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Ball python

January 01, 1970

The ball python (Python regius), also called the royal python, is a python species native to West and Central Africa, where it lives in grasslands, shrublands and open forests. This nonvenomous constrictor is the smallest of the African pythons, growing to a maximum length of 182 cm (72 in).[2] The name "ball python" refers to its tendency to curl into a ball when stressed or frightened.[3]

Ball python
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Pythonidae
Genus: Python
Species:
P. regius
Binomial name
Python regius
(Shaw, 1802)
Distribution map of ball python
Synonyms
  • Boa regia Shaw, 1802
  • Cenchris regia Gray, 1831
  • Python bellii Gray, 1842
  • Hortulia regia Gray, 1849[2]

Taxonomy edit

Boa regia was the scientific name proposed by George Shaw in 1802 for a pale variegated python from an indistinct place in Africa.[4] The generic name Python was proposed by François Marie Daudin in 1803 for non-venomous flecked snakes.[5] Between 1830 and 1849, several generic names were proposed for the same zoological specimen described by Shaw, including Enygrus by Johann Georg Wagler, Cenchris and Hertulia by John Edward Gray. Gray also described four specimens that were collected in Gambia and were preserved in spirits and fluid.[6]

Description edit

 
Close-up of head

The ball python is black, or albino and dark brown with light brown blotches on the back and sides. Its white or cream belly is scattered with black markings. It is a stocky snake with a relatively small head and smooth scales.[3] It reaches a maximum adult length of 182 cm (6 ft 0 in). Males typically measure eight to ten subcaudal scales, and females typically measure two to four subcaudal scales.[7] Females reach an average snout-to-vent length of 116.2 cm (45+3⁄4 in), a 44.3 mm (1+3⁄4 in) long jaw, an 8.7 cm (3+7⁄16 in) long tail and a maximum weight of 1.635 kg (3 lb 9.7 oz). Males are smaller with an average snout-to-vent length of 111.3 cm (43+13⁄16 in), a 43.6 mm (1+23⁄32 in) long jaw, an 8.6 cm (3+3⁄8 in) long tail and a maximum weight of 1.561 kg (3 lb 7.1 oz).[8] Both sexes have pelvic spurs on both sides of the vent. During copulation, males use these spurs for gripping females.[9] Males tend to have larger spurs, and sex is best determined by manual eversion of the male hemipenes or inserting a probe into the cloaca to check the presence of an inverted hemipenis.[10]

Distribution and habitat edit

The ball python is native to west Sub Saharan Africa from Senegal through Cameroon to Sudan and Uganda.[1] It prefers grasslands, savannas, and sparsely wooded areas.[3]

Behavior and ecology edit

Ball pythons are typically nocturnal or crepuscular, meaning that they are active during dusk, dawn, and/or nighttime.[11] This species is known for its defense strategy that involves coiling into a tight ball when threatened, with its head and neck tucked away in the middle. This defense behavior is typically employed in lieu of biting, which makes this species easy for humans to handle and has contributed to their popularity as a pet.[3]

In the wild, ball pythons favor mammal burrows and other underground hiding places, where they also aestivate. Males tend to display more semi-arboreal behaviors, whilst females tend towards terrestrial behaviors.[11]

Diet edit

The diet of the ball python in the wild consists mostly of small mammals and birds. Young ball pythons of less than 70 cm (28 in) prey foremost on small birds. Ball pythons longer than 100 cm (39 in) prey foremost on small mammals. Males prey more frequently on birds, and females more frequently on mammals.[11] Rodents make up a large percentage of the diet; Gambian pouched rats, black rats, rufous-nosed rats, shaggy rats, and striped grass mice are among the species consumed.[12]

Reproduction edit

 
Ball python eggs incubating

Females are oviparous and lay three to 11 rather large, leathery eggs.[7] The eggs hatch after 55 to 60 days. Young male pythons reach sexual maturity at 11–18 months, and females at 20–36 months. Age is only one factor in determining sexual maturity and the ability to breed; weight is the second factor. Males breed at 600 g (21 oz) or more, but in captivity are often not bred until they are 800 g (28 oz), although in captivity, some males have been known to begin breeding at 300–400 g (11–14 oz). Females breed in the wild at weights as low as 800 g (28 oz) though 1,200 g (42 oz) or more in weight is most common; in captivity, breeders generally wait until they are no less than 1,500 g (53 oz). Parental care of the eggs ends once they hatch, and the female leaves the offspring to fend for themselves.[10]

Threats edit

The ball python is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List; it experiences a high level of exploitation and the population is believed to be in decline in most of West Africa.[1] The ball python is primarily threatened by poaching for the international exotic pet trade. It is also hunted for its skin, meat and use in traditional medicine. Other threats include habitat loss as a result of intensified agriculture and pesticide use.[1] Rural hunters in Togo collect gravid females and egg clutches, which they sell to snake ranches. In 2019 alone, 58 interviewed hunters had collected 3,000 live ball pythons and 5,000 eggs.[13]

