and election process 2 3 Bounties 3 Technologies used 4 Site creation process 5 Notable users 5 1 Nobel Prize winners 5 2 Fields Medal winners 5 3 Founders 5 4 Other notable scientists and mathematicians 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory editFounding and growth edit nbsp Super User logo In 2008 Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky created Stack Overflow a question and answer website for computer programming questions which they described as an alternative to the programmer forum Experts Exchange 11 In 2009 they started additional sites based on the Stack Overflow model Server Fault for questions related to system administration and Super User for questions from computer power users 12 In September 2009 Spolsky s company Fog Creek Software released a beta version of the Stack Exchange 1 0 platform 1 as a way for third parties to create their own communities based on the software behind Stack Overflow with monthly fees 13 This white label service was not successful with few customers and slow growing communities 14 In May 2010 Stack Overflow as its own new company raised US 6 million in venture capital from Union Square Ventures and other investors and it switched its focus to developing new sites for answering questions on specific subjects 14 Stack Exchange 2 0 Users vote on new site topics in a staging area called Area 51 where algorithms determine which suggested site topics have critical mass and should be created 11 In November 2010 Stack Exchange site topics in beta testing included physics mathematics and writing 15 Stack Exchange publicly launched in January 2011 with 33 Web sites it had 27 employees 16 and 1 5 million users at the time and it included advertising 2 At that time it was compared to Quora founded in 2009 which similarly specializes in expert answers 2 Other competing sites include WikiAnswers and Yahoo Answers 17 In February 2011 Stack Overflow released an associated job board called Careers 2 0 charging fees to recruiters for access which later re branded to Stack Overflow Careers 18 In March 2011 Stack Overflow raised US 12 million in additional venture funding and the company renamed itself to Stack Exchange Inc 19 It is based in Manhattan New York City 20 In February 2012 Atwood left the company 21 On April 18 2013 CipherCloud issued Digital Millennium Copyright Act DMCA takedown notices in an attempt to block discussion of possible weaknesses of their encryption algorithm 22 23 The Stack Exchange Crypto group discussion on the algorithm was censored but it was later restored without pictures 24 As of September 2015 update Stack Exchange no longer refers to the company only the network of question and answer websites Instead the company is now referred to as Stack Overflow 25 In 2016 Stack Exchange added a variety of new sites which pushed the boundaries of the typical question and answer site 26 For example Puzzling offers a platform for users who already know the answer to questions to challenge their peers to solve the problems unlike traditional Q A sites where the poster does not know the answer 26 Declining relationship between users and company edit This section may contain improper references to user generated content Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message In 2016 Stack Exchange announced the second iteration of the Stack Exchange Quality Project in which they attempt to implement specific important features requested by the community to meet a distinct high priority set of goals After users enthusiastically responded with feature ideas they complained that there was insufficient action on the company s part 27 In October 2018 the company removed its Interpersonal Skills site from the Hot Network Questions list after a complaint on Twitter and an employee who was part of the SRE team which was not community facing posted tweets attacking moderators 28 Late 2019 controversies edit To start in June 2019 more advertisements were added causing a large dispute 29 On September 27 2019 a moderator of multiple Stack Exchange sites specifically Monica Cellio was dismissed from her moderator position allegedly connected to behavior associated with upcoming changes to the Code of Conduct CoC relating to gender pronouns 30 31 32 Many other moderators resigned or suspended their moderator activity in response to the dismissal The company responded with two very poorly received messages which have since been deleted 33 and by a slightly less negatively received apology several days later 34 In December 2019 the company posted a message stating that they and the moderator had come to an agreement and expressing