Sealink
Sealink was a ferry company based in the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1984, operating services to France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Isle of Man, Channel Islands, Isle of Wight and Ireland.
Sealink ferries Horsa and Maid of Orleans, Dover, 1973 | |
| Genre | Ferry company |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1970 |
| Founder | British Rail |
| Defunct | 1984 |
| Fate | Privatised |
| Successor |
|
Area served | United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium, Channel Islands, Isle of Wight, France |
| Services | Passenger, car and coach transportation, freight transportation |
| Owner | British Rail |
Ports served by the company included: Dover, Folkestone, Newhaven, Southampton and Harwich for services to the European continent; Holyhead, Fishguard, Heysham and Stranraer for services to Ireland and the Isle of Man; Weymouth and Portsmouth for services to the Channel Islands. The Isle of Wight was also served from Portsmouth and Lymington.
Sealink also operated the Steamer passenger ferry services on Windermere in Cumbria until privatisation, when these were passed to the newly reformed Windermere Iron Steamboat Company (now Windermere Lake Cruises Ltd).
History edit
British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission, it became an independent statutory corporation in January 1963, when it was formally renamed the British Railways Board.[1]
British Railways was formed on 1 January 1948 as a result of the Transport Act 1947, which nationalised the Big Four British railway companies along with some other (but not all) smaller railways. Profitability of the railways became a pressing concern during the 1950s, leading to multiple efforts to bolster performance, including some line closures. The 1955 Modernisation Plan formally directed a process of dieselisation and electrification to take place; accordingly, steam locomotives had been entirely replaced by diesel and electric traction (except for the narrow-gauge Vale of Rheidol Railway tourist line) by 1968. On 1 January 1963, the British Railways Board was created to manage the railways as a successor to the British Transport Commission.
It was during the 1960s that perhaps the most substantial changes were made. Seeking to reduce rail subsidies, one-third of the network and over half of all stations were permanently closed under the Beeching cuts. Trunk routes were considered to be the most important, and so electrification of the Great Eastern Main Line from London to Norwich was completed between 1976 and 1986 and on the East Coast Main Line from London to Edinburgh between 1985 and 1990. Train manufacturer British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) produced the capable InterCity 125 and Sprinter sets, the introduction of which improved intercity and regional railways respectively, as well as the unsuccessful Advanced Passenger Train (APT). Gradually, passengers replaced freight as the main source of business. From 1982, under sectorisation, the regions were gradually replaced by "business sectors", which were originally responsible for marketing and other commercial matters when they were first created but had taken over entirely by 1990.
During the 1980s and 1990s, the British Government directed the privatisation of British Rail. Following completion of the privatisation process in 1997, responsibility for track, signalling and stations was transferred to Railtrack (later brought under public control as Network Rail) while services were run by a variety of train operating companies. At the end of the process, any remaining obligations of British Rail were transferred to BRB (Residuary) Limited. The British Rail Double Arrow logo remains in place and is now employed as a generic symbol on street signs in Great Britain denoting railway stations.[2]Sealink was originally the brand name for the ferry services of British Rail in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Services to France, Belgium and the Netherlands were run by Sealink UK as part of the Sealink consortium which also used ferries owned by French national railways (SNCF), the Belgian Maritime Transport Authority Regie voor Maritiem Transport/Regie des transports maritimes (RMT/RTM) and the Dutch Stoomvaart Maatschappij Zeeland (Zeeland Steamship Company).
Historically, the shipping services were exclusively an extension of the railways across the English Channel and the Irish Sea in order to provide through, integrated services to Europe and Ireland. As international travel became more popular in the late 1960s and before air travel became generally affordable, the responsibility for shipping services was taken away from the British Rail Regions and in 1969 centralised in a new division – British Rail Shipping and International Services Division.
With the advent of car ferry services, the old passenger-only ferries were gradually replaced by roll-on/roll-off ships, catering for motorists and rail passengers as well as road freight. However, given that there was now competition in the form of other ferry companies offering crossings to motorists, it became necessary to market the services in a normal business fashion (as opposed to the previous almost monopolistic situation). Thus, with the other partners mentioned above, the brand name Sealink was introduced for the consortium.[3]
In November 1970, Belgium Marine joined the Sealink consortium with five car ferries and six passenger ships.[4]
As demand for international rail travel declined and the shipping business became almost exclusively dependent on passenger and freight vehicle traffic, the ferry business was incorporated as Sealink UK Limited on 1 January 1979,[5][6] a wholly owned subsidiary of the British Railways Board (BRB), but still part of the Sealink consortium. In 1979, Sealink acquired Manx Line which offered services to the Isle of Man from Heysham.
