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Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive

December 31, 2022

Extended or continuous cycle combined oral contraceptive pills are a packaging of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) that reduce or eliminate the withdrawal bleeding that would occur once every 28 days in traditionally packaged COCPs. It works by reducing the frequency of the pill-free or placebo days. Extended cycle use of COCPs may also be called menstrual suppression,[2] although other hormonal medications or medication delivery systems (hormonal intrauterine devices—IUDs) may also be used to suppress menses. Any brand of combined oral contraceptive pills can be used in an extended or continuous manner by simply discarding the placebo pills; this is most commonly done with monophasic pills in which all of the pills in a package contain the same fixed dosing of a synthetic estrogen and a progestin in each active pill.[3]

Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives
Background
TypeHormonal
First use1993 (first randomized study)[1]
Pregnancy rates (first year)
Perfect use?
Typical use0.9%
Usage
Duration effectvaries
ReversibilityYes
User remindersvaries
Advantages and disadvantages
STI protectionNo
PeriodsEliminates or reduces frequency
BenefitsReduce menstruation related symptoms, reduce risk of anemia

Other combined hormonal contraceptives (those containing both an estrogen and a progestin) may also be used in an extended or continuous cycle. For example, the NuvaRing vaginal ring[4] and the contraceptive patch[5] have been studied for extended cycle use, and the monthly combined injectable contraceptive may similarly eliminate bleeding.[6]

History

Contraception mean prevention of reproduction by artificial means. Before the advent of modern contraceptives, reproductive age women spent most of their time either pregnant or nursing. In modern Western society, women typically have about 450 periods during their lives, as compared to about 160 formerly.[7]

Although it was evident that the pill could be used to suppress menstruation for arbitrary lengths of time, the original regimen was designed to produce withdrawal bleeding every four weeks to mimic the menstrual cycle.[8]

There are 3 types of oral contraceptive pills - combined estrogen-progesterone, progesterone-only, and continuous or extended use pill.[9]

Usage

When a woman takes COCP, the hormones in the pills prevent both ovulation and shedding of the endometrium (menstruation). Traditionally, COCPs are packaged with 21 active (hormone-containing) pills and 7 placebo pills. During the week of placebo pills, withdrawal bleeding occurs and simulates an average 28-day menstrual cycle. The placebo pills are not required for pregnancy protection, and with any monophasic COCP the placebo pills may be discarded, and the next pack of active pills may be started to prevent the withdrawal bleeding.[10] With bi- and tri-phasic pills, skipping the placebo week results in a sudden change in hormone levels, which may cause irregular spotting or flow. (Monophasic pills offer the same dose of estrogen and progestogen whereas multiphasic pills have varying doses from day to day; see formulations for details.)

Recently, several pharmaceutical companies have gained FDA approval to package COCPs for the intended use of reducing the frequency of or eliminating withdrawal bleeding.

The use of COCP is dependent on desirable effects and risk of adverse events with progestin component and dose of estrogen and progestin component.

  • Estrogen component: Estradiol, Ethinylestradiol, or Estetrol
  • First-generation progestin: Norethindrone acetate, Ethynodiol diacetate, Lynestrenol, Norethynodrel
  • Second generation progestin: Levonorgestrel,dl-Norgestrel
  • Third generation progestin: Norgestimate, Gestodene, Desogestrel
  • Unclassified progestin: Drospirenone, Cyproterone acetate

Clinical indications

Extended or continuous use of COCPs has been used for many years to treat endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and menstruation-associated symptoms.[11] Some studies have suggested that women who experience premenstrual-type symptoms during the placebo (hormone-free) week of traditionally packaged COCPs may experience significantly fewer symptoms when placed on extended cycle COCP regimens.[12]

More recently, personal preference to avoid menstruation has also become a common reason for use.[11] Personal preference is the most common reason extended cycle or continuous use COCPs are prescribed to adolescents.[13] The Society for Menstrual Cycle Research holds that this use of COCPs does not have sufficient safety studies to justify promotion as a lifestyle choice (as opposed to medical indications), and criticizes what it perceives as negative portrayals of normal menstrual cycles in promotional literature for extended and continuous COCP use.[14]