regret for any damage to her reputation 35 36 Nevertheless this plus the sudden departure of multiple community managers Stack Exchange employees who interact with the community led to an erosion of trust between the community and the company convincing many of the site s most prolific users including many community elected moderators and a community manager to depart within the next few months 37 38 2019 2020 licensing change announcements edit On September 2 2019 the terms of service and the footer of every page served changed to referencing the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike CC BY SA license s 4 0 version instead of its 3 0 version 3 Users were puzzled as to how Stack Overflow acquired the rights for this relicensing of their past contributions 39 with some users explicitly stating that they did not intend their contributions to be licensed under CC BY SA 4 0 40 41 Users were concerned that if the relicensing was found to be a breach of CC BY SA 3 0 Stack Exchange would have made itself unable to distribute the content under any CC BY SA license and that the footer s license statement could be erroneous and would have to rely on its perpetual and irrevocable right and license to use copy cache publish display distribute modify create derivative works and store the content instead 42 On September 27 an official Stack Exchange reply stated it had been an important step but declined to discuss with the community the legal basis for the relicensing 43 In March 2020 a post announced that content contributed before May 2 2018 was available under a CC BY SA 3 0 license 4 In the ensuing discussion several users asked about the similar situation in August 2010 when Stack Exchange switched from accepting CC BY SA 2 5 contributions to 3 0 A representative of the corporation noted we are looking to show v2 5 for posts predating this change but cannot commit to it yet Some users were unconvinced that the September 2019 announcement was not a breach of CC BY SA 3 0 that would have caused its termination and some answers were not placated by the dateline chosen 44 In the ensuing discussion Stack Overflow staff declined to comment 45 June August 2023 moderation strike edit In mid 2023 Stack Exchange made several changes regarding its policies around content generated by artificial intelligence which resulted in a strike of a portion of its volunteer moderators The protest centered around a policy posted to moderators on May 29 stating that the use of AI detection tools were not permitted to be used as part of moderation In a statement Stack Exchange confirmed that 11 of moderators had ceased content moderation in response to this policy 46 This would grow to more than 23 of all moderators on the network by June 22 including more than 70 of all Stack Overflow moderators 47 The strike began with a post to Meta Stack Exchange which raised concerns regarding the quality and accuracy of AI generated content and the lack of transparency from Stack Exchange surrounding this policy change 48 Moderators also stated that the version of the policy released to the public differed from the version they had received on the moderator only forum notably in that the public version did not include language requiring that moderators stop restricting all AI content 49 Negotiations between Stack Exchange and moderators resulted in new policies allowing moderators to remove AI content when there is a strong indicator of GPT usage and a commitment from the site to continue to provide data and API access At the conclusion of negotiations the strike ended on August 2 2023 50 Site features editReputation and badges edit The primary purpose of each Stack Exchange site is to enable users to post questions and answer them 15 Users can vote on both answers and questions and through this process users earn reputation points a form of gamification 21 51 This voting system was compared to Digg when the Stack Exchange platform was first released 13 Users receive privileges by collecting reputation points ranging from the ability to vote and comment on questions and answers to the ability to moderate many aspects of the site 51 Due to the prominence of Stack Exchange profiles in web search results and the Stack Overflow Careers job board users may have reason to game the system 18 Along with posting questions and answers users can add comments to them and edit text written by others 52 Each Stack Exchange site has a meta section where users can settle disputes in the style of MetaFilter s MetaTalk forum because the self moderation system for questions and answers can lead to significant arguments 53 Badges are awarded for