Second Brüning cabinet
The second Brüning cabinet, headed by Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party, was the eighteenth democratically elected government during the Weimar Republic. It took office on 10 October 1931 when it replaced the first Brüning cabinet, which had resigned the day before under pressure from President Paul von Hindenburg to move the cabinet significantly to the right.
Second Cabinet of Heinrich Brüning | |
|---|---|
18th Cabinet of Weimar Germany | |
| 1931–1932 | |
Chancellor Heinrich Brüning | |
| Date formed | 10 October 1931 |
| Date dissolved | 1 June 1932 (7 months and 22 days) |
| People and organisations | |
| President | Paul von Hindenburg |
| Chancellor | Heinrich Brüning |
| Vice Chancellor | Hermann Dietrich |
| Member parties | Centre Party German State Party Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party Bavarian People's Party Conservative People's Party |
| Status in legislature | Minority Presidential Cabinet 130 / 577 (23%) |
| Opposition parties | German National People's Party Communist Party of Germany Nazi Party |
| History | |
| Election(s) | 1930 federal election |
| Legislature term(s) | 5th Reichstag of the Weimar Republic |
| Predecessor | First Brüning cabinet |
| Successor | Papen cabinet |
The new cabinet consisted of members of five centre-right to right-wing parties along with three independents. It was not a coalition. As had been the case in his first cabinet, Brüning's second was a presidential cabinet. Because it was not possible to form a stable ruling coalition given the Reichstag's growing anti-democratic and increasingly fragmented parties, Brüning governed through decrees issued by President Hindenburg. He survived numerous votes of no confidence because the Social Democratic Party (SPD) tolerated his government as a better option than new elections that would almost certainly increase the already growing power of the Nazi Party in the Reichstag.
Beyond the parliamentary crisis, the Brüning government faced the severe economic impacts of the Great Depression. Brüning nevertheless subordinated reviving the economy to attempting to free Germany from the reparations payments imposed on it by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. His policy of deflation made the economic situation worse.
When Brüning lost Hindenburg's trust, his second cabinet resigned on 1 June 1932 and was replaced on the same day by the Papen cabinet led by Franz von Papen.
Background edit
End of the first Brüning cabinet edit
Various people in the background of Berlin's political world, among them General Kurt von Schleicher, had been pushing for significantly more conservative policies than Brüning was proposing. Brüning himself was not averse to the idea. In talks with Alfred Hugenberg, the head of the right-wing German National People's Party (DNVP), and Adolf Hitler of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), he told them that he would include them in his new government if their parties supported Hindenburg in the upcoming presidential election, something the two were not prepared to do. It was primarily Hindenburg who then urged a cabinet reshuffle. His aim was to replace ministers who appeared to him to be too Catholic or too left wing. After a conversation with Brüning, Hindenburg made it clear that the members of the cabinet should not be bound politically to a party and should be distinctly more conservative than before. After Brüning promised to adhere to those aims, Hindenburg accepted the government's resignation and requested that Brüning form a new cabinet.[1]
Cabinet reshuffle edit
The formation of the new government was completed on 9 October and was less conservative than Hindenburg had wished. Brüning did not succeed in getting a leading representative of heavy industry to participate; instead Hermann Warmbold, who had previously sat on the board of the chemical concern BASF, took over as minister of Economic Affairs. The Ministry of the Interior, previously headed by Joseph Wirth from the left wing of the Centre Party, was provisionally taken over by Reichswehr Minister Wilhelm Groener. The Ministry of Justice went to the former state secretary Curt Joël, an independent who was conservative and close to the DNVP. Gottfried Treviranus of the Conservative People's Party (KVP) replaced Theodor von Guérard (Centre) as minister of Transport. Brüning himself provisionally took over the post of foreign minister and remained in it throughout the cabinet's life. The rest of the ministerial line-up remained unchanged at that point. On 7 November, Hans Schlange-Schöningen of the Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL) was appointed commissioner for Eastern Aid and minister without portfolio.
