fbpx
Wikipedia

Rykestrasse Synagogue

Rykestrasse Synagogue, Germany's largest synagogue, is located in the Prenzlauer Berg neighbourhood in the Pankow borough of Berlin. Johann Hoeniger [de] built the synagogue in 1903/1904. It was inaugurated on 4 September 1904, in time for the holidays of and around Rosh Hashanah. The synagogue stands off the street alignment and is reached by a thoroughfare in the pertaining front building.

Rykestrasse Synagogue
Synagoge Rykestraße
Entrance from the courtyard of Rykestraße No. 53
Religion
AffiliationJudaism
DistrictJüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin
RiteConservative (Ashkenazi)
Year consecrated1904
1939
1945
Statusactive synagogue
Location
LocationPrenzlauer Berg, a locality in the Pankow borough of Berlin.
StateGermany
Geographic coordinates52°32′07″N 13°25′07″E / 52.535381°N 13.418598°E / 52.535381; 13.418598
Architecture
Architect(s)Johann Hoeniger [de] (1902/04)
Ruth Golan (1995–2007)
StyleNeo-Romanesque
Groundbreaking1903
Specifications
Direction of façadesoutheast
Capacity1074
Length45.78 m (150.2 ft)
Width26.68 m (87.5 ft)
Height (max)17.3 m (57 ft)
Materialsbrick

The years 1902 to 1933 edit

Berlin's Jewish Community [de] (German: Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin), comprising the bulk of Jewish faithful of mainstream (also called liberal, in today's English terminology 'conservative'), Orthodox and Reform affiliation, grew strongly in membership in the second half of the 19th century. With the expansion of Berlin into new neighbourhoods, the need of additional synagogues within a walking distance became urgent. However, the Jewish community could not fulfill all the claims for additional premises, so many private synagogues (Vereinssynagogen, literally synagogues of registered associations) emerged scattered over the city. Most Jews in Prenzlauer Berg, however, could not afford to establish a Vereinssynagoge with their own funds. So in 1902 Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin bought the site in Rykestraße [de] and its building master Johann Hoeniger (1850–1913) was commissioned to design and supervise the building of this new synagogue.

Construction started in 1903, and at noon on Sunday, 4 September 1904, the synagogue was inaugurated with Handel's prelude in D major and the Ma Tovu prayer led by cantor David Stabinski (1857–1919), Rabbi Josef Eschelbacher [de] (1848–1916, illuminating the ner tamid) and Rabbi Adolf Rosenzweig (1850–1918) preaching.[1] Almost the complete board (Vorstand) of Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin and many members of the elected assembly of representatives (Repräsentantenversammlung) attended the ceremony, while the city of Berlin sent its school councillor Carl Michaelis and Paul Langerhans [de], president of the city parliament.

In the afternoon of the same day, Berlin's other Jewish community Israelitische Synagogengemeinde Adass Jisroel [de], solely comprising Orthodox members, opened its own synagogue in Artilleriestraße, today's Tucholskystraße. Five days later on the eve of Rosh haShana the Rykestraße Synagogue was first time used for its actual religious purpose.

 
The nave during a guided tour on the occasion of the European Heritage Days in 2007

With its members of different Jewish affiliations, the Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin also offered services in its different synagogues following different ceremonial styles. Some followed old style (Alter Ritus), such as the Old Synagogue on Heidereutergasse 4, especially for the members clinging to the so-called intra-community orthodoxy (Gemeindeorthodoxie, as opposed to seceded orthodoxy [Austrittsorthodoxie], the proponents of which had seceded from Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin establishing Adass Jisroel in 1869).

Other synagogues applied the new style (Neuer Ritus), often including organ music, (mixed) choirs and additional songs sung in German language.[2]

Each synagogue of Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin had its own elected Synagogenvorstand (board of gabba'im), which developed synagogal minhagim including their own peculiarities.[3] Rykestraße Synagogue adopted a compromise minhag close to Alter Ritus. Thus rabbis of mainstream and Orthodox affiliation served the congregants.

The gabba'im decided to allow women and men sitting side by side, despite criticism from some Orthodox members.[4] In this the synagogue equalled the practice in Lützowstraße Synagogue. The plan to install an organ – as realised in Berlin's New Synagogue in 1861 – was given up after a hefty debate.[5] The space in the prayer hall prepared for the organ remained empty.

In 1904, the Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin opened a Jewish religious school (VI. Religionsschule) in the front building.[6] During World War I Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin engaged Rabbi Martin Joseph as chaplain for Jewish Russian prisoners of war kept in detention centres at Berlin. On the high holidays the German High Command allowed them to attend services in Rykestraße Synagogue.[7]

Joseph Himmel (1872–1943, Theresienstadt) served as president of the gabba'im in the 1910s probably until the 1920s. Orthodox Rabbi Siegfried Alexander (1886–1943, Auschwitz) won the congregants to elect the first woman, Martha Ehrlich (née Eisenhardt; 1896–1942) as gabba'i, equally participating in gabba'i decisions and tasks, however, except of – unlike her male colleagues – calling congregants up to read the Torah.[8] In the 1930s until the closure of the synagogue in 1940, Josef Luster (1886–1943, Auschwitz) presided the board of gabba'im.[9]

In 1922 a private School Association opened a Jewish school in the front building. The synagogue served the congregants in the Prenzlauer Berg neighbourhood as place of worship and for their rites of passage such as weddings and Bar Mitzvah ceremonies as well as Bat Mitzvah ceremonies starting as of the mid-1920s.[10] On Yom Kippur ceremonies the prayer of Kol Nidrei was skipped, as was typical for Neuer Ritus style. However, this was protested in the 1920s by a group of congregants, the so-called Kol Nidrei demonstrators, who ostentatiously left the main prayer hall shortly before the service on the eve of Yom Kippur and then formed a minyan in the hallway, praying Kol Nidrei there, before returning again to the main hall.[11]

The Israelitisches Familienblatt dedicated an article to the 25th anniversary of the inauguration of the Synagogue,[12] while the gabba'im decided to celebrate a special ceremony on Sunday, 29 September 1929.