Women's satisfaction with their contraception, compliance in taking the pills on time, and discontinuation rates are not significantly different between traditional and extended cycle regimens.[11] FDA has also formally approved combined pills for acne for specific brands.[15]

Oral Contraceptive Pills are also effective in Hidradenitis Suppurativa.[16] There is also limited evidence for benefit of Combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea. The evidence from four RCTs is that combined OCPs with medium dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestogens are more effective than placebo, however the studies were small,[17]

Side effects

With all extended-cycle COCPs, breakthrough bleeding is the most common side effect, although it tends to decrease over time.[18] In a 12-month study of a continuous COCP regimen, 59% of women experienced no bleeding in months six through twelve and 79% of women experienced no bleeding in month twelve.[19] Extended or continuous use of COCPs or other combined hormonal contraceptives carries the same risk of side effects and medical risks as traditional COCP use.

Pill Failure can happen with contraceptive pills and inadvertent pregnancies happen.[20]

Use of oral contraceptive can impair muscle gains in young women.[21] The metabolic impact of oral contraceptives are significant and contraceptive pills can increase the risk of heart attacks. Many preclinical and clinical studies reveal that changes in lipoprotein metabolism are a major contributing factor to atherosclerosis.[22]

There was also reported drug interactions between non-rifamycin antibiotics and hormonal contraception but it was not confirmed in a systematic review.[23]

Ad campaign

One of the early extended-cycle COCPs, Seasonale, was marketed with the campaign, "Fewer periods. More possibilities." In December 2004, Barr Pharmaceuticals was warned by the FDA concerning these television advertisements. As the warning stated, "By omitting and minimizing the risks associated with Seasonale, the TV ad misleadingly suggests that Seasonale is safer than has been demonstrated by substantial evidence or substantial clinical experience."[24] Although clinical studies had proven Seasonale to be effective in preventing pregnancy, the FDA felt the commercial advertisements omitted the common side effects of irregular vaginal bleeding or spotting.

Brands

Seasonale is produced by Duramed Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Barr Pharmaceuticals; Barr Pharmaceuticals also produces the same medicine as a generic called Jolessa. Quasense is the generic version produced by Watson Pharmaceuticals. Seasonale contains 30 micrograms of ethinylestradiol and 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel in each active pill. Seasonale reduces the frequency of menstrual periods from thirteen per year to four per year by changing the regimen of active pills from 21 to 84. Each package has 84 active pills and seven placebo pills to be taken at the end of the active cycle.[18] It was first developed by Barr Pharmaceuticals, in collaboration with Eastern Virginia Medical School, under an agreement.[25] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Seasonale in the United States on September 5, 2003.[26] Barr Pharmaceuticals, its manufacturer, claimed at the time of Seasonale's approval that it would cost one dollar per pill.[25] Health Canada approved Seasonale in July 2007, and Paladin Labs began distributing it in Canada on January 4, 2008.[27][28]

Seasonique, also produced by Duramed Pharmaceuticals, has active pills and packaging identical to Seasonale, but replaces the placebo week with a low-dosage week of estrogen.

Lybrel is produced by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. It contains 90 µg levonorgestrel and 20 µg ethinylestradiol in each pill, and is designed to be taken continuously with no placebos.[29] The FDA approved Lybrel for human consumption on May 22, 2007.[29]