The German People's Party (DVP) was no longer represented in the government. It expressed its distrust in it and turned to the right, although it did not participate in the Harzburg Front, a short-lived anti-Brüning alliance between the DNVP, NSDAP and 3 right-wing organizations. Its formation led to the SPD supporting the new cabinet as the lesser evil. With the help of the Social Democrats and several other parties, the government survived various motions of no confidence on 16 October. On the same day, the Reichstag adjourned until February 1932.[2]
Members edit
The members of Heinrich Brüning's second cabinet were as follows:[3]
| Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chancellor | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | Centre | ||
| Vice-Chancellor | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | DStP | ||
| Foreign Affairs | Heinrich Brüning (acting) | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | Centre | |
| Interior | Wilhelm Groener (acting) | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | Independent | |
| Justice | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | Independent | ||
| Labour | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | Centre | ||
| Reichswehr | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | Independent | ||
| Economic Affairs | Hermann Warmbold | 10 October 1931 | 5 May 1932 | Independent | |
Ernst Trendelenburg (acting) | 6 May 1932 | 1 June 1932 | DStP | ||
| Finance | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | DStP | ||
| Food and Agriculture | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | CNBL | ||
| Transport | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | KVP | ||
| Postal Affairs | 10 October 1931 | 1 June 1932 | BVP | ||
| Without portfolio | 1 October 1930 | 1 June 1932 | CNBL | ||
Presidential cabinet edit
Initially, the Brüning government acted somewhat leniently towards the National Socialists in the hope of persuading Adolf Hitler and his party to abandon their radical opposition in favor of collaboration in the government. The attempt at rapprochement with the NSDAP provoked incomprehension among both the Social Democrats and representatives of the governing parties. Brüning then distanced himself from the Nazis in a radio address on 8 December 1931.[4]
On the same day, the Fourth Emergency Ordinance to Secure the Economy and Finances and to Protect Domestic Peace was issued following difficult negotiations in the cabinet. For reasons of foreign policy that were related to Germany's war reparations payments, the government stuck to its deflationary economic course. It proposed neither an active economic program nor credit-financed job creation measures. Both wages and prices were lowered. The government hoped that overall purchasing power would not decline sharply and that German products could be sold abroad more easily. The interest rate was lowered only cautiously, and the sales tax was increased. Both measures had if anything negative effects on the economy. The emergency decree also tried to counteract radicalization at home by imposing a general ban on uniforms for political organizations.[5]
The central project of the Brüning government was to end reparations payments. At its request, the special advisory committee at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland deliberated on the question of whether Germany could still meet its obligations in accordance with the recently adopted Young Plan. The committee proposed far-reaching steps towards a total revision of reparations payments and an international conference to be held at Lausanne, Switzerland. On 9 January 1932 Brüning declared that after the Hoover moratorium on payments expired on 1 July, Germany would not be able to resume its reparations payments.[6] The Lausanne conference, which took place in June and July 1932, after the end of the Brüning cabinet, led to a de facto end to reparations payments.