asking and answering participating in meta and for moderating the site There are bronze silver and gold badges and appear on users profile pages as well as their posts 54 55 Moderators and election process edit Moderators are responsible for managing the site such as by following up on flagged posts locking and protecting posts suspending users and deleting the worst posts including misinformation on the site According to the Stack Exchange philosophy they should be minimally involved in the site They are also expected to lead by example as well as to show respect to other users 56 To become a moderator users have to participate in an election Elections are called as needed by the Stack Exchange Community Team for a designated number of seats Users must first nominate themselves and have at least 300 reputation 3 000 on Stack Overflow and 1 000 on Math Stack Exchange while also being in good standing such as not having been suspended during the past year Aside from introducing themselves and explaining why they would be a good moderator users must also answer questions written by the community Nominations can be withdrawn at any time 57 After this users vote on the candidates in a primary where the vote tally is made public The top 10 nominees advance to the election stage where any user with at least 150 reputation is allowed to vote A ranked choice voting system is used where users can rank all the candidates if they wish Votes are tallied using the Meek STV method single transferable vote which allows fractional parts of a vote to be counted 58 Bounties edit Stack Exchange allows users to donate some of their reputation to help questions receive answers or better answers as well as to incentivize users to answer This is called a bounty and can be applied on questions 48 hours after being asked lasting for 7 days plus a grace period of 24 hours The minimum bounty is set at 50 reputation except if the user has already answered the question or has offered a previous bounty on the question Bounties cannot be cancelled and reputation cannot be refunded from a bounty even if the question did not receive an answer 59 60 Technologies used editStack Exchange uses IIS SQL Server 61 and the ASP NET framework 61 all from a single code base for every Stack Exchange site except Area 51 which runs off a fork of the Stack Overflow code base 62 Blogs formerly used WordPress but they have been discontinued 63 The team also uses Redis HAProxy and Elasticsearch 61 Stack Exchange tries to stay up to date with the newest technologies from Microsoft usually using the latest releases of any given framework The code is primarily written in C ASP NET MVC using the Razor View Engine The preferred IDE is Visual Studio and the data layers uses Dapper for data access 64 The site makes use of URL slugs in addition to numeric identifiers for question URLs Site creation process editEvery new site created in the Stack Exchange Network goes through a detailed review process on a site called Area 51 that is consisting of four steps 8 65 66 67 Definition A public proposal must be drafted and posted so that any member of the community can discuss the proposal and vote on it This allows a collaborative proposal to emerge over time The proposal must address these four key issues the topic of the site the targeted audience forty exemplary questions upvoted at least 10 times from the community 60 followers from the community Commitment First 200 users interested in the new site are asked to formally commit and support the site by actively participating and contributing to it by asking or answering 10 questions during the FIRDR six months of the public beta Second 100 users interested in the new site that have committed with over 200 reputation on another site on the network Finally it requires a commitment score of 500 which uses the following formula 68 PrelimScore SUM Reputation gt 200 0 233 ln Reputation 101 0 75 0 1 5 UserScore PrelimScore 0 9 DAYS 180 Beta A live test version of this site is tested out in two steps Private Beta If the concept receives 100 commitment reaches the requirements listed above the site enters the private beta phase where committed members begin actively using the site and publicizing it It must remain for at least 35 days or 5 weeks Public Beta The site is open to the public for a long period This allows the creators to ensure that the site reaches critical mass before it is fully launched It much remain for at least 180 days or 6 months of public beta and 215 total days of beta 31 weeks Graduation If the site has at least 1000 open questions and 70 of questions or more have at least 1 upvoted answer