Some congregants formed a registered association for the Rykestraße Synagogue (Synagogenverein Rykestraße), promoting strong company among the congregants, organising meetings, festivities, lectures to this end, cherishing Jewish traditions and collecting and donating money for needy congregants (Tzedakah), but also demanding a say at employing rabbis and cantors. In 1931 Hugo Alexander presided over the association.

In January 1933, Sally Heilbrunn, Heinrich Loewe [de] (1869–1951, Tel Aviv) and Rabbi Moritz Freier gathered 300 people protesting the replacement of Michael Sachs' Rödelheim siddur (Siddur Sefat Emet סדור ספת אמת) and machzor by the Berlin unitary siddur and machzor (Einheitsgebetsbuch).[13] On 25 January the same year Synagogenverein gathered for a lecture and made the case for unitary siddur and machzor, denying aiming at Reform but at restoring the minhag as it used to be until by 1928, claiming that most congregants disliked the traditionalist changes since.[14] In the end the protesters prevailed and the Rödelheim siddur and machzor remained in use in Rykestraße Synagogue until today.

The synagogue during Nazi rule edit

The upcoming Nazi dictatorship with its anti-Semitic discrimination, invidiousnesses, persecutions, and atrocities changed the lives of German Jewry so thoroughly that disputes on style and traditions fell silent. After the new Nazi government had widely banned Jewish performers, artists and scientists from public stages and lecterns, Rykestraße Synagogue opened for their concerts and lectures organised by Kulturbund Deutscher Juden or benefit performances by Jüdisches Winterhilfswerk (Jewish winter aid endowment) in favour of poor Jews, who had been excluded from government benefits.[15]

On 16 February 1934, the synagogue choir under Kurt Burchard (1877–1942, Auschwitz) enacted for the first time the new Friday night liturgy that had been composed by Jakob Dymont (1881–1956), choirmaster at Adass Jisroel synagogue. Dymont composed it along the melodies of chazzanut following the nussach. Also Dymont's Shabbat morning liturgy was presented in the synagogue. For the 30th anniversary of the synagogue, Rudolf Melnitz reported in Israelitisches Familienblatt that the synagogue had attracted more people and that, with Orthodox and mainstream rabbis officiating, Rykestraße congregation enjoyed a unique richness.[16]

The synagogue did not burn during the November Pogrom, then euphemised as "Kristallnacht" (Night of Broken Glass) on 9 November 1938, when Nazis attacked in well organised pogroms synagogues and Jewish businesses.[17] Instead the Nazis ordered – as in other comparable sites too[18] – a "mere" vandalisation and destruction of furnishings, since the synagogue is located within a block of residential buildings.[19] A fire ignited and burning torah scrolls and smashed furniture was soon extinguished before spreading to the actual building.[20] Many windows had been destroyed. Rabbis and other male congregants were arrested and taken to Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin mended the synagogue, one of the few little-destroyed ones in Berlin, and reopened it on the eve of Pessach 1939 (3 April).[21] Regular Jewish ceremonies could be held until, on 12 April 1940, Jüdisches Nachrichtenblatt announced that services would not held be any more in Rykestraße and in the also reopened New Synagogue until further notice. That was the usual way in which Nazi prohibitions were publicised.

The Jewish school in the front building was forced to close in 1941. However, the Jewish community formally remained proprietor of the site. In May 1942 the borough of Prenzlauer Berg declared its will to acquire the site paying the ridiculous sum of 191,860 reichsmark (ℛℳ), and effectively on 1 September 1944 the site was conveyanced to the borough.[22] When on 6 May 1943 the Jewish community applied at the Gestapo for a sale permission, since all its property was under custodianship as were any sales proceeds, it named the Heeresstandortverwaltung I Berlin (German Army garrison administration no. I) as the tenant of the entire site, except for two little apartments in the front building still rented out to residential tenants.[23]

The oft-mentioned usage of the synagogue by the Wehrmacht as a horse barn is unproven and unlikely. There were no premises and remainders found in the synagogue indicating that usage.[23] Instead it is reported that furniture was stored in the prayer hall. The furnishings (chandeliers, lustres, menorot, ner tamid, cupper coverings of doors) of the synagogue made from non-ferrous metal, which was scarce and much needed for war production, were not dismantled.[24]

Post-war edit

The prayer hall lacked most of its benches, and the aron kodesh was screened off by a raw provisional wall built after April 1940. Sanitary installations had been dismantled and the destroyed windows exposed the interior to the impact of weather. Erich Nehlhans [de] (1899–1950, Soviet Gulag), who survived the Shoah living underground, the new president of Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin much promoted the reopening of Rykestraße Synagogue. He informed the city council that on Friday, 13 July 1945, the first shabbat ceremony was held, also attended by Soviet City Commander Nikolai Berzarin, however using the better preserved and smaller weekday prayer hall. On 29 July 1945 Rabbi Martin Riesenburger [de] could celebrate the first Jewish wedding there since the closure of the synagogue in 1940. Jewish displaced persons, who survived the Shoa and were stranded in Berlin, used to live in the front building.

The great prayer hall was provisionally refurnished with benches. A new central bimah replaced the original one located directly in front of the aron qodesh and thus also screened off by the wall. Services were held on Rosh Hashana 1945 and Pessach 1946, before another closure for a more serious refurbish 1946/1947.[25]

In the GDR era edit

 
The parochet of the aron qodesh.

