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Sam Nichols

March 17, 2024

Samuel Hopkins Nichols (August 7, 1829 – April 5, 1913) was a politician and civic leader in the states of Minnesota and Washington. He was a pioneer of Salem Township and Fergus Falls in Minnesota as well as of Everett, Washington. He was a Clerk in Salem Township and president of the Fergus Falls City Council, served as County Commissioner for Olmsted County, Minnesota, Assistant Clerk and Chief Clerk for the Minnesota House of Representatives, and Clerk of the state Supreme Court. In Everett, Nichols helped incorporate the city's first Chamber of Commerce and was a member of its first City Council. He was elected the fourth Secretary of State of Washington in 1901 and re-elected twice. He served at the position two full terms, but had to resign in the beginning of his third term due to accusations of malfeasance and corruption.

Samuel Hopkins Nichols
4th Secretary of State of Washington
In office
January 16, 1901[1] – January 13, 1909[2][1]
GovernorJohn Rankin Rogers
Henry McBride
Albert E. Mead
Preceded byWill Jenkins
Succeeded byIthamar Howell[3][4]
Personal details
Born(1829-08-07)August 7, 1829[note 1]
Malden, Massachusetts, US[9][10][8]
DiedApril 5, 1913(1913-04-05) (aged 83)
Everett, Washington, US[11][6]
Resting placeEvergreen Cemetery, Everett, Washington
Political partyRepublican[9][12]
Children6[7]
Occupation
Known forPolitician and civic leader in the states of Minnesota and Washington. Was a member of the City Council in Fergus Falls, Minnesota, member of the first Everett City Council, the 4th Secretary of Washington State as well as clerk and commissioner in different county and state departments.
Signature

Nichols came to Minnesota in 1855 as a farmer. Later, he filled a number of positions on town and county levels and was pronounced a political leader of the state. He was a pioneer and Clerk of the Salem Township, lived in Saint Paul for a period of time, and later became one of the Fergus Falls pioneers and a president of its City Council in 1874–1875. In 1862 and 1863, Nichols served as County Commissioner; in 1869, he became an Assistant Clerk for the Minnesota House of Representatives, and later served as its Chief Clerk for three terms. He was listed as a clerk in the US land office, and from 1872 to 1876 was District Court Clerk. Later, he was elected Otter Tail County Register of Deeds, although his win was followed by accusations of campaign fraud. In 1875, Nichols became Clerk of the state Supreme Court, and was re-elected twice, in 1878 and 1881. He also briefly engaged in banking and water navigation businesses in Minnesota.

Nichols served in the Minnesota Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War, and played an active role in the suppression of the Dakota people's attacks during the Dakota War of 1862.

Nichols moved to Washington State in 1891 and settled in Everett, becoming one of its pioneers. He took an active part in the city's development by occupying every office in the city. He also engaged in Everett's mining and real estate businesses. In 1892, Nichols assisted in the initiation of the city's first Chamber of Commerce and helped build its first building. After Everett's incorporation as a city in 1893, Nichols became a member of its first City Council. He lived and worked in Everett until he was elected the fourth Secretary of State of Washington for the 1901–1905 term. This position forced him to move to Olympia, where he became not only Secretary of State, but also Acting Governor for Governor McBride. Many saw Nichols as a future governor. He was re-elected as Secretary of State for the 1905–1909 term. Nichols also served as Commissioner for the State Insurance Department and the Bureau of Statistics, Agriculture and Immigration and was a member of the State Board of Equalization.

Nichols was re-elected Secretary of State for a third term, but had to resign soon after his re-election due to accusations of corruption and malfeasance in the Insurance Department and charges pressed against his activity as Insurance Commissioner in 1905–1907. An investigation was carried out against Nichols and his Deputy Insurance Commissioner, J. H. Schively, for drawing money and overcharging state insurance companies for services the department never provided or provided poorly, as well as for not registering their earnings and expenses properly and violating state law on multiple occasions. Though Schively tried to shift the responsibility to Nichols, the latter denied his guilt. Soon after the investigation began, and under promise of immunity from prosecution, Nichols resigned from his official positions. Schively stayed at his position (Insurance Commissioner at the time) and was recommended for impeachment. At an extraordinary Legislature session called by Governor Hay, an impeachment trial for Schively was arranged, but he was eventually acquitted on all charges. He proceeded to work as insurance commissioner until the end of his term.

After Nichols' resignation, he sold his property in Olympia and returned to Everett to live in retirement.

Early life, family, and education edit

Samuel Nichols was born on August 7, 1829,[note 1] in Malden, Massachusetts.[9][10][8]

Nichols' ancestors on his father's side came from England to settle in Massachusetts in about 1632. His mother's side was an "old American family" whose members took part in the War for Independence (or American Revolutionary War).[15]

Nichols' father, Lemuel Nichols, was also born in Malden, Massachusetts, and his mother, Lucy Lee Fesendon (or Fessenden as recorded in The Malden Marriages Record[16]), was from Lexington, Massachusetts. They married in Malden on October 23, 1828. The parents had two sons, Samuel Hopkins and George Lemuel, the latter born on July 14, 1840; and a daughter, Maria Lucy, born on March 4,1831. Lemuel was a sea captain for many years until his retirement in 1855.[7][17]

Nichols was educated at Malden High School and Medford Academy.[6]

In 1855, the family moved from Massachusetts to Minnesota. They settled on a farm in the southern part of the state and worked raising stock.[7][9][6]

Career in Minnesota edit

Military service edit

Nichols served in the Minnesota Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War.[9]

In 1862, the armed conflict known as the Dakota War of 1862, a conflict between several bands of the Native American Dakota tribe (named Sioux by the white people) and white Americans began.[18][19] Many different causes were cited, but the leading one remained a long-term dissatisfaction on the part of the native people about the white Americans' failure to fulfill official agreements in regard to annuity payments (money to improve native settlements).[20] Late payments from the US government resulted in starvation and hardship, pushing the Dakota to plan an attack on the locals and immigrants of southwestern Minnesota in an effort to drive white people to the east of the Mississippi River and eventually out of Minnesota.[21] After several months of the intense battles, Native Americans surrendered. Over 300 were found guilty of massacres and rape and sentenced to death, but due to President Lincoln's pardon, only 38 of them were eventually hanged. All agreements between the US government and native tribes were annulled and the tribes exiled from Minnesota.[22][23]

At the time of the conflict, Governor Ramsey appointed Nichols Captain of a militia company. Nichols took active part in battles aimed at the suppression of the Dakota attacks.[7] According to a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article, during that conflict Nichols served as a volunteer officer.[6]

Political and civic activity edit

After his service in the Dakota War, Nichols worked at the office of the provost marshal in Rochester, Minnesota.[7]

From time he was of voting age, Nichols was "a very active Republican."[7] In articles published after his death, Nichols was referred to as "a Republican leader in Minnesota,"[24][25] as during his time in that state he held a number of town and county positions.[9]

Not long after the Salem Township (previously known as Lexington) was established in 1858, Nichols became one of its first settlers and was elected town Clerk. In 1862 and 1863, Nichols served as County Commissioner for Olmstead County.[26] From Salem, Nichols moved to Saint Paul, and in 1869 became Assistant Clerk for the Minnesota House of Representatives.[27][9] Two years later, he was listed as a clerk in the US land office in Alexandria.[28]

Around 1871, Nichols moved to Fergus Falls, becoming one of its pioneers and an active participant in the events that made the town known as "political center." He was present when the town became the county seat (instead of Otter Tail City) in 1872. Nichols' first engagement was a banking business with George Head, Chief Clerk of the Minnesota House of Representatives, from 1872 to1876. They choose the location for their future bank and delivered lumber for the building, but didn't proceed with the construction, and the business was soon defunct. Later, at the site of their failed bank, the Fergus Falls National Bank was built.[29]