it is granted a graduation and fully launched 69 Notable users editNobel Prize winners edit Gerard t Hooft 70 Fields Medal winners edit Peter Scholze 71 2018 Martin Hairer 72 2014 Terence Tao 73 2006 Tim Gowers 74 1998 Curtis McMullen 75 1998 Richard Borcherds 76 1998 Edward Witten 77 1990 Vaughan Jones 78 1990 Michael Freedman 79 1986 William Thurston 80 1982 Founders edit Joel Spolsky co founder of Stack Overflow 81 Jeff Atwood co founder of Stack Overflow 82 Ravi Vakil co founder of MathOverflow 83 Other notable scientists and mathematicians edit Scott Aaronson 84 Ian Agol 85 John Baez 86 Carlo Beenakker 87 Andreas Blass 88 Robert Bryant 89 Noam Elkies 90 Matthew Emerton 91 Alexandre Eremenko 92 Joel David Hamkins top user on MathOverflow 93 James E Humphreys 94 Gil Kalai 95 Anna Krylov 96 Greg Kuperberg 97 Tim Peters software engineer inventor of Timsort 98 Joseph O Rourke 99 Igor Rivin 100 Jeffrey Shallit computer scientist with Erdos number of one 101 Peter Shor inventor of Shor s algorithm 102 Michael Shulman 103 Anders Sandberg 104 See also editMathOverflow PhysicsOverflow Q amp A softwareReferences edit a b Mager Andrew September 27 2009 Find the Answer to Anything with StackExchange The Web Life ZDNet Archived from the original on January 7 2014 Retrieved December 16 2012 a b c Swartz Jon January 24 2011 Q amp A websites like Quora and Stack Exchange take off USA Today Archived from the original on November 27 2014 Retrieved December 16 2012 a b c Stack Exchange and Stack Overflow are moving to CC BY SA 4 0 meta stackexchange com Retrieved September 18 2019 a b c An Update On Creative Commons Licensing Retrieved March 3 2020 Atwood Jeff May 17 2009 A Theory of Moderation Stack Exchange Blog Archived from the original on May 15 2017 Retrieved December 16 2012 All Sites Stack Exchange stackexchange com Archived from the original on November 22 2019 Retrieved March 25 2023 All Sites Stack Exchange Archived from the original on November 22 2019 Retrieved April 1 2017 a b FAQ Area 51 Stack Exchange Stack Exchange Inc 2014 Archived from the original on August 7 2020 Retrieved June 30 2014 Legal Terms of Service Stack Exchange December 11 2014 Archived from the original on January 3 2012 Retrieved December 21 2014 Dummett Ben June 2 2021 WSJ News Exclusive Stack Overflow Sold to Tech Giant Prosus for 1 8 Billion Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on October 29 2021 Retrieved June 3 2021 a b Perez Sarah July 8 2010 With Debut of Web Apps Q amp A Site Stack Exchange Perfects Automated Site Launch Process ReadWriteWeb Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved December 16 2012 Clarke Jason August 20 2009 Super User question and answer site for power users DownloadSquad AOL Archived from the original on July 15 2014 Retrieved April 1 2017 a b Oshiro Dana October 12 2009 StackOverflow Shares its Mojo White Label Q amp A for All ReadWriteWeb Archived from the original on April 2 2017 Retrieved April 1 2017 a b Kirkpatrick Marshall May 4 2010 All Star Team Backs StackOverflow to Go Beyond Programming Questions ReadWriteWeb Archived from the original on December 5 2020 Retrieved December 16 2012 a b Keller Jared November 18 2010 Stack Overflow s Crowdsourcing Model Guarantees Success The Atlantic Archived from the original on November 23 2010 Retrieved December 16 2012 Jeffries Adrienne January 25 2011 Forget Quora New York s Stack Overflow Is Killing It BetaBeat Archived from the original on November 7 2014 Retrieved December 30 2012 Jenna Wortham February 6 2011 The Answers Are Out There and New Q and A Sites Dig Them Up New York Times Archived from the original on August 16 2018 Retrieved December 31 2012 a b Needleman Rafe February 23 2011 Stack Exchange launches programmer recruiting site CNet Archived from the original on March 30 2013 Retrieved December 16 2012 Ha Anthony March 9 2011 Q amp A startup Stack Overflow gets new name more funding VentureBeat Reuters Archived from the original on March 7 2016 Retrieved December 16 2012 Kim Ryan February 16 2011 Stack Overflow Rides Experts amp Order to Q amp A Success GigaOM Archived from the original on January 11 2013 Retrieved December 30 2012 a b Finley Klint July 5 2012 Stack Overflow Man Remakes Net One Answer at a Time Enterprise Wired Retrieved December 16 2012 CipherCloud used DMCA Takedown on StackExchange discussion of the cryptography Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved June 16 2013 CipherCloud Invokes DMCA To Block Discussions of Its Crypto System April 21 2013 Archived from the original on January 12 2016 Retrieved June 16 2013 How is CipherCloud doing homomorphic encryption Hanlon Jay