On 26 February 1932, a vote of no confidence by the NSDAP, DVP and DNVP against Brüning's economic policy failed.[7] On 29 March President Hindenburg issued an emergency decree allowing the government to make budgetary decisions without the participation of the Reichstag.[8]
In April, at the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments in Geneva, Brüning called for the lifting of the disarmament provisions of the Versailles Treaty affecting Germany. Due to French resistance, his proposal was not accepted.[9]
End of the Brüning government edit
As a result of the government's subordination of the fight against mass unemployment to the goal of ending reparations payments and because there was no proper state program to create jobs, the Brüning government increasingly lost the confidence of the population.[10]
More problematic for the government was that Brüning gradually lost Hindenburg's confidence. One factor, somewhat ironically, was Hindenburg's successful re-election to the presidency on 10 April 1932. He resented the fact that he owed his re-election in part to the Centre Party and SPD, something for which he personally faulted Brüning.[11]
On the basis of an emergency decree by the President, the Brüning cabinet issued a ban on the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS) on 13 April 1932.[12] In doing so, the government bowed to pressure from various state governments, especially Prussia's, which demanded a vigorous state defense against the NSDAP's violent activities. Hindenburg had been reluctant to give his consent for the step and was angry that the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, a pro-democracy paramilitary organization supported primarily by the SPD, had not also been banned. Kurt von Schleicher took advantage of the situation to work against Brüning and especially Wilhelm Groener, who was both Reichswehr and Interior minister. He was forced to resign on 12 May. Schleicher at that point was negotiating behind the scenes for a new government that would include the NSDAP. Hitler made the ouster of Brüning, the lifting of the ban on the SA/SS and new elections conditions for his ultimately unrealized participation in the government.[13]
The final factor in Brüning's fall was the dispute over Eastern Aid. The government planned to buy overly indebted estates in the eastern parts of Germany, divide them up and give the land to settlers. The plan met with resistance from the estate owners, who protested to Hindenburg – himself the owner of an estate in the east – against what they called "agrarian Bolshevism". Influenced as well by his close associates, Hindenburg decided to dismiss Brüning.[13]
When Brüning was received by Hindenburg on 30 May 1932, he reported[14] that the President "snatched up a sheet of paper that was at hand and read it out [...]: The government, because it was unpopular, would no longer receive his permission to issue new emergency decrees; the President would also no longer agree to personnel changes. When the Chancellor then declared that he would call the cabinet together and have it decide on its resignation, the President urged him to hurry.[15] The following day, Brüning's government resigned."[14] On 1 June 1932, at the instigation of his long-time friend Kurt von Schleicher, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Franz von Papen chancellor to succeed Brüning.
Citations edit
- ^ Winkler 1993, p. 429 f.
- ^ Winkler 1993, p. 431 f.
- ^ "Das Kabinett Brüning II 10. Oktober 1931–1. Juni 1932". Das Bundesarchiv (in German). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ Winkler 1993, p. 433 f.
- ^ Winkler 1993, p. 436 f.
- ^ Williams, Benjamin H. (June 1932). "Eleven Years of Reparations". Current History. University of California Press. 36 (3): 291–297. doi:10.1525/curh.1932.36.3.291. JSTOR 45334042. S2CID 249087985 – via JSTOR.
- ^ "Was War am 26. Februar 1932" [What Happened on 26 February 1932]. Chroniknet (in German). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- ^ "Was War am 29.März 1932" [What Happened on 29 March 1932]. Chroniknet (in German). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- ^ Davies, T. R. (2004). "France and the World Disarmament Conference of 1932–34" (PDF). Diplomacy & Statecraft. 15 (4): 3–4. doi:10.1080/09592290490886838. S2CID 153379452.
- ^ Grevelhörster 2000, p. 169.
- ^ Grevelhörster 2000, p. 171.
- ^ Winkler 2014, p. 505.
- ^ a b Grevelhörster 2000, p. 172.
- ^ a b Reuth 2005, p. 265.
- ^ Brüning 1972, pp. 632–635.
References edit
- Brüning, Heinrich (1972). Memoiren 1918–1932 (in German). Vol. 2. Munich: Deutsche Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv).
- Grevelhörster, Ludger (2000). Kleine Geschichte der Weimarer Republik 1918–1933 [A Brief History of the Weimar Republic 1918–1933] (in German). Münster: Aschendorff. ISBN 9783402053638.
- Reuth, Ralf Georg (2005). Hitler. Eine politische Biographie (in German). Munich: Piper Verlag.
- Winkler, Heinrich August (1993). Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie [Weimar 1918–1933. The History of Germany's First Democracy] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 429 f. ISBN 3-406-37646-0.
- Winkler, Heinrich August (2014). Der lange Weg nach Westen. Deutsche Geschichte I [The Long Road to the West. German History I] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 505. ISBN 978-3-406-66049-8.