In 1872, Nichols was elected Clerk of District Court, serving until 1876.[30] Two years later, he was nominated for the position of Otter Tail County Register of Deeds. At the time, there were two blocs of the local Republican party, and the "Austin faction" wanted Nichols to run against the opposing group's (the "Wright faction") candidate, Charles Norgaard. This split within the Republican party was called "the germ which in late years developed into the Bull Moose party." Since two Republicans couldn't run against each other, Nichols was nominated as an Independent candidate.[31]

During his electoral campaign, Nichols was supported by a farm machine dealer, Springen (for whom Springen Avenue in Fergus Falls was named). Springen was supposed to vote for Nichols and induce other people in the town of Aastad to do so, but eventually it became clear that Springen didn't vote or advocate for Nichols at all. Nevertheless, Nichols won the 1874 election by a close majority and served as County Register of Deeds until 1876. His win was followed by a controversy, as Norgaard's supporters claimed that the election was "fraudulently done."[32]

By 1873, the Northern Pacific Railroad went through Otter Tail County and crossed the Red River about 60 miles (97 km) northeast of Fergus Falls. As the railroad didn't reach the city, the settlers of Fergus Falls decided to create competition for the railroad by establishing a water route—a system of locks and dams—between Northern Pacific Railroad and Fergus Falls, with cheaper rates than the railroad. In June 1873, the Red River Slack Water Navigation Company was established with Nichols as one of its incorporators.[33]

In 1874 and 1875, Nichols served as president of the Fergus Falls Council (officially named the "Village Council of the Village of Fergus Falls").[13] In 1875, he became a Clerk of the Minnesota Supreme Court.[34][35] He served for 11 years,[14][9][6] being re-elected in 1878[36][37] and 1881.[38][39] In 1886, he was nominated for a third re-election, but as Moses E. Clapp was nominated to run for Attorney General also on the Otter Tail County Republican ticket, Nichols was forced to give way for a candidate from another county and his re-election failed.[14][31]

Nichols briefly served as state oil inspector in Minnesota, and was Chief Clerk of the Minnesota House of Representatives for three terms.[7][6][9]

Though Nichols was registered as a Saint Paul citizen, he always called Fergus Falls his home, and ran for his official positions on the Otter Tail County ticket.[31]

Career in Washington State edit

Activity in Everett edit

Nichols came to Washington State in 1891, settling in Everett.[7][9][8] He is credited for being one of the first people to shape the city, and was an active developer of its infrastructure, as over time, he filled every city office. He was engaged in real estate dealings.[7][40][6] In 1906, Nichols was an owner of the Snohomish County Coffin & Mallet mines, which were rich in lead, gold, and silver.[41]

In 1892, Nichols helped initiate the city's first Chamber of Commerce, and helped raise its first building.[42] After the incorporation of Everett as a city in 1893, Nichols was elected one of the city's first councilmen.[42][43][7][9][6] In 1892, he was nominated for the Washington State Senate on the Republican ticket, but lost the election to a Democratic candidate.[44]

In 1896, he was chairman of the Republican County Central Committee.[7] At the time of his death, a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article reported that he served as chairman in the Republican State Central Committee for one year.[6]

Olympia politics edit

Nominated for Secretary of State of Washington on the Republican ticket in 1899, Nichols ran a "strong campaign," according to Prosser (co-founder of the Washington State Historical Society),[7][12] and was elected as the fourth Secretary of State. He served under Governor Rogers,[45][46][47][9] and, after his death, Governor McBride.[48] Nichols' official term was from 1901 to 1905.[1] During his term, Nichols' business address was registered as Olympia, Washington, as he moved there with his wife.[8][49]

In 1904, Nichols was re-elected Secretary of Washington State[50][51] for a four-year term from 1905 to 1909.[2][1]

While Secretary of State, Nichols also served as Vice-governor for Governor McBride during the 1901–1904 term. In 1904, as Acting Governor of Washington State, Nichols travelled to Seattle to attend the USS Nebraska ship launch.[52] In fact, during Nichols' political career in Washington, many people predicted his candidacy for future governor.[53]

Beside his duties with the Secretary of State office, Nichols served in a number of other offices as Commissioner. In 1901, the Legislature created an Insurance Division within the Secretary of State office, and Nichols became State Insurance Commissioner; he served until 1908.[54][8][55][56] From 1903 to 1905, Nichols was Commissioner of the Bureau of Statistics, Agriculture and Immigration and in 1905, a member of the State Board of Equalization.[57][58][59] He worked as Commissioner of the Bureau of Statistics through 1907.[60][8]

After serving two full terms,[11][25][9] in 1909 Nichols ran for re-election for Secretary of State. This was one of the first elections using the new direct primary election procedure passed by the Legislature in 1907.[61] Nichols was re-elected, but soon after the election, was charged with malfeasance and corruption, and he resigned.[24][24][11][62][63]

Investigation and retirement edit

Preconditions edit

In 1907, the Insurance Department separated from the Secretary of State's office, becoming an independent division, and in 1908, J. H. Schively—previously Nichols' Deputy Insurance Commissioner—became Insurance Commissioner.[54][64][56] Around this time, rumors started to grow about certain "irregularities" in the division's past activity that involved both Nichols and Schively. At the time, John L. Wilson (Republican politician and Seattle Post-Intelligencer publisher) used his newspaper to support the Republican party. Wilson wanted to save Republican party from controversy, so when the rumors reached him during the 1908 electoral campaign, he didn't publish any detail. However, as soon as the 1908 election was over, the Post-Intelligencer started to "stir the air with strong suggestions that the state insurance administration needed a going-over" and by the Legislature session of 1909 rumors had turned into official accusations.[54]

At the time of Nichols' death, The Seattle Republican claimed that Nichols was a "political protégé" of John L. Wilson's faction of the Republican party, and suggested that by the time Nichols was re-elected Secretary of State for the third time in 1908, Wilson's faction was no longer supporting him and decided to uncover some of his corrupt schemes.[65]

Official charges edit

Official allegations of corruption were made against the State Insurance Department heads at the Legislature's session of 1909. Charges of corrupt activity were pressed against Nichols, as the head of the Department in 1905–1907, and against J. H. Schively, who was Deputy Insurance Commissioner in 1905–1907 and was elected Insurance Commissioner in 1908.[66][67][55][56][68][69]

Washington State Senator W. H. Paulhamus insisted on the investigation of the Insurance Department and its officials and presented the resolution that contained all the charges against Nichols and Schively. The officials were accused of overcharging multiple insurance companies working or applying to work in Washington State, and putting companies under the impression that the money was collected to cover company examinations. Further, it was stated that the examinations were performed poorly or were never performed at all. The report claimed that the amounts of the money charged were mostly arbitrary and often not documented properly: Nichols and Schively didn't register any such earnings or present any official receipts for collecting the monies, nor did they register their travelling and other expenses. Furthermore, Nichols and Schively were accused of misusing the collected money—several thousand dollars—for their own purposes.[62][70][63]

According to the published details, the majority of transactions, agreements, or extortions were made by Schively in person, while Nichols was accused mainly of being in charge of the corrupt office and schemes, as well as of being one of the beneficiaries of the money.[63][62] The official charge for both of them was "malfeasance in office."[62]

Investigation lobbying edit

W. H. Paulhamus' resolution demanded the establishment of a Joint Committee to investigate Nichols and Schively's activity during their 1905–1907 term. It also lobbied to allow the Joint Committee to investigate any state official and any elected or appointed government office. The resolution's contents, especially the Joint Committee credentials, met heated discussions in the Senate.[62] At first, the Senate failed to pass the resolution, voting 21–21. At the last moment, Paulhamus changed his voted against his own resolution in order to postpone the vote to the next day. He tried to convince Senator Booth to vote in favor of the resolution; however, Booth, like a number of other senators, opposed a specific section of the resolution, that allowed all government departments to be investigated. After many discussions, an agreement was made between Paulhamus and Booth: Paulhamus promised to vote for deleting the unwanted section of the resolution, and in return, Booth would vote in favor of the resolution itself.[67][71]