In 1952 Heinz Galinski, since 1949 the president of still´undivided Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin, commissioned Heinz Juliusberger, head of its construction department, to prepare and supervise an extensive renovation of the synagogue, being the sole functioning synagogue in the eastern sector of Berlin. Material unavailable in the communist planning system, such as zinc to repair the roof, were bought in West Berlin and brought over.[26] The provisional wall was demolished reopening the access to the aron qodesh and the original bimah, so that the central bimah, disliked by Riesenburger, could be removed again.[27]

During the course of the anti-Semitic campaigns in Czechoslovakia during the Slánský trial, GDR authorities arrested and interrogated Jews living in East Germany. The Stasi searched community offices all over the GDR, leading to renewed exodus from the GDR by Jews. West Berlin permitted these migrants and within several months, between 500 and 600 Jews crossed over.[28]

Berlin's Chief Rabbi Nathan Peter Levinson [de] then urged Galinski, who rather maintained a low political profile after the Soviets had deported his predecessor, to warn Jews in the east of the upcoming persecution, which he did by way of a press conference held in West Berlin. Communist Volkskammer deputy Julius Meyer [de] (1909–1979), president of the union of Jewish congregations in East Germany (not including Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin), was interrogated between 6 and 8 January, when GDR officials prompted him to declare in the name of the Jewish community that there is no anti-Semitism in communist states, that Israel is a fascist state and that he acknowledges the Slánský trial. Meyer refused and fled to West Berlin in the night after the Doctors' plot started on 13 January 1953.[27][29]

Hoping to spare themselves from further persecution, members of Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin in East Berlin formed a new provisional executive board only competent for the eastern sector on 21 January, thus establishing Jüdische Gemeinde von Groß-Berlin (i.e. Jewish congregation of Greater Berlin), dividing Berlin's Jewish community. Rykestraße congregant Georg Heilbrunn (1887–1971; brother of the aforementioned Sally Heilbrunn), president of the Rykestraße gabba'im, was elected member of the East Berlin community board.[30] On 25 January the GDR started a wave of arrests of Jews.

So there were Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin and Jüdische Gemeinde von Groß-Berlin, one western one eastern, when Riesenburger re-inaugurated Rykestraße Synagogue on Sunday, 30 August 1953, giving it the name "Friedenstempel"( English: Temple of Peace). Georg Heilbrunn and Israel Rothmann held speeches, the latter praising the great Soviet Union and the GDR government. The latter sent Arnold Zweig and Robert Havemann as its representatives. However, an arson attack on the day before cast a pall on the re-inauguration.[31] The naming "Friedenstempel" did not prevail.

 
Stained glass rose window at the southwestern gable of the nave.

Further repairs followed in 1957 and 1967, but funds for houses of worship were in short supply from an atheist-oriented government. After the erection of the Berlin Wall the number of members of the Jewish community in the eastern sector of Berlin amounted to about 3,000 persons.

On Sunday, 11 March 1962, Rabbi Riesenburger, who was also an organist, inaugurated an organ installed for the first time in the preserved location, which he played in concerts of traditional Berlin synagogal organ music.[32] Still in use today, this instrument, a single keyboarded church organ of famous organ builder Sauer [de] (Frankfurt upon Oder) is used sometimes for concerts and some religious services as wedding ceremonies.

On Tuesday, 1 September 1964, Jüdische Gemeinde von Groß-Berlin celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Synagogue. Leipzig's Jewish cantor Werner Sander [de] directed the concert of the Leipziger Synagogalchor [de] accompanied by West Berlin's cantors Estrongo Nachama [de] (1918–2000) or Leo Roth [de] (1921–2004), with Riesenburger preaching.[33] After his death in 1965 Riesenburger was succeeded by Rabbi Ödön Singer. After he returned to Hungary in 1969 the position remained vacant.

On 21 September 1976 East Berlin registered Rykestraße Synagogue as a monument, so public subsidies flowed for the renovations in 1986/1987. On Rosh haShana 1987 (23 September) Isaac Newman assumed his office as rabbi for Jüdische Gemeinde von Berlin (after 1970 the Groß had been skipped). However, congregation and rabbi were disappointed of each other so Newman returned to the United States in May 1988. On 25 February 1988 the GDR government reversed the property transfer of 1944, thus Jüdische Gemeinde von Berlin (East) held again property title to the Synagogue. However, as the long practice showed since 1945, it was not the property title, in any case it was discretionarily not respected by the communist East German rulers, which allows the de facto usage, but usage depended on the pure goodwill of the rulers. By 1990 the community counted a mere 200 members and no longer had a rabbi. On 1 January 1991 the small Jüdische Gemeinde von Berlin (East) and the much bigger Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin (West) reunited.

After unification edit

On 12 September 2004, the centenary of Rykestrasse synagogue was solemnly celebrated, cantor Jochen Fahlenkamp singing "Adoshem Malach" by former Rykestrasse choir conductor and composer Jakob Dymont (1860–1956).

The synagogue's interior, which now seats up to 1,074 people, originally sat 2,000. After more than a year of work to restore its prewar splendor, it was rededicated on 31 August 2007, this time as an Orthodox synagogue, with separate seating and an Orthodox Minyan. The inauguration saw rabbis bringing the Torah to the synagogue, in a ceremony witnessed by political leaders and Holocaust survivors from around the world.

"It is now the most beautiful synagogue in Germany," the cultural affairs director of the Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin, Peter Sauerbaum, said.

Today, Berlin has the largest Jewish community in Germany, with 12,000 registered members and eight synagogues.

Visiting the synagogue edit

Public tours through the Rykestrasse Synagogue are available on Thursdays between 14:00 and 18:00 and Sundays between 11:00 and 16:00. Tours are offered in German; an English tour starts at 16:00 on Thursdays. Entry is permitted until 17:30 pm and no entry is permitted at any other time.

Services are held on Friday nights and Saturday mornings.

The Synagogue can easily be accessed by public transport through the underground line U2 (stations Senefelderplatz and Eberswalder Strasse) and the tramway line M2 (stations Knaackstrasse and Marienburger Strasse).