References

  1. ^ Wright, KP; Johnson, JV (October 2008). "Evaluation of extended and continuous use oral contraceptives". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 4 (5): 905–11. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s2143. PMC 2621397. PMID 19209272.
  2. ^ "Health Matters: Understanding Menstrual Suppression". Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. October 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  3. ^ Contraceptive technology. Hatcher, Robert A. (Robert Anthony), 1937- (20th rev. ed.). New York, N.Y.: Ardent Media. 2011. p. 257. ISBN 978-1597080026. OCLC 244395421.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ Organon (September 15, 2005). . Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
    Miller L, Verhoeven CH, Hout J (2005). "Extended regimens of the contraceptive vaginal ring: a randomized trial". Obstet Gynecol. 106 (3): 473–82. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000175144.08035.74. PMID 16135576. S2CID 46164922.
    Barreiros FA, Guazzelli CA, de Araujo FF, Barbosa R (2007). "Bleeding patterns of women using extended regimens of the contraceptive vaginal ring". Contraception. 75 (3): 204–8. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.10.009. PMID 17303490.
  5. ^ Stewart FH, Kaunitz AM, Laguardia KD, Karvois DL, Fisher AC, Friedman AJ (June 2005). "Extended use of transdermal norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol: a randomized trial". Obstet Gynecol. 105 (6): 1389–96. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000160430.61799.f6. PMID 15932834. S2CID 8831803.
  6. ^ . Feminist Women's Health Center. January 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  7. ^ Rowlands S (October 2007). "Contraception and abortion". J R Soc Med. 100 (10): 465–8. doi:10.1177/014107680710001015. PMC 1997258. PMID 17911129.
  8. ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (2000-03-10). . The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  9. ^ Cooper, Danielle B.; Patel, Preeti; Mahdy, Heba (2022), "Oral Contraceptive Pills", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28613632, retrieved 2022-11-15
  10. ^ Kripke C (2006). . American Family Physician. 73 (5): 804. PMID 16529087. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  11. ^ a b c Edelman, Alison; Micks, Elizabeth; Gallo, Maria F.; Jensen, Jeffrey T.; Grimes, David A. (2014-07-29). "Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD004695. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004695.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6837850. PMID 25072731.
  12. ^ Coffee AL, Kuehl TJ, Willis S, Sulak PJ (2006). "Oral contraceptives and premenstrual symptoms: comparison of a 21/7 and extended regimen". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 195 (5): 1311–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.05.012. PMID 16796986.
  13. ^ Gerschultz KL, Sucato GS, Hennon TR, Murray PJ, Gold MA (2007). "Extended cycling of combined hormonal contraceptives in adolescents: physician views and prescribing practices". The Journal of Adolescent Health. 40 (2): 151–7. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.09.013. PMID 17259055.
  14. ^ . Society for Menstrual Cycle Research. 2007-06-08. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  15. ^ Arowojolu, AO; Gallo, MF; Grimes, DA; Garner, SE (2004-07-19), "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne", Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, retrieved 2022-11-15
  16. ^ Montero-Vilchez, Trinidad; Valenzuela-Amigo, Andrea; Cuenca-Barrales, Carlos; Arias-Santiago, Salvador; Leyva-García, Ana; Molina-Leyva, Alejandro (2021-07-15). "The Role of Oral Contraceptive Pills in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Cohort Study". Life. 11 (7): 697. doi:10.3390/life11070697. ISSN 2075-1729.
  17. ^ Wong, Chooi L; Farquhar, Cindy; Roberts, Helen (2001-04-23), The Cochrane Collaboration (ed.), "Oral contraceptive pills for primary dysmenorrhoea", Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. CD002120, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002120, retrieved 2022-11-16
  18. ^ a b Anderson FD, Gibbons W, Portman D (2006). "Long-term safety of an extended-cycle oral contraceptive (Seasonale): a 2-year multicenter open-label extension trial". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 195 (1): 92–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.045. PMID 16813747.
  19. ^ Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV, Borisute H, Grubb GS, Constantine GD (2006). "Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: phase 3 study results". Contraception. 74 (6): 439–45. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.07.005. PMID 17157099.
  20. ^ Fraser, Ian S.; Jansen, Robert P.S. (1 June 1983). "Why do inadvertent pregnancies occur in oral contraceptive users?". Contraception. 27 (6): 531–551. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(83)90019-7.
  21. ^ Riechman, Steven E.; Lee, Chang Woock (November 2022). "Oral Contraceptive Use Impairs Muscle Gains in Young Women". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (11): 3074–3080. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000004059. ISSN 1064-8011.
  22. ^ Krauss, Ronald M.; Burkman, Ronald T. (1 October 1992). "The metabolic impact of oral contraceptives". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 167 (4): 1177–1184. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(12)90408-1. ISSN 0002-9378.
  23. ^ Simmons, Katharine B.; Haddad, Lisa B.; Nanda, Kavita; Curtis, Kathryn M. (1 January 2018). "Drug interactions between non-rifamycin antibiotics and hormonal contraception: a systematic review". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 218 (1): 88–97.e14. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.003.
  24. ^ (PDF). United States Department of Health & Human Services. December 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-14. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  25. ^ a b "Seasonale Extended Cycle OC Approved". About.com. February 2003. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  26. ^ . United States Food and Drug Administration. September 5, 2003. Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  27. ^ Magnan, Michelle, 2007-07-06, Health Canada approves Seasonale, Calgary Herald.
  28. ^ "Paladin Labs Announces SEASONALE Launch". Paladin Labs, Inc. 2008-01-04. Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  29. ^ a b . PR Newswire Association. 2007-05-22. Archived from the original on May 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-17.