Eventually, the resolution passed. On March 11, 1909, it was officially adopted by the State Legislature, and the investigating committee was established. The committee convened on April 14, 1909, and notified Insurance Commissioner Schively the investigation has begun.[63][71]

Nichols claimed that his record was "as pure as the day was bright." Schively declined to comment on the charges, but emphasized that all of the accusations against him concerned his service under Nichols' management, adding, "Mr. Nichols is the proper person to answer your questions."[72] Schively kept on pointing out that he was just an employee under Nichols, but was later confirmed as "not merely an employee" by the House of Representatives.[73]

Nichols' resignation edit

The active phase of the investigation lasted until May 10, 1909, and Schively and Nichols were interrogated several times. While Schively claimed he was innocent and voiced his certainty that he would soon be acquitted, during his interrogations he kept emphasizing that all of the activity he was accused of was directed by Nichols, and that Nichols took half of money collected during the scheme.[63][74]

Nichols didn't comment on Schively's accusations, claiming he would do so only on the trial stand.[74] Nichols was "briefly" interrogated by the investigation committee concerning his activity as Insurance Commissioner.[4] He made statements that could have been seen as perjury, although later it was stated that he had a "failing memory" and didn't personally know things he was interrogated about, so he testified "to the best of his recollection" and "upon second hand information."[75]

Promised immunity from prosecution[76][65] and taking the advice of friends,[77] Nichols announced his resignation on May 3, 1909, and voiced plans to retire in Everett.[68][9][1][78][4][79] Nichols still claimed he was innocent, and that his resignation was a result of old age and an unwillingness to keep fighting for the truth.[49]

Governor Hay appointed Captain Ithomar M. Howell, previously Nichols' leading opponent in the Secretary of State election, as his successor.[3][4] After Nichols' resignation, the committee halted the investigation against him and focused their attention on Schively's activity.[71][63]

Investigation outcome edit

Unlike Nichols, Schively claimed he had no intentions of resigning,[68][78][76] although one article stated that he was "willing and anxious to follow the example of Secretary of State Nichols," but couldn't do it due to lack of finances.[49] As the investigation proceeded, Schively still tried to avoid personal responsibility for the charges and continued stating that Nichols orchestrated the whole thing.[76][80]

The investigating committee report was presented to a joint Legislative assembly by Governor Hay in June. It confirmed the charges presented earlier in the resolution and provided all testimonies and evidence that Nichols and Schively acted against the law of Washington State while serving as Insurance Commissioner and Deputy Insurance Commissioner during the 1905-1907 term. It was stated that around $5,000 ($133,000 in 2020 dollars[note 2]) was inappropriately collected from insurance companies, that the sum was not properly registered and was not used on examinations of the companies as promised, but instead, according to Schively's testimony, was divided equally between the two and spent on personal matters. It also confirmed that the officials overcharged their clients and in some cases used extortion to get arbitrary sums from them. As the investigation against Nichols was dropped after his resignation, the committee made the conclusion of the report exclusively about Schively, specifically calling him "a corrupt and unworthy public official."[82]

Governor Hay convened an extraordinary Legislature session to discuss further actions of either Schivley's impeachment or of the disembodiment of the whole Insurance Department. The House of Representatives voted unanimously (96-0) for Schivley's impeachment.[54][71] Schively argued his charges in a 60-page letter to the Board of Managers of the House of Representatives, but the Board stuck to the primary verdict.[73]

On July 1, Schively's impeachment trial started. It included 26 separate charges and, despite the fact that Schively himself admitted some charges were true, he was acquitted of all of them.[78][71][54][83][63] Schively worked as Insurance Commissioner until the end of his term, but he was never nominated for official position again and his political activity quickly diminished.[71][54] Nevertheless, he was still considered one of the best specialists in insurance, and in 1913 he was still engaged in this field.[69]

A year later, Nichols' resignation was called "the only accomplishment of the special committee."[84]

Personal life and death edit

During his life, Nichols was widely known by and often referred to as Sam.[28][85]

In 1862, Nichols married Elizabeth S. Hurd, born in New Hampshire. She was an active member of the Episcopal church. They had six children: William A., who worked as his father's chief clerk and died of typhoid fever in 1891; Augustus S., who became a businessman in Everett; Edna M.; Lizzie; Mary E., who also died before both of her parents; and Ethel L. Nichols and his family were highly esteemed by citizens of the city.[7][6]

After Nichols announced his resignation and retirement, he decided to leave Olympia and return to Everett, and build a home there. He put his house in Olympia for sale at $4,000 ($106,000 in 2020 dollars[note 2]).[49][86]

Nichols had supported the Republican party since the first time he was able to vote; he cast his first vote for President Abraham Lincoln. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.[7] Residing in Olympia, he also joined the Washington State Historical Society in 1901.[87]