List of rabbis serving at Rykestraße Synagogue edit

Since the archives of Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin were mostly destroyed following the compulsory dissolution of the community by the Nazi government exact years of office cannot be given. The rabbis also alternately served at other synagogues of Jüdische Gemeinde, some restricting themselves to only Alter Ritus or Neuer Ritus synagogues, some serving wherever the gabba'im invited them.

 
The lectern for preaches in front of the aron kodesh.
  • Siegmund Maybaum (1844–1919; mainstream)
  • Josef Stier [de] (1843–1919; mainstream)
  • Samson Hochfeld [de] (1871–1921; mainstream)
  • Josef Eschelbacher [de] (1848–1916; Orthodox)
  • Siegfried Alexander (1886–1943, Auschwitz; Orthodox)
  • Moritz Freier (1889–1969; Orthodox)
  • Ezechiel Landau (1888–1965; Orthodox)
  • Wilhelm Lewy [de] (1876–1949; Orthodox)
  • Israel Nobel (1878–1962; Orthodox)
  • Markus Petuchowski (1866–1926; Orthodox)
  • Max Weyl (17 February 1873 – 27 September 1942, deported to Theresienstadt in 1942; graduate of Rabbinerseminar für das Orthodoxe Judentum, however mainstream), tutoring the world's first female Rabbi Regina Jonas.[8][34]
  • Manfred Swarsensky (1906–1981; mainstream)
  • no services at Rykestraße Synagogue between April 1940 and July 1945
  • Martin Riesenburger [de] (1896–1965), officiated from July 1945 till his death[35]
  • Ödön Singer, officiated 1965–1969
  • vacancy 1969–1987
  • Isaac Newman (b. 1923), officiated September 1987 till May 1988
  • vacancy 1988–1990
  • rabbis of Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin, reunited since 1 January 1991

List of cantors serving at Rykestraße Synagogue edit

  • David Stabinski, succeeded by
  • Max Sacher (1863–?), succeeded by
  • Leo Juda Leib Ahlbeck (1880–?, emigrated to Britain in 1939), succeeded by
  • Joseph Schallamach (b. 1907, emigrated to Shanghai), also serving as shammes
  • no services at Rykestraße Synagogue between April 1940 and July 1945
  • Paul Hecht (1897–?, emigrated by 1953 to the USA)
  • Moritz Spitzer (1885–1964)
  • Alfred Scheidemann (1905–1972)
  • Sally Simoni (1905–1989)
  • Oljean Ingster [de] (b. 1928), officiating since Pessach 1966
  • Jochen Fahlenkamp (1953–), officiating since 1998

Cantors on weekdays before 1940: Salomon Blaustein (1847–1933) and Bernhard Kassel

References edit

  • Georg Dehio. Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler: Berlin, Ernst Gall (ed.), Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger, Michael Bollé, Ralph Paschke (collaborators) et al., Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2000, p. 325. ISBN 3-422-03071-9
  • Ulrich Eckhardt [de], Andreas Nachama [de] with Heinz Knobloch and Elke Nord, Jüdische Orte in Berlin, Berlin: Nicolai, 1996, pp. 38seq. ISBN 3-87584-581-1
  • Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), 63 pages. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  • Zeugnisse jüdischer Kultur: Erinnerungsstätten in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin, Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen und Thüringen , Klaus Arlt, Ingrid Ehlers (eds.), Constantin Beyer (photos) et al., Berlin: Tourist-Verlag and Wichern-Verlag, 1992, pp. 144seq. ISBN 3-350-00780-5

References edit

  1. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 10seqq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  2. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 23seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  3. ^ Cf. Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 21seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  4. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 11. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  5. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 15seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  6. ^ Cf. Israelitisches Familienblatt, 3 October 1904.
  7. ^ Cf. Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 23. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  8. ^ a b Cf. Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 25seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  9. ^ He ran a kosher mineral-water and soft-drink factory on a site adjacent to the synagogue in the same block.
  10. ^ Cf. Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 18. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  11. ^ Cf. Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 24. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  12. ^ Cf. Israelitisches Familienblatt, 15 August 1929.
  13. ^ Cf. Israelitisches Familienblatt, 18 January 1933.
  14. ^ Cf. Israelitisches Familienblatt, 2 February 1933.
  15. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 38. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  16. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 34seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  17. ^ Zeugnisse jüdischer Kultur: Erinnerungsstätten in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin, Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen und Thüringen , Klaus Arlt, Ingrid Ehlers, Constantin Beyer (photos) et al., Berlin: Tourist-Verlag and Wichern-Verlag, 1992, p. 145. ISBN 3-350-00780-5
  18. ^ The synagogue in Berlin's Pestalozzistraße was not set on fire at the November Pogrom due to its location inside a block, the synagogue in Augsburg weathered it, because it neighboured a compound of kerosine tanks, the synagogue in Lübeck, because it stood (and still stands) almost wall to wall to the city's Museum of Art and Culture, etc.
  19. ^ Ulrich Eckhardt, Andreas Nachama with Heinz Knobloch and Elke Nord, Jüdische Orte in Berlin, Berlin: Nicolai, 1996, p. 39. ISBN 3-87584-581-1
  20. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 39seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  21. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 41. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  22. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 43. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  23. ^ a b Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 44. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  24. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 45. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  25. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 47seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  26. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 48. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  27. ^ a b Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 49. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  28. ^ 556 Jews filed for refuge in West Berlin until March 1953 with prior c. 2,500 Jews in East Berlin and another 2,000 in East Germany proper.
  29. ^ Also the presidents of the Jewish congregations of Dresden, Erfurt, and Leipzig escaped to the West.
  30. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagogue Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 49seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  31. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 50seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  32. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 17. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  33. ^ Hermann Simon, Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004), Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 55. ISBN 3-933471-71-0
  34. ^ Weyl also served in the synagogue Kaiserstraße, New Synagogue and Lindenstraße.
  35. ^ Jüdische Gemeinde employed Riesenburger on 1 June 1933, he was ordained rabbi in 1939, practising until June 1943, then occupied at Weißensee Cemetery to perform Jewish burials of the deceased among the few Jews still living in Berlin, mostly Jews living in a so-called mixed marriage.