Further reading

External links

  • Lybrel official site
  • Seasonale and Seasonique official site
  • Pro-extended cycle COCP site by Leslie Miller, M.D.

December 31, 2022
extended, cycle, combined, hormonal, contraceptive, extended, continuous, cycle, combined, oral, contraceptive, pills, packaging, combined, oral, contraceptive, pills, cocps, that, reduce, eliminate, withdrawal, bleeding, that, would, occur, once, every, days,. Extended or continuous cycle combined oral contraceptive pills are a packaging of combined oral contraceptive pills COCPs that reduce or eliminate the withdrawal bleeding that would occur once every 28 days in traditionally packaged COCPs It works by reducing the frequency of the pill free or placebo days Extended cycle use of COCPs may also be called menstrual suppression 2 although other hormonal medications or medication delivery systems hormonal intrauterine devices IUDs may also be used to suppress menses Any brand of combined oral contraceptive pills can be used in an extended or continuous manner by simply discarding the placebo pills this is most commonly done with monophasic pills in which all of the pills in a package contain the same fixed dosing of a synthetic estrogen and a progestin in each active pill 3 Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptivesBackgroundTypeHormonalFirst use1993 first randomized study 1 Pregnancy rates first year Perfect use Typical use0 9 UsageDuration effectvariesReversibilityYesUser remindersvariesAdvantages and disadvantagesSTI protectionNoPeriodsEliminates or reduces frequencyBenefitsReduce menstruation related symptoms reduce risk of anemiaOther combined hormonal contraceptives those containing both an estrogen and a progestin may also be used in an extended or continuous cycle For example the NuvaRing vaginal ring 4 and the contraceptive patch 5 have been studied for extended cycle use and the monthly combined injectable contraceptive may similarly eliminate bleeding 6 Contents 1 History 2 Usage 3 Clinical indications 4 Side effects 4 1 Ad campaign 5 Brands 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2007 Contraception mean prevention of reproduction by artificial means Before the advent of modern contraceptives reproductive age women spent most of their time either pregnant or nursing In modern Western society women typically have about 450 periods during their lives as compared to about 160 formerly 7 Although it was evident that the pill could be used to suppress menstruation for arbitrary lengths of time the original regimen was designed to produce withdrawal bleeding every four weeks to mimic the menstrual cycle 8 There are 3 types of oral contraceptive pills combined estrogen progesterone progesterone only and continuous or extended use pill 9 Usage EditWhen a woman takes COCP the hormones in the pills prevent both ovulation and shedding of the endometrium menstruation Traditionally COCPs are packaged with 21 active hormone containing pills and 7 placebo pills During the week of placebo pills withdrawal bleeding occurs and simulates an average 28 day menstrual cycle The placebo pills are not required for pregnancy protection and with any monophasic COCP the placebo pills may be discarded and the next pack of active pills may be started to prevent the withdrawal bleeding 10 With bi and tri phasic pills skipping the placebo week results in a sudden change in hormone levels which may cause irregular spotting or flow Monophasic pills offer the same dose of estrogen and progestogen whereas multiphasic pills have varying doses from day to day see formulations for details Recently several pharmaceutical companies have gained FDA approval to package COCPs for the intended use of reducing the frequency of or eliminating withdrawal bleeding The use of COCP is dependent on desirable effects and risk of adverse events with progestin component and dose of estrogen and progestin component Estrogen component Estradiol Ethinylestradiol