Nichols died on April 5, 1913, in Everett, Washington after a prolonged illness due to old age. His wife Elizabeth, son Augustus S., and three daughters, Edna M., Lizzie, and Ethel L., outlived him.[9][11][88][6] He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery.[10]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b August 7, 1829 is recorded as Nichols' birth date in the Malden Birth Record.[5] During Nichols' life, his age was considered "a proposition of interest"[6] as several authors claimed different years of his birth, including 1835[7] and 1838.[8] Much later sources also claimed 1830 as the year of his birth.[9][10] At the time of Nichols' death, a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article claimed that Nichols' relatives confirmed 1829 as his birth year.[6]
  2. ^ a b The approximate value converted to 2020 dollars, based on a standard adjustment of the 1913 dollar value using the Consumer Price Index as calculated by United States Department of Labor.[81]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Bonney 1927, v.II, p. 1173.
  2. ^ a b Hume 1906, pp. 149–150.
  3. ^ a b Spokane Chronicle; Jan 25, 1912.
  4. ^ a b c d Wood 1943c.
  5. ^ Corey 1903, p. 60.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Seattle Post-Intelligencer; Apr 6, 1913.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prosser 1903, v.II, p. 113.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Sketches of Washingtonians 1907, p. 251.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p sos.wa.gov 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d epls.org; Jan 1, 2009.
  11. ^ a b c d Seattle Daily Times; Apr 5, 1913.
  12. ^ a b Whitman County's History 1901, p. 145.
  13. ^ a b Mason 1916, v.I, pp. 493-495.
  14. ^ a b c Leonard 1910, p. 88.
  15. ^ Prosser 1903, v.II, pp. 112-113.
  16. ^ Corey 1903, pp. 160, 272.
  17. ^ Corey 1903, pp. 60, 272.
  18. ^ Steele and Waseca counties' History 1887, p. 751.
  19. ^ Mason 1916, v.I, p. 41.
  20. ^ Steele and Waseca counties' History 1887, pp. 748–749.
  21. ^ Steele and Waseca counties' History 1887, pp. 749, 751.
  22. ^ Steele and Waseca counties' History 1887, pp. 751–752.
  23. ^ Mason 1916, v.I, p. 42.
  24. ^ a b c San Juan; Apr 11, 1913.
  25. ^ a b Duchesne Record; Apr 18, 1913.
  26. ^ Leonard 1910, pp. 88, 294.
  27. ^ Leonard 1910, pp. 88, 105.
  28. ^ a b Mason 1916, v.I, p. 662.
  29. ^ Mason 1916, v.I, pp. 493, 662.
  30. ^ Mason 1916, v.I, p. 152.
  31. ^ a b c Mason 1916, v.I, p. 663.
  32. ^ Mason 1916, v.I, pp. 147, 663.
  33. ^ Mason 1916, v.I, p.637.
  34. ^ Steele and Waseca counties' History 1887, pp. 75, 458.
  35. ^ Smalley 1896, p. 201.
  36. ^ Steele and Waseca counties' History 1887, pp. 76, 460.
  37. ^ Smalley 1896, p. 205.
  38. ^ Steele and Waseca counties' History 1887, p. 461.
  39. ^ Smalley 1896, p. 212.
  40. ^ McRae 1907, pp. 221, 222.
  41. ^ Shiach & Averill 1906, p. 407.
  42. ^ a b Shiach & Averill 1906, p. 324.
  43. ^ Hunt & Kaylor 1917, v.I, p. 402.
  44. ^ Shiach & Averill 1906, p. 310.
  45. ^ Prosser 1903, v.I, p. 219.
  46. ^ Shiach & Averill 1904, pp. 207, 284.
  47. ^ Shiach & Averill 1906, pp. 185, 312.
  48. ^ Brazier 2000, p. 62.
  49. ^ a b c d San Juan; May 7, 1909.
  50. ^ Shiach & Averill 1906, pp. 186, 313.
  51. ^ Shaver, Steele & Rose 1906, pp. 408, 727.
  52. ^ Bagley 1916, v.II, pp. 608-609.
  53. ^ Mason 1916, v.I, p. 664.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Wood 1943b.
  55. ^ a b Nichols & Allen 1905, p. 202.
  56. ^ a b c Nichols & Allen 1907, p. 234.
  57. ^ Prosser 1903, v.I, p. 271.
  58. ^ Nichols & Frater 1903, pp. 2–5.
  59. ^ Nichols & Allen 1905, pp. 202–203.
  60. ^ Nichols & Allen 1907, p. 235.
  61. ^ Wood 1943a.
  62. ^ a b c d e Seattle Post-Intelligencer; Mar 9, 1909, p. 2.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g Seattle Post-Intelligencer; Jun 24, 1909, p. 9.
  64. ^ Nichols & Frater 1903, p. 218.
  65. ^ a b Seattle Republican; Apr 11, 1913.
  66. ^ Brazier 2000, p. 72.
  67. ^ a b Seattle Post-Intelligencer; Mar 9, 1909, pp. 1–2.
  68. ^ a b c The Yakima Herald; May 5, 1909.
  69. ^ a b Seattle Daily Times; Jun 13, 1913.
  70. ^ Brazier 2000, pp. 72–73.
  71. ^ a b c d e f Brazier 2000, p. 73.
  72. ^ Spokane Chronicle; Mar 12, 1909.
  73. ^ a b The Spokesman-Review; Jul 13, 1909.
  74. ^ a b Seattle Post-Intelligencer; Apr 24, 1909.
  75. ^ Seattle Daily Times; Apr 17, 1910, p. 1.
  76. ^ a b c San Juan; May 21, 1909.
  77. ^ Seattle Daily Times; Apr 17, 1910, pp. 1, 5.
  78. ^ a b c Hunt & Kaylor 1917, v.II, p. 158.
  79. ^ Seattle Daily Times; Jun 1, 1910.
  80. ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer; Aug 21, 1909.
  81. ^ Bureau of Labor 2020.
  82. ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer; Jun 24, 1909, pp. 1, 9.
  83. ^ Seattle Republican; Aug 27, 1909.
  84. ^ Seattle Daily Times; Apr 17, 1910, p. 5.
  85. ^ Hume 1906, p. 6.
  86. ^ Spokane Chronicle; May 8, 1909.
  87. ^ Fuller 1901, p. 103.
  88. ^ Mason 1916, v.I p. 662.

Literature cited edit

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  • "S. H. Nichols dies in Everett home", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Seattle: Leigh S. J. Hunt, p. 21, April 6, 1913, ISSN 2379-7304, LCCN sn83045604, OCLC 9563195, retrieved September 30, 2020
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  • Wood, James A. (April 18, 1943b), "John L. kept iron in fire but got only a near-miss", Seattle Daily Times, Seattle: The Seattle Times Company, p. 16, ISSN 2639-4898, LCCN sn86072007, OCLC 1765328, retrieved September 30, 2020
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External links edit

  • Washington's Secretaries of State – Past and Present 2018-11-28 at the Wayback Machine

  This article is based on the text donated by the Wenard Institute under CC-BY-4.0 license.