External links edit

  • In pictures: Germany's biggest synagogue
  • Germany's biggest synagogue reopening

rykestrasse, synagogue, germany, largest, synagogue, located, prenzlauer, berg, neighbourhood, pankow, borough, berlin, johann, hoeniger, built, synagogue, 1903, 1904, inaugurated, september, 1904, time, holidays, around, rosh, hashanah, synagogue, stands, str. Rykestrasse Synagogue Germany s largest synagogue is located in the Prenzlauer Berg neighbourhood in the Pankow borough of Berlin Johann Hoeniger de built the synagogue in 1903 1904 It was inaugurated on 4 September 1904 in time for the holidays of and around Rosh Hashanah The synagogue stands off the street alignment and is reached by a thoroughfare in the pertaining front building Rykestrasse SynagogueSynagoge RykestrasseEntrance from the courtyard of Rykestrasse No 53ReligionAffiliationJudaismDistrictJudische Gemeinde zu BerlinRiteConservative Ashkenazi Year consecrated190419391945Statusactive synagogueLocationLocationPrenzlauer Berg a locality in the Pankow borough of Berlin StateGermanyGeographic coordinates52 32 07 N 13 25 07 E 52 535381 N 13 418598 E 52 535381 13 418598ArchitectureArchitect s Johann Hoeniger de 1902 04 Ruth Golan 1995 2007 StyleNeo RomanesqueGroundbreaking1903SpecificationsDirection of facadesoutheastCapacity1074Length45 78 m 150 2 ft Width26 68 m 87 5 ft Height max 17 3 m 57 ft Materialsbrick Contents 1 The years 1902 to 1933 2 The synagogue during Nazi rule 3 Post war 4 In the GDR era 5 After unification 6 Visiting the synagogue 7 List of rabbis serving at Rykestrasse Synagogue 8 List of cantors serving at Rykestrasse Synagogue 9 References 10 References 11 External linksThe years 1902 to 1933 editBerlin s Jewish Community de German Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin comprising the bulk of Jewish faithful of mainstream also called liberal in today s English terminology conservative Orthodox and Reform affiliation grew strongly in membership in the second half of the 19th century With the expansion of Berlin into new neighbourhoods the need of additional synagogues within a walking distance became urgent However the Jewish community could not fulfill all the claims for additional premises so many private synagogues Vereinssynagogen literally synagogues of registered associations emerged scattered over the city Most Jews in Prenzlauer Berg however could not afford to establish a Vereinssynagoge with their own funds So in 1902 Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin bought the site in Rykestrasse de and its building master Johann Hoeniger 1850 1913 was commissioned to design and supervise the building of this new synagogue Construction started in 1903 and at noon on Sunday 4 September 1904 the synagogue was inaugurated with Handel s prelude in D major and the Ma Tovu prayer led by cantor David Stabinski 1857 1919 Rabbi Josef Eschelbacher de 1848 1916 illuminating the ner tamid and Rabbi Adolf Rosenzweig 1850 1918 preaching 1 Almost the complete board Vorstand of Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin and many members of the elected assembly of representatives Reprasentantenversammlung attended the ceremony while the city of Berlin sent its school councillor Carl Michaelis and Paul Langerhans de president of the city parliament In the afternoon of the same day Berlin s other Jewish community Israelitische Synagogengemeinde Adass Jisroel de solely comprising Orthodox members opened its own synagogue in Artilleriestrasse today s Tucholskystrasse Five days later on the eve of Rosh haShana the Rykestrasse Synagogue was first time used for its actual religious purpose nbsp The nave during a guided tour on the occasion of the European Heritage Days in 2007With its members of different Jewish affiliations the Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin also offered services in its different synagogues following different ceremonial styles Some followed old style Alter Ritus such as the Old Synagogue on Heidereutergasse 4 especially for the members clinging to the so called intra community orthodoxy Gemeindeorthodoxie as opposed to seceded orthodoxy Austrittsorthodoxie the proponents of which had seceded from Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin establishing Adass Jisroel in 1869 Other synagogues applied the new style Neuer Ritus often including organ music mixed choirs and additional songs sung in German language 2 Each synagogue of Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin had its own elected Synagogenvorstand board of gabba im which developed synagogal minhagim including their own peculiarities 3 Rykestrasse Synagogue adopted a compromise minhag close to Alter Ritus Thus rabbis of mainstream and Orthodox affiliation served the congregants The gabba im decided to allow women and men sitting side by side despite criticism from some Orthodox members 4 In this the synagogue equalled the practice in Lutzowstrasse Synagogue The plan to install an organ as realised in Berlin s New Synagogue in 1861 was given up after a hefty debate 5 The space in the prayer hall prepared for the organ remained empty In 1904 the Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin opened a Jewish religious school VI Religionsschule in the front building 6 During World War I Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin engaged Rabbi Martin Joseph as chaplain for Jewish Russian prisoners of war kept in detention centres at Berlin On the high holidays the German High Command allowed them to attend services in Rykestrasse Synagogue 7 Joseph Himmel 1872 1943 Theresienstadt served as president of the gabba im in the 1910s probably until the 1920s Orthodox Rabbi Siegfried Alexander 1886 1943 Auschwitz won the congregants to elect the first woman Martha Ehrlich nee Eisenhardt 1896 1942 as gabba i equally participating in gabba i decisions and tasks however except of unlike her male colleagues calling congregants up to read the Torah 8 In the 1930s until the closure of the synagogue in 1940 Josef Luster 1886 1943 Auschwitz presided the board of gabba im 9 In 1922 a private School Association opened a Jewish school in the front building The synagogue served the congregants in the Prenzlauer Berg neighbourhood as place of worship and for their rites of passage such as weddings and Bar Mitzvah ceremonies as well as Bat Mitzvah ceremonies starting as of the mid 1920s 10 On Yom Kippur ceremonies the prayer of Kol Nidrei was skipped as was typical for Neuer Ritus style However this was protested in the 1920s by a group of congregants the so called Kol Nidrei demonstrators who ostentatiously left the