On 27 July 1984 the UK Government sold Sealink UK Limited to Sea Containers for £66m.[7] The company was renamed Sealink British Ferries. In 1991, Sea Containers sold Sealink British Ferries to Stena Line. The sale excluded the operations of Hoverspeed, the Isle of Wight services and the share in the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company, as well as the Port of Heysham.[citation needed] The new owners rebranded the company as Sealink Stena Line, then again a few years later to Stena Sealink Line.[5]
In 1996, the Sealink name disappeared when the UK services were re-branded as Stena Line. The agreement with the SNCF on the Dover to Calais route also ended at this time and the French-run Sealink services were rebranded as SeaFrance.
Livery edit
Prior to 1964/65 the colours were black hull, white upperworks and black-topped buff funnel.
From 1972/73 Sealink was displayed in white Rail Alphabet typeface on the side of the hull.
The livery from 1984 to 1995 was a distinctive blue-on-white. Previously, the British Rail double arrow logo had been used, with a BR corporate monastral blue hull, white upperworks and black-topped red funnel.
A reversed version of the BR symbol was used on one side of Sealink ship's funnels and flags.[8] This was so that the 'top' arrow was always pointing towards the bow of the ship on funnels, and for flags towards the flag staff.
British Rail owned ships had red funnels with a white logo. Elsewhere in Sealink the symbol was white on blue.[citation needed]
Hovercraft edit
In the 1960s, British Rail started hovercraft services from Dover to Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer, and also across the Solent to the Isle of Wight. Rather than use the name Sealink, the services were marketed as Seaspeed and Solent Seaspeed. Seaspeed merged with rival Hoverlloyd in 1981 to form Hoverspeed.
See also edit
References edit
Notes edit
- ^ s.1 Transport Act 1962
- ^ Her Majesty's Government (2002). "The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002 (SI 2002:3113)". from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
- ^ Sealink title for BR and alliped shipping services Railway Gazette 21 November 1969 page 843
- ^ Belgian Marine joins Sealink Railway World issue 368 January 1971 page 3
- ^ a b Companies House extract company no 1402237 Stena Line Limited formerly Stena Sealink Line Limited formerly Sealink Stena Line Limited formerly Sealink UK Limited
- ^ Sealink UK Limited formed The Railway Magazine issue 935 March 1979 page 111
- ^ "The Great British Rail Sale is Over" The Railway Magazine issue 1152 April 1997 pages 24–25
- ^ . Flags of the World. June 2011. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012.
Bibliography edit
- Cowsill, Miles (1987). Sealink British Ferries to Ireland. Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire: M Cowsill. OCLC 560725076.
- Cowsill, Miles; Hendy, John (1997). The Sealink Years:1970–1995. Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire: Ferry Publications. ISBN 1871947359.
- Cowsill, Miles; Hendy, John (2006). The Saints go marching on: British Rail's Last Cross-Channel Ferries. Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire: Ferry Publications. ISBN 187194774X.
- Haresnape, Brian (1982). Sealink. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0711012091.
- Hendy, John (1988). Sealink Dover–Calais. Staplehurst, Kent: Ferry Publications. ISBN 0951350617.
- Hendy, John (1989). Sealink Isle of Wight. Staplehurst, Kent: Ferry Publications. ISBN 0951309331.
- Hendy, John (1993). Ferries of Dover. Staplehurst, Kent: Ferry Publications. ISBN 0951350692.
- Hendy, John (1997). Ferry Port Dover: the development of cross-channel vehicle ferries, their services and allied infrastructure. Staplehurst, Kent: Ferry Publications. ISBN 1871947472.
- Hendy, John (2008). Remembering the Lord Warden: British Railways' pioneering car ferry. Ramsey, Isle of Man: Ferry Publications. ISBN 9781871947861.
- Hendy, John; Merrigan, Justin (2011). Sealink Memories. Ramsey, Isle of Man: Ferry Publications. ISBN 9781906608422.
- Hendy, John; Merrigan, Justin; Peter, Bruce (2015). Sealink and before. Ramsey, Isle of Man: Ferry Publications. ISBN 9781906608811.
- McCall, Iain (2014). The Sealink Legacy: 30 years since privatisation. Upper Seagry, Wiltshire: Mainline & Maritime. ISBN 9781900340250.
- Murtland, Matthew; Seville, Richard (2014). Sealink and beyond. Ramsey, Isle of Man: Ferry Publications. ISBN 9781906608750.
- Ripley, Don; Rogan, Tony (1995). Designing Ships for Sealink. Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire: Ferry Publications. ISBN 1871947340.
- Scott, Brian (1989). Sealink and its predecessors in Dublin. Dublin: B. Scott. ISBN 0951455400.
External links edit
Media related to Sealink at Wikimedia Commons
- stenaline.com
- Sealink Holyhead.net a guide to the history of the sea route between Holyhead and Dún Laoghaire