March 17, 2024
nichols, samuel, hopkins, nichols, august, 1829, april, 1913, politician, civic, leader, states, minnesota, washington, pioneer, salem, township, fergus, falls, minnesota, well, everett, washington, clerk, salem, township, president, fergus, falls, city, counc. Samuel Hopkins Nichols August 7 1829 April 5 1913 was a politician and civic leader in the states of Minnesota and Washington He was a pioneer of Salem Township and Fergus Falls in Minnesota as well as of Everett Washington He was a Clerk in Salem Township and president of the Fergus Falls City Council served as County Commissioner for Olmsted County Minnesota Assistant Clerk and Chief Clerk for the Minnesota House of Representatives and Clerk of the state Supreme Court In Everett Nichols helped incorporate the city s first Chamber of Commerce and was a member of its first City Council He was elected the fourth Secretary of State of Washington in 1901 and re elected twice He served at the position two full terms but had to resign in the beginning of his third term due to accusations of malfeasance and corruption Samuel Hopkins Nichols4th Secretary of State of WashingtonIn office January 16 1901 1 January 13 1909 2 1 GovernorJohn Rankin RogersHenry McBrideAlbert E MeadPreceded byWill JenkinsSucceeded byIthamar Howell 3 4 Personal detailsBorn 1829 08 07 August 7 1829 note 1 Malden Massachusetts US 9 10 8 DiedApril 5 1913 1913 04 05 aged 83 Everett Washington US 11 6 Resting placeEvergreen Cemetery Everett WashingtonPolitical partyRepublican 9 12 Children6 7 OccupationPresident of the Fergus Falls Minnesota City Council 13 County Commissioner for Olmsted County Minnesota 14 assistant clerk and chief clerk for the Minnesota House of Representatives clerk of the Minnesota Supreme Court member of the first City Council of Everett WashingtonKnown forPolitician and civic leader in the states of Minnesota and Washington Was a member of the City Council in Fergus Falls Minnesota member of the first Everett City Council the 4th Secretary of Washington State as well as clerk and commissioner in different county and state departments SignatureNichols came to Minnesota in 1855 as a farmer Later he filled a number of positions on town and county levels and was pronounced a political leader of the state He was a pioneer and Clerk of the Salem Township lived in Saint Paul for a period of time and later became one of the Fergus Falls pioneers and a president of its City Council in 1874 1875 In 1862 and 1863 Nichols served as County Commissioner in 1869 he became an Assistant Clerk for the Minnesota House of Representatives and later served as its Chief Clerk for three terms He was listed as a clerk in the US land office and from 1872 to 1876 was District Court Clerk Later he was elected Otter Tail County Register of Deeds although his win was followed by accusations of campaign fraud In 1875 Nichols became Clerk of the state Supreme Court and was re elected twice in 1878 and 1881 He also briefly engaged in banking and water navigation businesses in Minnesota Nichols served in the Minnesota Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War and played an active role in the suppression of the Dakota people s attacks during the Dakota War of 1862 Nichols moved to Washington State in 1891 and settled in Everett becoming one of its pioneers He took an active part in the city s development by occupying every office in the city He also engaged in Everett s mining and real estate businesses In 1892 Nichols assisted in the initiation of the city s first Chamber of Commerce and helped build its first building After Everett s incorporation as a city in 1893 Nichols became a member of its first City Council He lived and worked in Everett until he was elected the fourth Secretary of State of Washington for the 1901 1905 term This position forced him to move to Olympia where he became not only Secretary of State but also Acting Governor for Governor McBride Many saw Nichols as a future governor He was re elected as Secretary of State for the 1905 1909 term Nichols also served as Commissioner for the State Insurance Department and the Bureau of Statistics Agriculture and Immigration and was a member of the State Board of Equalization Nichols was re elected Secretary of State for a third term but had to resign soon after his re election due to accusations of corruption and malfeasance in the Insurance Department and charges pressed against his activity as Insurance Commissioner in 1905 1907 An investigation was carried out against Nichols and his Deputy Insurance Commissioner J H Schively for drawing money and overcharging state insurance companies for services the department never provided or provided poorly as well as for not registering their earnings and expenses properly and violating state law on multiple occasions Though Schively tried to shift the responsibility to Nichols the latter denied his guilt Soon after the investigation began and under promise of immunity from prosecution Nichols resigned from his official positions Schively stayed at his position Insurance Commissioner at the time and was recommended for impeachment At an extraordinary Legislature session called by Governor Hay an impeachment trial for Schively was arranged but he was eventually acquitted on all charges He proceeded to work as insurance commissioner until the end of his term After Nichols resignation he sold his property in Olympia and returned to Everett to live in retirement Contents 1 Early life family and education 2 Career in Minnesota 2 1 Military service 2 2 Political and civic activity 3 Career in Washington State 3 1 Activity in Everett 3 2 Olympia politics 3 3 Investigation and retirement 3 3 1 Preconditions 3 3 2 Official charges 3 3 3 Investigation lobbying 3 3 4 Nichols resignation 3 3 5 Investigation outcome 4 Personal life and death 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Literature cited 9 External linksEarly life family and education editSamuel Nichols was born on August 7 1829 note 1 in Malden Massachusetts 9 10 8 Nichols ancestors on his father s side came from England to settle in Massachusetts in about 1632 His mother s side was an old American family whose members took part in the War for Independence or American Revolutionary War 15 Nichols father Lemuel Nichols was also born in Malden Massachusetts and his mother Lucy Lee Fesendon or Fessenden as recorded in The Malden Marriages Record 16 was from Lexington Massachusetts They married in Malden on October 23 1828 The parents had two sons Samuel Hopkins and George Lemuel the latter born on July 14 1840 and a daughter Maria Lucy born on March 4 1831 Lemuel was a sea captain for many years until his retirement in 1855 7 17 Nichols was educated at Malden High School and Medford Academy 6 In 1855 the family moved from Massachusetts to Minnesota They settled on a farm in the southern part of the state and worked raising stock 7 9 6 Career in Minnesota editMilitary service edit Nichols served in the Minnesota Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War 9 In 1862 the armed conflict known as the Dakota War of 1862 a conflict between several bands of the Native American Dakota tribe named Sioux by the white people and white Americans began 18 19 Many different causes were cited but the leading one remained a long term dissatisfaction on the part of the native people about the white Americans failure to fulfill official agreements in regard to annuity payments money to improve native settlements 20 Late payments from the US government resulted in starvation and hardship pushing the Dakota to plan an attack on the locals and immigrants of southwestern Minnesota in an effort to drive white people to the east of the Mississippi River and eventually out of Minnesota 21 After several months of the intense battles Native Americans surrendered Over 300 were found guilty of massacres and rape and sentenced to death but due to President Lincoln s pardon only 38 of them were eventually hanged All agreements between the US government and native tribes were annulled and the tribes exiled from Minnesota 22 23 At the time of the conflict Governor Ramsey appointed Nichols Captain of a militia company Nichols took active part in battles aimed at the suppression of the Dakota attacks 7 According to a Seattle Post Intelligencer article during that conflict Nichols served as a volunteer officer 6 Political and civic activity edit After his service in the Dakota War Nichols worked at the office of the provost marshal in Rochester Minnesota 7 From time he was of voting age Nichols was a very active Republican 7 In articles published after his death Nichols was referred to as a Republican leader in Minnesota 24 25 as during his time in that state he held a number of town and county positions 9 Not long after the Salem Township previously known as Lexington was established in 1858 Nichols became one of its first settlers and was elected town Clerk In 1862 and 1863 Nichols served as County Commissioner for Olmstead County 26 From Salem Nichols moved to Saint Paul and in 1869 became Assistant Clerk for the Minnesota House of Representatives 27 9 Two years later he was listed as a clerk in the US land office in Alexandria 28 Around 1871 Nichols moved to Fergus Falls becoming one of its pioneers and an active participant in the events that made the town known as political center He was present when the town became the county seat instead of Otter Tail City in 1872 Nichols first engagement was a