main prayer hall shortly before the service on the eve of Yom Kippur and then formed a minyan in the hallway praying Kol Nidrei there before returning again to the main hall 11 The Israelitisches Familienblatt dedicated an article to the 25th anniversary of the inauguration of the Synagogue 12 while the gabba im decided to celebrate a special ceremony on Sunday 29 September 1929 Some congregants formed a registered association for the Rykestrasse Synagogue Synagogenverein Rykestrasse promoting strong company among the congregants organising meetings festivities lectures to this end cherishing Jewish traditions and collecting and donating money for needy congregants Tzedakah but also demanding a say at employing rabbis and cantors In 1931 Hugo Alexander presided over the association In January 1933 Sally Heilbrunn Heinrich Loewe de 1869 1951 Tel Aviv and Rabbi Moritz Freier gathered 300 people protesting the replacement of Michael Sachs Rodelheim siddur Siddur Sefat Emet סדור ספת אמת and machzor by the Berlin unitary siddur and machzor Einheitsgebetsbuch 13 On 25 January the same year Synagogenverein gathered for a lecture and made the case for unitary siddur and machzor denying aiming at Reform but at restoring the minhag as it used to be until by 1928 claiming that most congregants disliked the traditionalist changes since 14 In the end the protesters prevailed and the Rodelheim siddur and machzor remained in use in Rykestrasse Synagogue until today The synagogue during Nazi rule editThe upcoming Nazi dictatorship with its anti Semitic discrimination invidiousnesses persecutions and atrocities changed the lives of German Jewry so thoroughly that disputes on style and traditions fell silent After the new Nazi government had widely banned Jewish performers artists and scientists from public stages and lecterns Rykestrasse Synagogue opened for their concerts and lectures organised by Kulturbund Deutscher Juden or benefit performances by Judisches Winterhilfswerk Jewish winter aid endowment in favour of poor Jews who had been excluded from government benefits 15 On 16 February 1934 the synagogue choir under Kurt Burchard 1877 1942 Auschwitz enacted for the first time the new Friday night liturgy that had been composed by Jakob Dymont 1881 1956 choirmaster at Adass Jisroel synagogue Dymont composed it along the melodies of chazzanut following the nussach Also Dymont s Shabbat morning liturgy was presented in the synagogue For the 30th anniversary of the synagogue Rudolf Melnitz reported in Israelitisches Familienblatt that the synagogue had attracted more people and that with Orthodox and mainstream rabbis officiating Rykestrasse congregation enjoyed a unique richness 16 The synagogue did not burn during the November Pogrom then euphemised as Kristallnacht Night of Broken Glass on 9 November 1938 when Nazis attacked in well organised pogroms synagogues and Jewish businesses 17 Instead the Nazis ordered as in other comparable sites too 18 a mere vandalisation and destruction of furnishings since the synagogue is located within a block of residential buildings 19 A fire ignited and burning torah scrolls and smashed furniture was soon extinguished before spreading to the actual building 20 Many windows had been destroyed Rabbis and other male congregants were arrested and taken to Sachsenhausen concentration camp Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin mended the synagogue one of the few little destroyed ones in Berlin and reopened it on the eve of Pessach 1939 3 April 21 Regular Jewish ceremonies could be held until on 12 April 1940 Judisches Nachrichtenblatt announced that services would not held be any more in Rykestrasse and in the also reopened New Synagogue until further notice That was the usual way in which Nazi prohibitions were publicised The Jewish school in the front building was forced to close in 1941 However the Jewish community formally remained proprietor of the site In May 1942 the borough of Prenzlauer Berg declared its will to acquire the site paying the ridiculous sum of 191 860 reichsmark ℛℳ and effectively on 1 September 1944 the site was conveyanced to the borough 22 When on 6 May 1943 the Jewish community applied at the Gestapo for a sale permission since all its property was under custodianship as were any sales proceeds it named the Heeresstandortverwaltung I Berlin German Army garrison administration no I as the tenant of the entire site except for two little apartments in the front building still rented out to residential tenants 23 The oft mentioned usage of the synagogue by the Wehrmacht as a horse barn is unproven and unlikely There were no premises and remainders found in the synagogue indicating that usage 23 Instead it is reported that furniture was stored in the prayer hall The furnishings chandeliers lustres menorot ner tamid cupper coverings of doors of the synagogue made from non ferrous metal which was scarce and much needed for war production were not dismantled 24 Post war editThe prayer hall lacked most of its benches and the aron kodesh was screened off by a raw provisional wall built after April 1940 Sanitary installations had been dismantled and the destroyed windows exposed the interior to the impact of weather Erich Nehlhans de 1899 1950 Soviet Gulag who survived the Shoah living underground the new president of Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin much promoted the reopening of Rykestrasse Synagogue He informed the city council that on Friday 13 July 1945 the first shabbat ceremony was held also attended by Soviet City Commander Nikolai Berzarin however using the better preserved and smaller weekday prayer hall On 29 July 1945 Rabbi Martin Riesenburger de could celebrate the first Jewish wedding there since the closure of the synagogue in 1940 Jewish displaced persons who survived the Shoa and were stranded in Berlin used to live in the front building The great prayer hall was provisionally refurnished with benches A new central bimah replaced the original one located directly in front of the aron qodesh and thus also screened off by the wall Services were held on Rosh Hashana 1945 and Pessach 1946 before another closure for a more serious refurbish 1946 1947 25 In the GDR era edit nbsp The parochet of the aron qodesh In 1952 Heinz Galinski since 1949 the president of still undivided Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin commissioned Heinz Juliusberger head of its construction department to prepare and supervise an extensive renovation of the synagogue being the sole functioning synagogue in the eastern sector of Berlin Material unavailable in the communist