San Jose scale
The San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) is a hemipterous insect[1] in the family Diaspididae. It is an agricultural pest as it causes damage and crop losses to many fruit crops. In 1914, Q. perniciosus became the first documented case of insecticide resistance.[2]
| San Jose scale | |
|---|---|
| Male | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Diaspididae |
| Genus: | Quadraspidiotus |
| Species: | Q. perniciosus |
| Binomial name | |
| Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, 1881 | |
| Synonyms | |
| Aspidiotus perniciosus | |
Distribution edit
This species originated in Siberia, north east China and the northern part of the Korean peninsula. It has spread to every continent except Antarctica and is a major pest of fruit trees.[3]
Arrival in the United States edit
The San Jose scale derives its popular name from San Jose, California where Comstock discovered and named it in 1881. It has been considered the most pernicious scale insect in the United States. It was probably introduced at San Jose about 1870 on trees imported from China by James Lick.[citation needed] By 1890 it had spread over the greater part of California, but was not recognized east of the Rocky Mountains until August, 1893, when it was found by Howard on a pear received from Charlottesville, Virginia. Soon afterward it was discovered that infested stock had been brought from California in 1887 or 1888 by two New Jersey nurseries and distributed widely. By 1895 the pest had become established in many nurseries and orchards in the majority of the Eastern States. Marlatt made entomological investigations in China, Japan, and Java in 1901–02. He introduced the ladybird to the United States in order to control the San Jose scale.[4]
Description edit
The body of adult female is yellow and is covered with a rounded dark gray scale up to two millimetres in diameter. Over the course of two months, yellow crawlers are born viviparously and emerge from the back of the test at the rate of two or three a day. In bad weather they gather under their mother's scale. The crawlers disperse to other parts of the plant and start feeding. They moult after about ten days and begin to lose their eyes, legs and antennae. The adult female appears after the next moult and the scale develops, incorporating the larval exuviae. The development of the male involves three moults. The male nymph is more elongate than the female and the adult male is orange coloured and has wings. It lives only for a few hours.[3]
Ecology edit
This species is found in both temperate and subtropical climates. It infests about two hundred different species of host plant, mostly deciduous trees and bushes. It is found on the trunks, branches, twigs, leaves and fruits of the plant. Females predominate on the leaf stalks and fruit while males predominate on the leaves. There may be several generations each year in warm climates but in cooler regions there is a single generation. The first and second instars may overwinter in cracks in the bark and the hibernating nymphs can survive temperatures as low as −42 °C. The emergence of the nymphs in the spring coincides with bud burst.[3]
References edit
- ^ Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale Insects of Northeastern North America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication Number 3.
- ^ Melander, A. L. 1914. "Can Insects Become Resistant to Sprays?" Journal of Economic Entomology. Volume 7, Number 2
- ^ a b c AgroAtlas
- ^
- Sumner, Daniel A.; Buck Jr., Frank H. (2003). Exotic Pests and Diseases: Biology and Economics for Biosecurity. Ames, Iowa, US: Iowa State Press. pp. 63/ix+265. ISBN 978-0-470-29012-5. OCLC 212121111.
- Marlatt, Charles Lester (August 1902). "The Discovery of the Native Home of the San Jose Scale in Eastern China and the Importation of its Natural Enemy". Popular Science Monthly (65).
Literature edit
Numerous articles by L. O. Howard, C. L. Marlatt, A. L. Quaintance, and others, published by the United States Bureau of Entomology (Washington, 1896 et seq.); W. G. Johnson, Fumigation Methods (New York, 1902); United States Department of Agriculture, The Farmer's Bulletin, No. 650 (Washington, 1915), and the publications of the State agricultural experiment stations.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)