banking business with George Head Chief Clerk of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1872 to1876 They choose the location for their future bank and delivered lumber for the building but didn t proceed with the construction and the business was soon defunct Later at the site of their failed bank the Fergus Falls National Bank was built 29 In 1872 Nichols was elected Clerk of District Court serving until 1876 30 Two years later he was nominated for the position of Otter Tail County Register of Deeds At the time there were two blocs of the local Republican party and the Austin faction wanted Nichols to run against the opposing group s the Wright faction candidate Charles Norgaard This split within the Republican party was called the germ which in late years developed into the Bull Moose party Since two Republicans couldn t run against each other Nichols was nominated as an Independent candidate 31 During his electoral campaign Nichols was supported by a farm machine dealer Springen for whom Springen Avenue in Fergus Falls was named Springen was supposed to vote for Nichols and induce other people in the town of Aastad to do so but eventually it became clear that Springen didn t vote or advocate for Nichols at all Nevertheless Nichols won the 1874 election by a close majority and served as County Register of Deeds until 1876 His win was followed by a controversy as Norgaard s supporters claimed that the election was fraudulently done 32 By 1873 the Northern Pacific Railroad went through Otter Tail County and crossed the Red River about 60 miles 97 km northeast of Fergus Falls As the railroad didn t reach the city the settlers of Fergus Falls decided to create competition for the railroad by establishing a water route a system of locks and dams between Northern Pacific Railroad and Fergus Falls with cheaper rates than the railroad In June 1873 the Red River Slack Water Navigation Company was established with Nichols as one of its incorporators 33 In 1874 and 1875 Nichols served as president of the Fergus Falls Council officially named the Village Council of the Village of Fergus Falls 13 In 1875 he became a Clerk of the Minnesota Supreme Court 34 35 He served for 11 years 14 9 6 being re elected in 1878 36 37 and 1881 38 39 In 1886 he was nominated for a third re election but as Moses E Clapp was nominated to run for Attorney General also on the Otter Tail County Republican ticket Nichols was forced to give way for a candidate from another county and his re election failed 14 31 Nichols briefly served as state oil inspector in Minnesota and was Chief Clerk of the Minnesota House of Representatives for three terms 7 6 9 Though Nichols was registered as a Saint Paul citizen he always called Fergus Falls his home and ran for his official positions on the Otter Tail County ticket 31 Career in Washington State editActivity in Everett edit Nichols came to Washington State in 1891 settling in Everett 7 9 8 He is credited for being one of the first people to shape the city and was an active developer of its infrastructure as over time he filled every city office He was engaged in real estate dealings 7 40 6 In 1906 Nichols was an owner of the Snohomish County Coffin amp Mallet mines which were rich in lead gold and silver 41 In 1892 Nichols helped initiate the city s first Chamber of Commerce and helped raise its first building 42 After the incorporation of Everett as a city in 1893 Nichols was elected one of the city s first councilmen 42 43 7 9 6 In 1892 he was nominated for the Washington State Senate on the Republican ticket but lost the election to a Democratic candidate 44 In 1896 he was chairman of the Republican County Central Committee 7 At the time of his death a Seattle Post Intelligencer article reported that he served as chairman in the Republican State Central Committee for one year 6 Olympia politics edit Nominated for Secretary of State of Washington on the Republican ticket in 1899 Nichols ran a strong campaign according to Prosser co founder of the Washington State Historical Society 7 12 and was elected as the fourth Secretary of State He served under Governor Rogers 45 46 47 9 and after his death Governor McBride 48 Nichols official term was from 1901 to 1905 1 During his term Nichols business address was registered as Olympia Washington as he moved there with his wife 8 49 In 1904 Nichols was re elected Secretary of Washington State 50 51 for a four year term from 1905 to 1909 2 1 While Secretary of State Nichols also served as Vice governor for Governor McBride during the 1901 1904 term In 1904 as Acting Governor of Washington State Nichols travelled to Seattle to attend the USS Nebraska ship launch 52 In fact during Nichols political career in Washington many people predicted his candidacy for future governor 53 Beside his duties with the Secretary of State office Nichols served in a number of other offices as Commissioner In 1901 the Legislature created an Insurance Division within the Secretary of State office and Nichols became State Insurance Commissioner he served until 1908 54 8 55 56 From 1903 to 1905 Nichols was Commissioner of the Bureau of Statistics Agriculture and Immigration and in 1905 a member of the State Board of Equalization 57 58 59 He worked as Commissioner of the Bureau of Statistics through 1907 60 8 After serving two full terms 11 25 9 in 1909 Nichols ran for re election for Secretary of State This was one of the first elections using the new direct primary election procedure passed by the Legislature in 1907 61 Nichols was re elected but soon after the election was charged with malfeasance and corruption and he resigned 24 24 11 62 63 Investigation and retirement edit Preconditions edit In 1907 the Insurance Department separated from the Secretary of State s office becoming an independent division and in 1908 J H Schively previously Nichols Deputy Insurance Commissioner became Insurance Commissioner 54 64 56 Around this time rumors started to grow about certain irregularities in the division s past activity that involved both Nichols and Schively At the time John L Wilson Republican politician and Seattle Post Intelligencer publisher used his newspaper to support the Republican party Wilson wanted to save Republican party from controversy so when the rumors reached him during the 1908 electoral campaign he didn t publish any detail However as soon as the 1908 election was over the Post Intelligencer started to stir the air with strong suggestions that the state insurance administration needed a going over and by the Legislature session of 1909 rumors had turned into official accusations 54 At the time of Nichols death The Seattle Republican claimed that Nichols was a political protege of John L Wilson s faction of the Republican party and suggested that by the time Nichols was re elected Secretary of State for the third time in 1908 Wilson s faction was no longer supporting him and decided to uncover some of his corrupt schemes 65 Official charges edit Official allegations of corruption were made against the State Insurance Department heads at the Legislature s session of 1909 Charges of corrupt activity were pressed against Nichols as the head of the Department in 1905 1907 and against J H Schively who was Deputy Insurance Commissioner in 1905 1907 and was elected Insurance Commissioner in 1908 66 67 55 56 68 69 Washington State Senator W H Paulhamus insisted on the investigation of the Insurance Department and its officials and presented the resolution that contained all the charges against Nichols and Schively The officials were accused of overcharging multiple insurance companies working or applying to work in Washington State and putting companies under the impression that the money was collected to cover company examinations Further it was stated that the examinations were performed poorly or were never performed at all The report claimed that the amounts of the money charged were mostly arbitrary and often not documented properly Nichols and Schively didn t register any such earnings or present any official receipts for collecting the monies nor did they register their travelling and other expenses Furthermore Nichols and Schively were accused of misusing the collected money several thousand dollars for their own purposes 62 70 63 According to the published details the majority of transactions agreements or extortions were made by Schively in person while Nichols was accused mainly of being in charge of the corrupt office and schemes as well as of being one of the beneficiaries of the money 63 62 The official charge for both of them was malfeasance in office 62 Investigation lobbying edit W H Paulhamus resolution demanded the establishment of a Joint Committee to investigate Nichols and Schively s activity during their 1905 1907 term It also lobbied to allow the Joint Committee to investigate any state official and any elected or appointed government office The resolution s contents especially the Joint Committee credentials met heated discussions in the Senate 62 At first the Senate failed to pass the resolution voting 21 21 At the last moment Paulhamus changed his voted against his own resolution in order to postpone the vote to the next day He tried to convince Senator Booth to vote in favor of the resolution however Booth like a number of other senators opposed a specific section of the resolution that allowed all government departments to be investigated After many discussions an agreement was made between Paulhamus and Booth