or Estetrol First generation progestin Norethindrone acetate Ethynodiol diacetate Lynestrenol Norethynodrel Second generation progestin Levonorgestrel dl Norgestrel Third generation progestin Norgestimate Gestodene Desogestrel Unclassified progestin Drospirenone Cyproterone acetateClinical indications EditExtended or continuous use of COCPs has been used for many years to treat endometriosis dysmenorrhea and menstruation associated symptoms 11 Some studies have suggested that women who experience premenstrual type symptoms during the placebo hormone free week of traditionally packaged COCPs may experience significantly fewer symptoms when placed on extended cycle COCP regimens 12 More recently personal preference to avoid menstruation has also become a common reason for use 11 Personal preference is the most common reason extended cycle or continuous use COCPs are prescribed to adolescents 13 The Society for Menstrual Cycle Research holds that this use of COCPs does not have sufficient safety studies to justify promotion as a lifestyle choice as opposed to medical indications and criticizes what it perceives as negative portrayals of normal menstrual cycles in promotional literature for extended and continuous COCP use 14 Women s satisfaction with their contraception compliance in taking the pills on time and discontinuation rates are not significantly different between traditional and extended cycle regimens 11 FDA has also formally approved combined pills for acne for specific brands 15 Oral Contraceptive Pills are also effective in Hidradenitis Suppurativa 16 There is also limited evidence for benefit of Combined oral contraceptive pill OCP as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea The evidence from four RCTs is that combined OCPs with medium dose oestrogen and 1st 2nd generation progestogens are more effective than placebo however the studies were small 17 Side effects EditWith all extended cycle COCPs breakthrough bleeding is the most common side effect although it tends to decrease over time 18 In a 12 month study of a continuous COCP regimen 59 of women experienced no bleeding in months six through twelve and 79 of women experienced no bleeding in month twelve 19 Extended or continuous use of COCPs or other combined hormonal contraceptives carries the same risk of side effects and medical risks as traditional COCP use Pill Failure can happen with contraceptive pills and inadvertent pregnancies happen 20 Use of oral contraceptive can impair muscle gains in young women 21 The metabolic impact of oral contraceptives are significant and contraceptive pills can increase the risk of heart attacks Many preclinical and clinical studies reveal that changes in lipoprotein metabolism are a major contributing factor to atherosclerosis 22 There was also reported drug interactions between non rifamycin antibiotics and hormonal contraception but it was not confirmed in a systematic review 23 Ad campaign Edit One of the early extended cycle COCPs Seasonale was marketed with the campaign Fewer periods More possibilities In December 2004 Barr Pharmaceuticals was warned by the FDA concerning these television advertisements As the warning stated By omitting and minimizing the risks associated with Seasonale the TV ad misleadingly suggests that Seasonale is safer than has been demonstrated by substantial evidence or substantial clinical experience 24 Although clinical studies had proven Seasonale to be effective in preventing pregnancy the FDA felt the commercial advertisements omitted the common side effects of irregular vaginal bleeding or spotting Brands EditSeasonale is produced by Duramed Pharmaceuticals a subsidiary of Barr Pharmaceuticals Barr Pharmaceuticals also produces the same medicine as a generic called Jolessa Quasense is the generic version produced by Watson Pharmaceuticals Seasonale contains 30 micrograms of ethinylestradiol and 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel in each active