September 15 2015 We re Changing Our Name Back to Stack Overflow Stack Overflow Blog Archived from the original on April 2 2017 Retrieved April 1 2017 a b Ericson Jon January 26 2017 Stack Exchange Year in Review 2016 Stack Overflow Blog Archived from the original on April 2 2017 Retrieved April 1 2017 Answer by user jscs to We need to stop hoping for change in or help from SO Inc Retrieved March 5 2020 Revisiting the Hot Network Questions feature what are our shared goals for having it Retrieved March 5 2020 We re testing advertisements across the network Meta Stack Exchange Retrieved July 23 2023 Firing Mods and Forced Relicensing Is Stack Exchange Still Interested in Cooperating with the Community Meta Stack Exchange September 29 2019 Archived from the original on October 29 2019 Retrieved October 28 2019 Stack Overflow Inc sinat chinam and the goat for Azazel Mi Yodeya Meta Stack Exchange September 29 2019 Archived from the original on October 29 2019 Retrieved October 28 2019 The Mod Firing Squad Stack Exchange Embroiled in He Said She Said They Said Row The Register October 1 2019 Archived from the original on October 19 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 An Update to our Community and an Apology Archived from the original on October 6 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 An apology to our community and next steps Archived from the original on October 19 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 Update an agreement with Monica Cellio Archived November 25 2022 at the Wayback Machine Meta Stack Exchange Retrieved 2020 01 03 at 22 16 Thomas Claburn in San Francisco Jan 2 2020 Stack Overflow makes peace with ousted moderator wants to start New Year with 2020 vision on codes of conduct TheRegister co uk Archived from the original on January 24 2020 Retrieved January 22 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Firing Community Managers Stack Exchange is not interested in cooperating with the community is it Meta Stack Exchange Archived from the original on January 22 2020 Retrieved January 22 2020 Firing mods and forced relicensing is Stack Exchange still interested in cooperating with the community Meta Stack Exchange Archived from the original on October 29 2019 Retrieved January 22 2020 Was the retroactive change to CC BY SA 4 0 approved by Stack Exchange s lawyers Retrieved February 2 2020 Owens Thomas I do not grant anyone the right to change the license of my contributions andreymal Review on Stack Exchange Data Dump Internet Archive Discussion on Stack Exchange and Stack Overflow have moved to CC BY SA 4 0 Retrieved December 14 2021 Stack Overflow is unable to pursue dialogues Retrieved February 2 2020 Under CC BY SA 3 0 any violations terminate sic your CC license Retrieved March 8 2020 Yaakov Ellis Stack Overflow staff declines to comment on licensing situation Archived from the original on December 14 2021 Retrieved December 14 2021 Anderson Tim June 5 2023 Stack Overflow volunteer moderators down tools over secret new policy that obstructs removal of AI generated content DEVCLASS DEVCLASS Retrieved February 23 2024 Dear Stack Overflow Inc openletter mousetail nl Retrieved April 14 2024 Moderation Strike Stack Overflow Inc cannot consistently ignore mistreat and malign its volunteers Meta Stack Exchange August 2 2023 Retrieved February 23 2024 Roscoe Jules June 5 2023 Stack Overflow Moderators Are Striking to Stop Garbage AI Content From Flooding the Site VICE Retrieved February 23 2024 Anderson Tim August 24 2023 Stack Overflow how much is traffic dropping and how the moderator strike was resolved DEVCLASS DEVCLASS Retrieved February 23 2024 a b FAQ What is Reputation Stack Overflow Archived from the original on January 2 2010 Retrieved January 19 2010 Ha Anthony May 4 2010 Stack Overflow raises 6M to take its Q amp A model beyond programming Deals VentureBeat Archived from the original on April 21 2016 Retrieved December 31 2012 Popper Ben December 7 2011 Conquering the CHAOS of Online Community at Stack Exchange BetaBeat Archived from the original on December 16 2012 Retrieved December 16 2012 Badges Stack Overflow Archived from the original on July 5 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 FAQ for Stack Exchange sites Meta Stack Exchange Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 Who are the site moderators and what is their role here Help Center Stack Overflow Archived from the original on July 5 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 There s an election going on What s happening and how does it work Meta Stack Exchange Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 Could we