Paulhamus promised to vote for deleting the unwanted section of the resolution and in return Booth would vote in favor of the resolution itself 67 71 Eventually the resolution passed On March 11 1909 it was officially adopted by the State Legislature and the investigating committee was established The committee convened on April 14 1909 and notified Insurance Commissioner Schively the investigation has begun 63 71 Nichols claimed that his record was as pure as the day was bright Schively declined to comment on the charges but emphasized that all of the accusations against him concerned his service under Nichols management adding Mr Nichols is the proper person to answer your questions 72 Schively kept on pointing out that he was just an employee under Nichols but was later confirmed as not merely an employee by the House of Representatives 73 Nichols resignation edit The active phase of the investigation lasted until May 10 1909 and Schively and Nichols were interrogated several times While Schively claimed he was innocent and voiced his certainty that he would soon be acquitted during his interrogations he kept emphasizing that all of the activity he was accused of was directed by Nichols and that Nichols took half of money collected during the scheme 63 74 Nichols didn t comment on Schively s accusations claiming he would do so only on the trial stand 74 Nichols was briefly interrogated by the investigation committee concerning his activity as Insurance Commissioner 4 He made statements that could have been seen as perjury although later it was stated that he had a failing memory and didn t personally know things he was interrogated about so he testified to the best of his recollection and upon second hand information 75 Promised immunity from prosecution 76 65 and taking the advice of friends 77 Nichols announced his resignation on May 3 1909 and voiced plans to retire in Everett 68 9 1 78 4 79 Nichols still claimed he was innocent and that his resignation was a result of old age and an unwillingness to keep fighting for the truth 49 Governor Hay appointed Captain Ithomar M Howell previously Nichols leading opponent in the Secretary of State election as his successor 3 4 After Nichols resignation the committee halted the investigation against him and focused their attention on Schively s activity 71 63 Investigation outcome edit Unlike Nichols Schively claimed he had no intentions of resigning 68 78 76 although one article stated that he was willing and anxious to follow the example of Secretary of State Nichols but couldn t do it due to lack of finances 49 As the investigation proceeded Schively still tried to avoid personal responsibility for the charges and continued stating that Nichols orchestrated the whole thing 76 80 The investigating committee report was presented to a joint Legislative assembly by Governor Hay in June It confirmed the charges presented earlier in the resolution and provided all testimonies and evidence that Nichols and Schively acted against the law of Washington State while serving as Insurance Commissioner and Deputy Insurance Commissioner during the 1905 1907 term It was stated that around 5 000 133 000 in 2020 dollars note 2 was inappropriately collected from insurance companies that the sum was not properly registered and was not used on examinations of the companies as promised but instead according to Schively s testimony was divided equally between the two and spent on personal matters It also confirmed that the officials overcharged their clients and in some cases used extortion to get arbitrary sums from them As the investigation against Nichols was dropped after his resignation the committee made the conclusion of the report exclusively about Schively specifically calling him a corrupt and unworthy public official 82 Governor Hay convened an extraordinary Legislature session to discuss further actions of either Schivley s impeachment or of the disembodiment of the whole Insurance Department The House of Representatives voted unanimously 96 0 for Schivley s impeachment 54 71 Schively argued his charges in a 60 page letter to the Board of Managers of the House of Representatives but the Board stuck to the primary verdict 73 On July 1 Schively s impeachment trial started It included 26 separate charges and despite the fact that Schively himself admitted some charges were true he was acquitted of all of them 78 71 54 83 63 Schively worked as Insurance Commissioner until the end of his term but he was never nominated for official position again and his political activity quickly diminished 71 54 Nevertheless he was still considered one of the best specialists in insurance and in 1913 he was still engaged in this field 69 A year later Nichols resignation was called the only accomplishment of the special committee 84 Personal life and death editDuring his life Nichols was widely known by and often referred to as Sam 28 85 In 1862 Nichols married Elizabeth S Hurd born in New Hampshire She was an active member of the Episcopal church They had six children William A who worked as his father s chief clerk and died of typhoid fever in 1891 Augustus S who became a businessman in Everett Edna M Lizzie Mary E who also died before both of her parents and Ethel L Nichols and his family were highly esteemed by citizens of the city 7 6 After Nichols announced his resignation and retirement he decided to leave Olympia and return to Everett and build a home there He put his house in Olympia for sale at 4 000 106 000 in 2020 dollars note 2 49 86 Nichols had supported the Republican party since the first time he was able to vote he cast his first vote for President Abraham Lincoln He was a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks 7 Residing in Olympia he also joined the Washington State Historical Society in 1901 87 Nichols died on April 5 1913 in Everett Washington after a prolonged illness due to old age His wife Elizabeth son Augustus S and three daughters Edna M Lizzie and Ethel L outlived him 9 11 88 6 He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery 10 See also editJ H Schively John L Wilson W H Paulhamus Marion E Hay Henry McBride politician Dakota War of 1862Notes edit a b August 7 1829 is recorded as Nichols birth date in the Malden Birth Record 5 During Nichols life his age was considered a proposition of interest 6 as several authors claimed different years of his birth including 1835 7 and 1838 8 Much later sources also claimed 1830 as the year of his birth 9 10 At the time of Nichols death a Seattle Post Intelligencer article claimed that Nichols relatives confirmed 1829 as his birth year 6 a b The approximate value converted to 2020 dollars based on a standard adjustment of the 1913 dollar value using the Consumer Price Index as calculated by United States Department of Labor 81 References edit a b c d e Bonney 1927 v II p 1173 a b Hume 1906 pp 149 150 a b Spokane Chronicle Jan 25 1912 a b c d Wood 1943c Corey 1903 p 60 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Seattle Post Intelligencer Apr 6 1913 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prosser 1903 v II p 113 a b c d e f g Sketches of Washingtonians 1907 p 251 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p sos wa gov 2020 a b c d epls org Jan 1 2009 a b c d Seattle Daily Times Apr 5 1913 a b Whitman County s History 1901 p 145 a b Mason 1916 v I pp 493 495 a b c Leonard 1910 p 88 Prosser 1903 v II pp 112 113 Corey 1903 pp 160 272 Corey 1903 pp 60 272 Steele and Waseca counties History 1887 p 751 Mason 1916 v I p 41 Steele and Waseca counties History 1887 pp 748 749 Steele and Waseca counties History 1887 pp 749 751 Steele and Waseca counties History 1887 pp 751 752 Mason 1916 v I p 42 a b c San Juan Apr 11 1913 a b Duchesne Record Apr 18 1913 Leonard 1910 pp 88 294 Leonard 1910 pp 88 105 a b Mason 1916 v I p 662 Mason 1916 v I pp 493 662 Mason 1916 v I p 152 a b c Mason 1916 v I p 663 Mason 1916 v I pp 147 663 Mason 1916 v I p 637 Steele and Waseca counties History 1887 pp 75 458 Smalley 1896 p 201 Steele and Waseca counties History 1887 pp 76 460 Smalley 1896 p 205 Steele and Waseca counties History 1887 p 461 Smalley 1896 p 212 McRae 1907 pp 221 222 Shiach amp Averill 1906 p 407 a b Shiach amp Averill 1906 p 324 Hunt amp Kaylor 1917 v I p 402 Shiach amp Averill 1906 p 310 Prosser 1903 v I p 219 Shiach amp Averill 1904 pp 207 284 Shiach amp Averill 1906 pp 185 312 Brazier 2000 p 62 a b c d San Juan May 7 1909 Shiach amp Averill 1906 pp 186 313 Shaver Steele amp Rose 1906 pp 408 727 Bagley 1916 v II pp 608 609 Mason 1916 v I p 664 a b c d e f Wood 1943b a b Nichols amp Allen 1905 p 202 a b c Nichols amp Allen 1907 p 234 Prosser 1903 v I p 271 Nichols amp Frater 1903 pp 2 5 Nichols amp Allen 1905 pp 202 203 Nichols amp Allen 1907 p 235 Wood 1943a a b c d e Seattle Post Intelligencer Mar 9 1909 p 2 a b c d e f g Seattle Post Intelligencer Jun 24 1909 p 9 Nichols amp Frater 1903 p 218 a b Seattle Republican Apr 11 1913 Brazier 2000 p 72 a b Seattle Post Intelligencer Mar 9 1909 pp 1 2 a b c The Yakima Herald May 5 1909 a b Seattle Daily Times Jun 13 1913 Brazier 2000 pp 72 73 a b c d e f Brazier 2000 p 73 Spokane Chronicle Mar 12 1909 a b The Spokesman Review Jul 13 1909 a b Seattle Post Intelligencer Apr 24 1909 Seattle Daily Times Apr 17 1910 p 1 a b c San Juan May 21 1909 Seattle Daily Times Apr 17 1910 pp 1 5 a b c Hunt amp Kaylor 1917 v II p 158 Seattle Daily Times Jun 1 1910 Seattle Post Intelligencer Aug 21 1909 Bureau of Labor 2020 Seattle Post