pill Seasonale reduces the frequency of menstrual periods from thirteen per year to four per year by changing the regimen of active pills from 21 to 84 Each package has 84 active pills and seven placebo pills to be taken at the end of the active cycle 18 It was first developed by Barr Pharmaceuticals in collaboration with Eastern Virginia Medical School under an agreement 25 The U S Food and Drug Administration FDA approved Seasonale in the United States on September 5 2003 26 Barr Pharmaceuticals its manufacturer claimed at the time of Seasonale s approval that it would cost one dollar per pill 25 Health Canada approved Seasonale in July 2007 and Paladin Labs began distributing it in Canada on January 4 2008 27 28 Seasonique also produced by Duramed Pharmaceuticals has active pills and packaging identical to Seasonale but replaces the placebo week with a low dosage week of estrogen Lybrel is produced by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals It contains 90 µg levonorgestrel and 20 µg ethinylestradiol in each pill and is designed to be taken continuously with no placebos 29 The FDA approved Lybrel for human consumption on May 22 2007 29 References Edit Wright KP Johnson JV October 2008 Evaluation of extended and continuous use oral contraceptives Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 4 5 905 11 doi 10 2147 tcrm s2143 PMC 2621397 PMID 19209272 Health Matters Understanding Menstrual Suppression Association of Reproductive Health Professionals October 2006 Retrieved 2007 11 16 Contraceptive technology Hatcher Robert A Robert Anthony 1937 20th rev ed New York N Y Ardent Media 2011 p 257 ISBN 978 1597080026 OCLC 244395421 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Organon September 15 2005 NuvaRing is effective and well tolerated in extended use Most women would like to decrease their number of periods a year Archived from the original on December 12 2007 Retrieved 2008 05 04 Miller L Verhoeven CH Hout J 2005 Extended regimens of the contraceptive vaginal ring a randomized trial Obstet Gynecol 106 3 473 82 doi 10 1097 01 AOG 0000175144 08035 74 PMID 16135576 S2CID 46164922 Barreiros FA Guazzelli CA de Araujo FF Barbosa R 2007 Bleeding patterns of women using extended regimens of the contraceptive vaginal ring Contraception 75 3 204 8 doi 10 1016 j contraception 2006 10 009 PMID 17303490 Stewart FH Kaunitz AM Laguardia KD Karvois DL Fisher AC Friedman AJ June 2005 Extended use of transdermal norelgestromin ethinyl estradiol a randomized trial Obstet Gynecol 105 6 1389 96 doi 10 1097 01 AOG 0000160430 61799 f6 PMID 15932834 S2CID 8831803 Lunelle Monthly Injection Feminist Women s Health Center January 2006 Archived from the original on 2007 05 29 Retrieved 2007 06 17 Rowlands S October 2007 Contraception and abortion J R Soc Med 100 10 465 8 doi 10 1177 014107680710001015 PMC 1997258 PMID 17911129 Gladwell Malcolm 2000 03 10 John Rock s Error The New Yorker Archived from the original on 2013 12 03 Retrieved 2016 02 17 Cooper Danielle B Patel Preeti Mahdy Heba 2022 Oral Contraceptive Pills StatPearls Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing PMID 28613632 retrieved 2022 11 15 Kripke C 2006 Cyclic vs continuous or extended cycle combined contraceptives American Family Physician 73 5 804 PMID 16529087 Archived from the original on 2007 09 29 Retrieved 2007 06 17 a b c Edelman Alison Micks Elizabeth Gallo Maria F Jensen Jeffrey T Grimes David A 2014 07 29 Continuous or extended cycle vs cyclic use of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7 CD004695 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD004695 pub3 ISSN 1469 493X PMC 6837850 PMID 25072731 Coffee AL Kuehl TJ Willis S Sulak PJ 2006 Oral contraceptives and premenstrual symptoms comparison of a 21 7 and extended regimen Am J Obstet Gynecol 195 5 1311 9 doi 10 1016 j ajog 2006 05 012 PMID 16796986 Gerschultz KL Sucato GS Hennon TR Murray PJ Gold MA 2007 Extended cycling of combined hormonal contraceptives