planning system such as zinc to repair the roof were bought in West Berlin and brought over 26 The provisional wall was demolished reopening the access to the aron qodesh and the original bimah so that the central bimah disliked by Riesenburger could be removed again 27 During the course of the anti Semitic campaigns in Czechoslovakia during the Slansky trial GDR authorities arrested and interrogated Jews living in East Germany The Stasi searched community offices all over the GDR leading to renewed exodus from the GDR by Jews West Berlin permitted these migrants and within several months between 500 and 600 Jews crossed over 28 Berlin s Chief Rabbi Nathan Peter Levinson de then urged Galinski who rather maintained a low political profile after the Soviets had deported his predecessor to warn Jews in the east of the upcoming persecution which he did by way of a press conference held in West Berlin Communist Volkskammer deputy Julius Meyer de 1909 1979 president of the union of Jewish congregations in East Germany not including Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin was interrogated between 6 and 8 January when GDR officials prompted him to declare in the name of the Jewish community that there is no anti Semitism in communist states that Israel is a fascist state and that he acknowledges the Slansky trial Meyer refused and fled to West Berlin in the night after the Doctors plot started on 13 January 1953 27 29 Hoping to spare themselves from further persecution members of Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin in East Berlin formed a new provisional executive board only competent for the eastern sector on 21 January thus establishing Judische Gemeinde von Gross Berlin i e Jewish congregation of Greater Berlin dividing Berlin s Jewish community Rykestrasse congregant Georg Heilbrunn 1887 1971 brother of the aforementioned Sally Heilbrunn president of the Rykestrasse gabba im was elected member of the East Berlin community board 30 On 25 January the GDR started a wave of arrests of Jews So there were Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin and Judische Gemeinde von Gross Berlin one western one eastern when Riesenburger re inaugurated Rykestrasse Synagogue on Sunday 30 August 1953 giving it the name Friedenstempel English Temple of Peace Georg Heilbrunn and Israel Rothmann held speeches the latter praising the great Soviet Union and the GDR government The latter sent Arnold Zweig and Robert Havemann as its representatives However an arson attack on the day before cast a pall on the re inauguration 31 The naming Friedenstempel did not prevail nbsp Stained glass rose window at the southwestern gable of the nave Further repairs followed in 1957 and 1967 but funds for houses of worship were in short supply from an atheist oriented government After the erection of the Berlin Wall the number of members of the Jewish community in the eastern sector of Berlin amounted to about 3 000 persons On Sunday 11 March 1962 Rabbi Riesenburger who was also an organist inaugurated an organ installed for the first time in the preserved location which he played in concerts of traditional Berlin synagogal organ music 32 Still in use today this instrument a single keyboarded church organ of famous organ builder Sauer de Frankfurt upon Oder is used sometimes for concerts and some religious services as wedding ceremonies On Tuesday 1 September 1964 Judische Gemeinde von Gross Berlin celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Synagogue Leipzig s Jewish cantor Werner Sander de directed the concert of the Leipziger Synagogalchor de accompanied by West Berlin s cantors Estrongo Nachama de 1918 2000 or Leo Roth de 1921 2004 with Riesenburger preaching 33 After his death in 1965 Riesenburger was succeeded by Rabbi Odon Singer After he returned to Hungary in 1969 the position remained vacant On 21 September 1976 East Berlin registered Rykestrasse Synagogue as a monument so public subsidies flowed for the renovations in 1986 1987 On Rosh haShana 1987 23 September Isaac Newman assumed his office as rabbi for Judische Gemeinde von Berlin after 1970 the Gross had been skipped However congregation and rabbi were disappointed of each other so Newman returned to the United States in May 1988 On 25 February 1988 the GDR government reversed the property transfer of 1944 thus Judische Gemeinde von Berlin East held again property title to the Synagogue However as the long practice showed since 1945 it was not the property title in any case it was discretionarily not respected by the communist East German rulers which allows the de facto usage but usage depended on the pure goodwill of the rulers By 1990 the community counted a mere 200 members and no longer had a rabbi On 1 January 1991 the small Judische Gemeinde von Berlin East and the much bigger Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin West reunited After unification editOn 12 September 2004 the centenary of Rykestrasse synagogue was solemnly celebrated cantor Jochen Fahlenkamp singing Adoshem Malach by former Rykestrasse choir conductor and composer Jakob Dymont 1860 1956 The synagogue s interior which now seats up to 1 074 people originally sat 2 000 After more than a year of work to restore its prewar splendor it was rededicated on 31 August 2007 this time as an Orthodox synagogue with separate seating and an Orthodox Minyan The inauguration saw rabbis bringing the Torah to the synagogue in a ceremony witnessed by political leaders and Holocaust survivors from around the world It is now the most beautiful synagogue in Germany the cultural affairs director of the Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin Peter Sauerbaum said Today Berlin has the largest Jewish community in Germany with 12 000 registered members and eight synagogues Visiting the synagogue editPublic tours through the Rykestrasse Synagogue are available on Thursdays between 14 00 and 18 00 and Sundays between 11 00 and 16 00 Tours are offered in German an English tour starts at 16 00 on Thursdays Entry is permitted until 17 30 pm and no entry is permitted at any other time Services are held on Friday nights and Saturday mornings The Synagogue can easily be accessed by public transport through the underground line U2 stations Senefelderplatz and Eberswalder Strasse and the tramway line M2 stations Knaackstrasse and Marienburger Strasse List of rabbis serving at Rykestrasse Synagogue editSince the archives of Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin were mostly destroyed following the compulsory dissolution of the community by the Nazi government exact years of office cannot