Intelligencer Jun 24 1909 pp 1 9 Seattle Republican Aug 27 1909 Seattle Daily Times Apr 17 1910 p 5 Hume 1906 p 6 Spokane Chronicle May 8 1909 Fuller 1901 p 103 Mason 1916 v I p 662 Literature cited edit CPI Inflation Calculator Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington United States Department of Labor retrieved December 16 2020 Washington s Secretaries of State Past and Present sos wa gov Olympia Washington Secretary of State archived from the original on November 28 2018 retrieved October 1 2020 History of Steele and Waseca counties Minnesota an album of history and biography embracing sketches of the villages cities and townships educational civil military and political history portraits of prominent citizens and biographies of old settlers and representative men PDF Chicago Union Publishing Company 1887 LCCN 01006651 OCLC 7398531 retrieved October 1 2020 An Illustrated history of Whitman County State of Washington Spokane W H Lever 1901 OCLC 18517122 Sketches of Washingtonians Containing Brief Histories of Men of the State of Washington Engaged in Professional and Political Life in Manufacture Commerce Finance and Religion with a Summary of the Cities of the State Containing Upwards of 5 000 Population PDF Seattle Wellington C Wolfe amp Co 1907 ISBN 9780217994071 LCCN 07003167 OCLC 935118482 retrieved October 23 2020 Specific charges against Schively read in senate Seattle Post Intelligencer Seattle Leigh S J Hunt pp 1 2 March 9 1909 ISSN 2379 7304 LCCN sn83045604 OCLC 9563195 retrieved February 3 2021 Record as pure as day is bright Spokane Chronicle Spokane Cowles Company p 20 March 12 1909 LCCN sn86072020 OCLC 14374699 retrieved February 3 2021 Schively starts for Spokane with officer Seattle Post Intelligencer Seattle Leigh S J Hunt p 1 April 24 1909 ISSN 2379 7304 LCCN sn83045604 OCLC 9563195 retrieved February 3 2021 Sam H Nichols will resign The Yakima Herald North Yakima Reed amp Coe p 6 May 5 1909 ISSN 2158 4745 LCCN sn88085523 OCLC 17416264 retrieved September 30 2020 Nichols to resign San Juan Islander Friday Harbor Culver Bros p 2 May 7 1909 LCCN sn88085190 OCLC 42342745 retrieved September 30 2020 Sam H Nichols an author now Spokane Chronicle Spokane Cowles Company p 16 May 8 1909 LCCN sn86072020 OCLC 14374699 retrieved September 30 2020 Shively will try to shift responsibility San Juan Islander Friday Harbor Culver Bros p 2 May 21 1909 LCCN sn88085190 OCLC 42342745 retrieved September 30 2020 Schively corrupt says the sommittee Seattle Post Intelligencer Seattle Leigh S J Hunt vol LVI no 40 pp 1 9 June 24 1909 ISSN 2379 7304 LCCN sn83045604 OCLC 9563195 retrieved September 30 2020 Ready to prove Schively guilty The Spokesman Review Spokane Cowles Company p 1 July 13 1909 ISSN 1064 7317 LCCN sn84024754 OCLC 11102610 retrieved September 30 2020 Too much drink is submitted as Schively excuse Seattle Post Intelligencer Seattle Leigh S J Hunt pp 1 2 August 21 1909 ISSN 2379 7304 LCCN sn83045604 OCLC 9563195 retrieved February 3 2021 Revels Cayton Susie ed August 27 1909 John H Scively not impeached Seattle Republican Seattle Republican Pub Co p 1 ISSN 2157 3271 LCCN sn84025811 OCLC 10328970 retrieved September 30 2020 Blethen Alden J ed April 17 1910 Probe of state offices costs snug fortune Seattle Daily Times Seattle The Seattle Times Company pp 1 4 ISSN 2639 4898 LCCN sn86072007 OCLC 1765328 retrieved February 3 2021 Blethen Alden J ed June 1 1910 Hay lines up with Wilson supporters Seattle Daily Times Seattle The Seattle Times Company p 13 ISSN 2639 4898 LCCN sn86072007 OCLC 1765328 retrieved February 3 2021 Appointed to office Spokane Chronicle Spokane Cowles Company p 9 January 25 1912 LCCN sn86072020 OCLC 14374699 retrieved September 30 2020 Blethen Alden J ed April 5 1913 Ex secretary of state Sam H Nichols dies Seattle Daily Times Seattle The Seattle Times Company p 9 ISSN 2639 4898 LCCN sn86072007 OCLC 1765328 retrieved February 3 2021 S H Nichols dies in Everett home Seattle Post Intelligencer Seattle Leigh S J Hunt p 21 April 6 1913 ISSN 2379 7304 LCCN sn83045604 OCLC 9563195 retrieved September 30 2020 Revels Cayton Susie ed April 11 1913 Persons in the public eye Seattle Republican Seattle Republican Pub Co p 2 ISSN 2157 3271 LCCN sn84025811 OCLC 10328970 retrieved September 30 2020 Sam H Nichols dead San Juan Islander Friday Harbor Culver Bros p 1 April 11 1913 LCCN sn88085190 OCLC 42342745 retrieved September 30 2020 Aged politician dies Duchesne Record Duchesne Duchesne Publishing Company p 2 April 18 1913 OCLC 12358458 retrieved September 30 2020 Blethen Alden J ed June 13 1913 John H Schively gets job with Seattle firm Seattle Daily Times Seattle The Seattle Times Company p 19 ISSN 2639 4898 LCCN sn86072007 OCLC 1765328 retrieved February 3 2021 Mason John W ed 1916 History of Otter Tail County Minnesota its people industries and institutions with biographical sketches of representative citizens and genealogical records of many of the old families PDF Indianapolis B F Bowen LCCN 57052403 OCLC 4799831 retrieved October 1 2020 Evergreen Cemetery Guide epls org Everett Everett Public Library January 1 2009 retrieved October 1 2020 Bagley Clarence B 1916 History of Seattle From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time Chicago S J Clarke Publishing Company LCCN 16011408 OCLC 7372062 Bonney William Pierce 1927 Hanford Cornelius ed History of Pierce County Chicago Pioneer Historical Publishing Company LCCN 95109999 OCLC 10442109 Brazier Don 2000 History of the Washington Legislature 1854 1963 Olympia Washington State Senate LCCN 00329677 OCLC 45163476 Corey Deloraine P 1903 Births marriages and deaths in the town of Malden Massachusetts 1649 1850 PDF Cambridge Cambridge University Press LCCN 03023027 OCLC 2698561 retrieved October 1 2020 Fuller Edward N January 1 1901 Fuller Edward N ed Secretary s Office Washington Historian Tacoma Washington State Historical Society vol II no 2 pp 100 103 LCCN 05000235 OCLC 11580302 Hume Harry 1906 Prosperous Washington a series of articles descriptive of the Evergreen State its magnificent resources and its present and probable development Seattle The Seattle Post intelligencer LCCN 07006883 OCLC 18263388 Hunt Herbert Kaylor Floyd C 1917 Washington west of the Cascades historical and descriptive the explorers the Indians the pioneers the modern Chicago S J Clarke Publishing Company LCCN 18015511 OCLC 10086413 Leonard Joseph Alexander 1910 History of Olmsted County Minnesota Together with sketches of many of its pioneers citizens families and institutions PDF Chicago Goodspeed Historical Association LCCN 57052782 OCLC 21023016 retrieved October 23 2020 McRae John October 1 1907 Wilhelm Honor L ed History of the Building of Everett The Coast Seattle The Coast Publishing Company vol XIV no 4 pp 220 223 LCCN 05032197 OCLC 890484899 Nichols Sam H Frater A W 1903 Agricultural manufacturing and commercial resources and capabilities of Washington PDF Olympia Gwin Hicks OCLC 15223745 retrieved October 23 2020 Nichols Sam H Allen Geo M 1905 A review of the resources and industries of Washington Olympia C W Gorham OCLC 29720963 Nichols Sam H Allen Geo M 1907 A review of the resources and industries of Washington Olympia C W Gorham OCLC 5274735 Prosser William Farrand 1903 Lewis Edward Gardner ed A history of the Puget Sound country its resources its commerce and its people New York City Edward Gardner Lewis LCCN 05013767 Shaver Frederic Ambrose Steele Richard F Rose Arthur P 1906 An Illustrated History of southeastern Washington including Walla Walla Columbia Garfield and Asotin counties Washington PDF Spokane Western Historical Publishing Company LCCN 06016711 OCLC 8653519 retrieved October 23 2020 Shiach William Sidney Averill Harrison B 1904 An Illustrated History of Klickitat Yakima and Kittitas counties PDF Chicago Interstate publishing company LCCN 04037127 OCLC 2097023 retrieved October 23 2020 Shiach William Sidney Averill Harrison B 1906 An Illustrated History of Skagit and Snohomish Counties their people their commerce and their resources with an outline of the early history of the state of Washington PDF Chicago Interstate Publishing Company LCCN 06030900 OCLC 11299996 retrieved October 23 2020 Smalley Eugene Virgil 1896 A history of the Republican party from its organization to the present time to which is added a political history of Minnesota from a Republican point of view and biographical sketches of leading Minnesota Republicans Saint Paul Eugene Virgil Smalley OCLC 6030690 Wood James A April 4 1943a He put over direct primary but it didn t put him over Seattle Daily Times Seattle The Seattle Times Company p 15 ISSN 2639 4898 LCCN sn86072007 OCLC 1765328 retrieved September 30 2020 Wood James A April 18 1943b John L kept iron in fire but got only a near miss Seattle Daily Times Seattle The Seattle Times Company p 16 ISSN 2639 4898 LCCN sn86072007 OCLC 1765328 retrieved September 30 2020 Wood James A April 25 1943c People learned to mistrust John L s editorial motives Seattle Daily Times Seattle The Seattle Times Company p 16 ISSN 2639 4898 LCCN sn86072007 OCLC 1765328 retrieved September 30 2020External links editWashington s Secretaries of State Past and Present Archived 2018 11 28 at the Wayback Machine nbsp This article is based on the text donated by the Wenard Institute under CC BY 4 0 license Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sam Nichols amp oldid 1186280053, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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