Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a double salt of tartaric acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France. Potassium sodium tartrate and monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity.[3] This property led to its extensive use in crystal phonograph cartridges, microphones and earpieces during the post-World War II consumer electronics boom of the mid-20th century. Such transducers had an exceptionally high output with typical pick-up cartridge outputs as much as 2 volts or more. Rochelle salt is deliquescent so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp conditions.
In organic synthesis, it is used in aqueous workups to break up emulsions, particularly for reactions in which an aluminium-based hydridereagent was used.[4] Sodium Potassium tartrate is also important in the food industry. [5]
It is a common precipitant in protein crystallography and is also an ingredient in the Biuret reagent which is used to measure protein concentration. This ingredient maintains cupric ions in solution at an alkaline pH.
The starting material is tartar with a minimum tartaric acid content 68 %. This is first dissolved in water or in the mother liquor of a previous batch. It is then basified with hot saturated sodium hydroxide solution to pH 8, decolorized with activated charcoal, and chemically purified before being filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to 42 °Bé at 100 °C, and passed to granulators in which Seignette's salt crystallizes on slow cooling. The salt is separated from the mother liquor by centrifugation, accompanied by washing of the granules, and is dried in a rotary furnace and sieved before packaging. Commercially marketed grain sizes range from 2000 μm to < 250 μm (powder).[2]
Larger crystals of Rochelle salt have been grown under conditions of reduced gravity and convection on board Skylab .[6] Rochelle salt crystals will begin to dehydrate when the relative humidity drops to about 30% and will begin to dissolve at relative humidities above 84%.[7]
^Newnham, R.E.; Cross, L. Eric (November 2005). "Ferroelectricity: The Foundation of a Field from Form to Function". MRS Bulletin. 30 (11): 845–846. doi:10.1557/mrs2005.272. S2CID 137948237.
^Fieser, L. F.; Fieser, M., Reagents for Organic Synthesis; Vol.1; Wiley: New York; 1967, p. 983
potassium, sodium, tartrate, tetrahydrate, also, known, rochelle, salt, double, salt, tartaric, acid, first, prepared, about, 1675, apothecary, pierre, seignette, rochelle, france, monopotassium, phosphate, were, first, materials, discovered, exhibit, piezoele. Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate also known as Rochelle salt is a double salt of tartaric acid first prepared in about 1675 by an apothecary Pierre Seignette of La Rochelle France Potassium sodium tartrate and monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity 3 This property led to its extensive use in crystal phonograph cartridges microphones and earpieces during the post World War II consumer electronics boom of the mid 20th century Such transducers had an exceptionally high output with typical pick up cartridge outputs as much as 2 volts or more Rochelle salt is deliquescent so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp conditions Sodium potassium L tartrate tetrahydrate 1 2 Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrateNamesIUPAC name Sodium potassium L tartrate tetrahydrateOther names E337 Seignette s salt Rochelle saltIdentifiersCAS Number 304 59 6 Y6381 59 5 tetrahydrate Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChemSpider 8031536 YECHA InfoCard 100 132 041EC Number 206 156 8E number E337 antioxidants PubChem CID 9855836UNII P49F8NV7ES YQH257BPV3J tetrahydrate YCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID20980375InChI InChI 1S C4H6O6 K Na c5 1 3 7 8 2 6 4 9 10 h1 2 5 6H H 7 8 H 9 10 q 2 1 p 2 YKey LJCNRYVRMXRIQR UHFFFAOYSA L YInChI 1 C4H6O6 K Na c5 1 3 7 8 2 6 4 9 10 h1 2 5 6H H 7 8 H 9 10 q 2 1 p 2Key LJCNRYVRMXRIQR NUQVWONBAGSMILES K Na O C O C O C O C O OPropertiesChemical formula KNaC4H4O6 4H2OMolar mass 282 22 g mol tetrahydrate Appearance large colorless monoclinic needlesOdor odorlessDensity 1 79 g cm3Melting point 75 C 167 F 348 K Boiling point 220 C 428 F 493 K anhydrous at 130 C decomposes at 220 CSolubility in water 26 g 100 mL 0 C 66 g 100 mL 26 C Solubility in ethanol insolubleStructureCrystal structure orthorhombicRelated compoundsRelated compounds Acid potassium tartrate Aluminum tartrate Ammonium tartrate Calcium tartrate Metatartaric acid Potassium antimonyl tartrate Potassium tartrate Sodium ammonium tartrate Sodium tartrateExcept where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references It has been used medicinally as a laxative It has also been used in the process of silvering mirrors It is an ingredient of Fehling s solution reagent for reducing sugars It is used in electroplating in electronics and piezoelectricity and as a combustion accelerator in cigarette paper similar to an oxidizer in pyrotechnics 2 In organic synthesis it is used in aqueous workups to break up emulsions particularly for reactions in which an aluminium based hydride reagent was used 4 Sodium Potassium tartrate is also important in the food industry 5 It is a common precipitant in protein crystallography and is also an ingredient in the Biuret reagent which is used to measure protein concentration This ingredient maintains cupric ions in solution at an alkaline pH Preparation edit nbsp Large Rochelle salt crystal grown aboard SkylabThe starting material is tartar with a minimum tartaric acid content 68 This is first dissolved in water or in the mother liquor of a previous batch It is then basified with hot saturated sodium hydroxide solution to pH 8 decolorized with activated charcoal and chemically purified before being filtered The filtrate is evaporated to 42 Be at 100 C and passed to granulators in which Seignette s salt crystallizes on slow cooling The salt is separated from the mother liquor by centrifugation accompanied by washing of the granules and is dried in a rotary furnace and sieved before packaging Commercially marketed grain sizes range from 2000 mm to lt 250 mm powder 2 Larger crystals of Rochelle salt have been grown under conditions of reduced gravity and convection on board Skylab 6 Rochelle salt crystals will begin to dehydrate when the relative humidity drops to about 30 and will begin to dissolve at relative humidities above 84 7 Piezoelectricity editIn 1824 Sir David Brewster demonstrated piezoelectric effects using Rochelle salts 8 which led to him naming the effect pyroelectricity 9 In 1919 Alexander McLean Nicolson worked with Rochelle salt developing audio related inventions like microphones and speakers at Bell Labs 10 References edit David R Lide ed 2010 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 90th ed CRC Press pp 4 83 a b c Jean Maurice Kassaian 2007 Tartaric Acid Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed Wiley pp 1 8 doi 10 1002 14356007 a26 163 Newnham R E Cross L Eric November 2005 Ferroelectricity The Foundation of a Field from Form to Function MRS Bulletin 30 11 845 846 doi 10 1557 mrs2005 272 S2CID 137948237 Fieser L F Fieser M Reagents for Organic Synthesis Vol 1 Wiley New York 1967 p 983 Rochelle Salt applications SP 401 Skylab Classroom in Space NASA Retrieved 2009 06 06 Electronic Engineering March 1951 A Short History of Ferroelectricity PDF groups ist utl pt 2009 12 04 Retrieved 2016 05 04 Brewster David 1824 Observations of the pyro electricity of minerals The Edinburgh Journal of Science 1 208 215 url https sites google com view rochellesalt home Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Potassium sodium tartrate amp oldid 1205650444, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