please clarify just the Primary phase of the election Meta Stack Exchange Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 Co Founder Jeff Atwood June 19 2010 Improvements to Bounty System Stack Overflow Blog Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 How does the bounty system work Meta Stack Exchange Archived from the original on July 4 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 a b c Craver Nick November 22 2013 What it takes to run Stack Overflow Archived from the original on November 11 2020 Retrieved October 2 2014 Does StackExchange 2 0 Share the Same CodeBase with SO Stack Meta Archived from the original on April 2 2017 Retrieved April 1 2017 Grace Note March 1 2017 We will no longer be hosting Blog Overflow Archived from the original on March 4 2017 Retrieved March 3 2017 Stack Meta Stack Meta Sewak M et al May 18 2010 Finding a Growth Business Model at Stack Overflow Inc PDF Stanford CasePublisher Rev July 20 2010 2010 204 1 Stanford University School of Engineering 31 204 2010 1 Archived PDF from the original on August 13 2012 Retrieved May 23 2014 Changes to Stack Exchange Stack Overflow Blog April 13 2010 Archived from the original on January 26 2016 Retrieved January 19 2016 All Proposals Area 51 Stack Exchange area51 stackexchange com Retrieved July 28 2023 Area 51 Commit Percent Meta Stack Exchange Retrieved July 28 2023 FAQ Area 51 Stack Exchange area51 stackexchange com Retrieved July 28 2023 Gerard t Hooft physics stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Peter Scholze stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved July 26 2020 Martin Hairer mathoverflow net Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved July 26 2020 Terence Tao stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Tim Gowers mathoverflow net Archived from the original on August 7 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Curtis McMullen stackexchange com Archived from the original on January 20 2022 Retrieved July 30 2020 Richard Borcherds mathoverflow net Archived from the original on August 7 2020 Retrieved July 30 2020 Edward Witten mathoverflow net Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Vaughan Jones mathoverflow net Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Michael Freedman mathoverflow net Archived from the original on August 7 2020 Retrieved July 30 2020 Bill Thurston mathoverflow net Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Joel Spolsky stackexchange com Archived from the original on May 6 2021 Retrieved July 25 2020 Jeff Attwood stackexchange com Archived from the original on March 6 2021 Retrieved July 25 2020 Ravi Vakil stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Scott Aaronson stackexchange com Archived from the original on January 26 2022 Retrieved January 26 2022 Ian Agol stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 John Baez stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Carlo Beenakker stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Andreas Blass stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Robert Bryant stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Noam Elkies stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Matthew Emerton stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Alexandre Eremenko stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Joesl David Hamkins stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 James E Humphreys stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Gil Kalai stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Anna Krylov stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Greg Kuperberg stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Tim Peters stackexchange com Archived from the original on September 10 2021 Retrieved June 14 2023 Joseph O Rourke stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Igor Rivin stackexchange com Archived from the original on August 10 2019 Retrieved July 25 2020 Jeffrey Shallit stackexchange com Archived from the original on September 21 2021 Retrieved August 30 2020 Peter Shor stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Michael Shulman stackexchange com Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved July 25 2020 Anders Sandberg stackexchange com Archived from the original on January 26 2022 Retrieved January 26 2022 External links editOfficial website nbsp List of Stack Exchange sites Stack Exchange monthly archive of sites Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stack Exchange amp oldid 1221561585, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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