be given The rabbis also alternately served at other synagogues of Judische Gemeinde some restricting themselves to only Alter Ritus or Neuer Ritus synagogues some serving wherever the gabba im invited them nbsp The lectern for preaches in front of the aron kodesh Siegmund Maybaum 1844 1919 mainstream Josef Stier de 1843 1919 mainstream Samson Hochfeld de 1871 1921 mainstream Josef Eschelbacher de 1848 1916 Orthodox Siegfried Alexander 1886 1943 Auschwitz Orthodox Moritz Freier 1889 1969 Orthodox Ezechiel Landau 1888 1965 Orthodox Wilhelm Lewy de 1876 1949 Orthodox Israel Nobel 1878 1962 Orthodox Markus Petuchowski 1866 1926 Orthodox Max Weyl 17 February 1873 27 September 1942 deported to Theresienstadt in 1942 graduate of Rabbinerseminar fur das Orthodoxe Judentum however mainstream tutoring the world s first female Rabbi Regina Jonas 8 34 Manfred Swarsensky 1906 1981 mainstream no services at Rykestrasse Synagogue between April 1940 and July 1945 Martin Riesenburger de 1896 1965 officiated from July 1945 till his death 35 Odon Singer officiated 1965 1969 vacancy 1969 1987 Isaac Newman b 1923 officiated September 1987 till May 1988 vacancy 1988 1990 rabbis of Judische Gemeinde zu Berlin reunited since 1 January 1991List of cantors serving at Rykestrasse Synagogue editDavid Stabinski succeeded by Max Sacher 1863 succeeded by Leo Juda Leib Ahlbeck 1880 emigrated to Britain in 1939 succeeded by Joseph Schallamach b 1907 emigrated to Shanghai also serving as shammes no services at Rykestrasse Synagogue between April 1940 and July 1945 Paul Hecht 1897 emigrated by 1953 to the USA Moritz Spitzer 1885 1964 Alfred Scheidemann 1905 1972 Sally Simoni 1905 1989 Oljean Ingster de b 1928 officiating since Pessach 1966 Jochen Fahlenkamp 1953 officiating since 1998Cantors on weekdays before 1940 Salomon Blaustein 1847 1933 and Bernhard KasselReferences editGeorg Dehio Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmaler Berlin Ernst Gall ed Sibylle Badstubner Groger Michael Bolle Ralph Paschke collaborators et al Munich Deutscher Kunstverlag 2000 p 325 ISBN 3 422 03071 9 Ulrich Eckhardt de Andreas Nachama de with Heinz Knobloch and Elke Nord Judische Orte in Berlin Berlin Nicolai 1996 pp 38seq ISBN 3 87584 581 1 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 63 pages ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Zeugnisse judischer Kultur Erinnerungsstatten in Mecklenburg Vorpommern Brandenburg Berlin Sachsen Anhalt Sachsen und Thuringen Klaus Arlt Ingrid Ehlers eds Constantin Beyer photos et al Berlin Tourist Verlag and Wichern Verlag 1992 pp 144seq ISBN 3 350 00780 5References edit Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 10seqq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 23seq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Cf Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 21seq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 11 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 15seq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Cf Israelitisches Familienblatt 3 October 1904 Cf Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 23 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 a b Cf Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 25seq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 He ran a kosher mineral water and soft drink factory on a site adjacent to the synagogue in the same block Cf Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 18 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Cf Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 24 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Cf Israelitisches Familienblatt 15 August 1929 Cf Israelitisches Familienblatt 18 January 1933 Cf Israelitisches Familienblatt 2 February 1933 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 38 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 34seq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Zeugnisse judischer Kultur Erinnerungsstatten in Mecklenburg Vorpommern Brandenburg Berlin Sachsen Anhalt Sachsen und Thuringen Klaus Arlt Ingrid Ehlers Constantin Beyer photos et al Berlin Tourist Verlag and Wichern Verlag 1992 p 145 ISBN 3 350 00780 5 The synagogue in Berlin s Pestalozzistrasse was not set on fire at the November Pogrom due to its location inside a block the synagogue in Augsburg weathered it because it neighboured a compound of kerosine tanks the synagogue in Lubeck because it stood and still stands almost wall to wall to the city s Museum of Art and Culture etc Ulrich Eckhardt Andreas Nachama with Heinz Knobloch and Elke Nord Judische Orte in Berlin Berlin Nicolai 1996 p 39 ISBN 3 87584 581 1 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 39seq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 41 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 43 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 a b Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 44 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 45 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 47seq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 48 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 a b Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 49 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 556 Jews filed for refuge in West Berlin until March 1953 with prior c 2 500 Jews in East Berlin and another 2 000 in East Germany proper Also the presidents of the Jewish congregations of Dresden Erfurt and Leipzig escaped to the West Hermann Simon Die Synagogue Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 49seq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 pp 50seq ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 17 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Hermann Simon Die Synagoge Rykestrasse 1904 2004 Berlin Hentrich amp Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin Centrum Judaicum 2004 Judische Miniaturen vol 17 p 55 ISBN 3 933471 71 0 Weyl also served in the synagogue Kaiserstrasse New Synagogue and Lindenstrasse Judische Gemeinde employed Riesenburger on 1 June 1933 he was ordained rabbi in 1939 practising until June 1943 then occupied at Weissensee Cemetery to perform Jewish burials of the deceased among the few Jews still living in Berlin mostly Jews living in a so called mixed marriage External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synagoge Rykestrasse In pictures Germany s biggest synagogue Germany s biggest synagogue reopening Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rykestrasse Synagogue amp oldid 1171366498, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.