in adolescents physician views and prescribing practices The Journal of Adolescent Health 40 2 151 7 doi 10 1016 j jadohealth 2006 09 013 PMID 17259055 Menstruation Is Not A Disease Society for Menstrual Cycle Research 2007 06 08 Archived from the original on 2007 10 12 Retrieved 2007 11 16 Arowojolu AO Gallo MF Grimes DA Garner SE 2004 07 19 Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Chichester UK John Wiley amp Sons Ltd retrieved 2022 11 15 Montero Vilchez Trinidad Valenzuela Amigo Andrea Cuenca Barrales Carlos Arias Santiago Salvador Leyva Garcia Ana Molina Leyva Alejandro 2021 07 15 The Role of Oral Contraceptive Pills in Hidradenitis Suppurativa A Cohort Study Life 11 7 697 doi 10 3390 life11070697 ISSN 2075 1729 Wong Chooi L Farquhar Cindy Roberts Helen 2001 04 23 The Cochrane Collaboration ed Oral contraceptive pills for primary dysmenorrhoea Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Chichester UK John Wiley amp Sons Ltd pp CD002120 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD002120 retrieved 2022 11 16 a b Anderson FD Gibbons W Portman D 2006 Long term safety of an extended cycle oral contraceptive Seasonale a 2 year multicenter open label extension trial Am J Obstet Gynecol 195 1 92 6 doi 10 1016 j ajog 2005 12 045 PMID 16813747 Archer DF Jensen JT Johnson JV Borisute H Grubb GS Constantine GD 2006 Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel ethinyl estradiol phase 3 study results Contraception 74 6 439 45 doi 10 1016 j contraception 2006 07 005 PMID 17157099 Fraser Ian S Jansen Robert P S 1 June 1983 Why do inadvertent pregnancies occur in oral contraceptive users Contraception 27 6 531 551 doi 10 1016 0010 7824 83 90019 7 Riechman Steven E Lee Chang Woock November 2022 Oral Contraceptive Use Impairs Muscle Gains in Young Women Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 36 11 3074 3080 doi 10 1519 JSC 0000000000004059 ISSN 1064 8011 Krauss Ronald M Burkman Ronald T 1 October 1992 The metabolic impact of oral contraceptives American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 167 4 1177 1184 doi 10 1016 s0002 9378 12 90408 1 ISSN 0002 9378 Simmons Katharine B Haddad Lisa B Nanda Kavita Curtis Kathryn M 1 January 2018 Drug interactions between non rifamycin antibiotics and hormonal contraception a systematic review American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 218 1 88 97 e14 doi 10 1016 j ajog 2017 07 003 Seasonale levonorgestrel ethinyl estradiol Tablets MACMIS ID 12748 2004 PDF United States Department of Health amp Human Services December 2003 Archived from the original PDF on 2006 10 14 Retrieved 2006 10 22 a b Seasonale Extended Cycle OC Approved About com February 2003 Retrieved 2006 10 22 FDA Approves Seasonale Oral Contraceptive United States Food and Drug Administration September 5 2003 Archived from the original on 2006 10 07 Retrieved 2006 10 22 Magnan Michelle 2007 07 06 Health Canada approves Seasonale Calgary Herald Paladin Labs Announces SEASONALE Launch Paladin Labs Inc 2008 01 04 Archived from the original on 2013 01 19 Retrieved 2008 02 06 a b FDA Approves Lybrel First Low Dose Combination Oral Contraceptive Offering Women the Opportunity to Be Period Free Over Time PR Newswire Association 2007 05 22 Archived from the original on May 25 2007 Retrieved 2007 06 17 Further reading EditElsimar M Coutinho Sheldon J Segal 1999 Is menstruation obsolete Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 513021 9 Susan Rako 2006 The Blessings of the Curse No More Periods Lincoln NE Backinprint com ISBN 978 0 595 38655 0 Susan Rako 2003 No More Periods The Risks of Menstrual Suppression Harmony Books ISBN 1 4000 4503 7 External links EditLybrel official site Seasonale and Seasonique official site Pro extended cycle COCP site by Leslie Miller M D Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive amp oldid 1122717910, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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