In captivity edit

 
An albino ball python
 
A ball python in the Bronx Zoo

Ball pythons are the most popular pet snake and the second most popular pet reptile after the bearded dragon.[14] According to the IUCN Red List, while captive bred animals are widely available in the pet trade, capture of wild specimens for sale continues to cause significant damage to wild populations.[1] Wild-caught specimens have greater difficulty adapting to a captive environment, which can result in refusal to feed, and they generally carry internal or external parasites.[citation needed] This species can do quite well in captivity, regularly living for 15–30 years with good care. The oldest recorded ball python in captivity is 62 years, 59 of those at the Saint Louis Zoo.[15]

Breeding edit

Captive ball pythons are often bred for specific patterns that do not occur in the wild, called "morphs."[16][17] Breeders are continuously creating new designer morphs, and over 7,500 different morphs currently exist.[17][18][19] Most morphs are considered solely cosmetic with no harm or benefit to the individual animal. However, the "spider" morph gene has been linked to neurological disease, typically involving symptoms such as head tremors and lack of coordination that are collectively referred to as "wobble syndrome."[20] Due to the ethical concerns associated with intentionally breeding a color pattern linked to genetic disease, the International Herpetological Society banned the sale of spider morphs at their events beginning in 2018.[21]

In culture edit

The ball python is particularly revered by the Igbo people in southeastern Nigeria, who consider it symbolic of the earth, being an animal that travels so close to the ground. Even Christian Igbos treat ball pythons with great care whenever they come across one in a village or on someone's property; they either let them roam or pick them up gently and return them to a forest or field away from houses. If one is accidentally killed, many communities on Igbo land still build a coffin for the snake's remains and give it a short funeral.[22][23][24] In northwestern Ghana, there is a taboo towards pythons as people consider them a savior and cannot hurt or eat them. According to folklore a python once helped them flee from their enemies by transforming into a log to allow them to cross a river.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e D'Cruze, N.; Wilms, T.; Penner, J.; Luiselli, L.; Jallow, M.; Segniagbeto, G.; Niagate, B.; Schmitz, A. (2021). "Python regius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T177562A15340592. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T177562A15340592.en. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b McDiarmid, R. W.; Campbell, J. A.; Touré, T. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6.
  3. ^ a b c d Mehrtens, J. M. (1987). "Ball Python, Royal Python (Python regius)". Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 080696460X.
  4. ^ Shaw, G. (1802). "Royal Boa". General zoology, or Systematic natural history. Volume III, Part II. London: G. Kearsley. pp. 347–348.
  5. ^ Daudin, F. M. (1803). "Python". Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des reptiles. Vol. Tome 8. Paris: De l'Imprimerie de F. Dufart. p. 384.
  6. ^ Gray, J. E. (1849). "The Royal Rock Snake". Catalogue of the specimens of snakes in the collection of the British museum. London: The Trustees. pp. 90–91.
  7. ^ a b Barker, D. G.; Barker, T. M. (2006). Ball Pythons: The History, Natural History, Care and Breeding. Pythons of the World. Vol. 2. Boerne, TX: VPI Library. ISBN 0-9785411-0-3.
  8. ^ Aubret, F.; Bonnet, X.; Harris, M.; Maumelat, S. (2005). "Sex Differences in Body Size and Ectoparasite Load in the Ball Python, Python regius". Journal of Herpetology. 39 (2): 315–320. doi:10.1670/111-02N. JSTOR 4092910. S2CID 86230972.
  9. ^ Rizzo, J. M. (2014). "Captive care and husbandry of ball pythons (Python regius)". Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery. 24 (1): 48–52. doi:10.5818/1529-9651-24.1.48. S2CID 162806864.
  10. ^ a b McCurley, K. (2005). The Complete Ball Python: A Comprehensive Guide to Care, Breeding and Genetic Mutations. ECO & Serpent's Tale Natural History Books. ISBN 978-097-131-9.
  11. ^ a b c Luiselli, L. & Angelici, F. M. (1998). "Sexual size dimorphism and natural history traits are correlated with intersexual dietary divergence in royal pythons (Python regius) from the rainforests of southeastern Nigeria". Italian Journal of Zoology. 65 (2): 183–185. doi:10.1080/11250009809386744.
  12. ^ "Python regius (Ball Python, Royal Python)". Animal Diversity Web.
  13. ^ D’Cruze, Neil; Harrington, Lauren A.; Assou, Délagnon; Ronfot, Delphine; Macdonald, David W.; Segniagbeto, Gabriel H.; Auliya, Mark (13 March 2020). "Searching for snakes: ball python hunting in southern Togo, West Africa". Nature Conservation. 38: 13–36. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.38.47864.
  14. ^ Valdez, Jose W. (3 March 2021). "Using Google Trends to Determine Current, Past, and Future Trends in the Reptile Pet Trade". Animals. 11 (3): 676. doi:10.3390/ani11030676. PMC 8001315. PMID 33802560.
  15. ^ "A new squeeze? Snake mystery after lone, elderly python lays a clutch of eggs". TheGuardian.com. 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  16. ^ Bulinski, S. C. (2016). "A Crash Course in Ball Python/Reptile Genetics". Reptiles magazine.
  17. ^ a b Giggs, Rebecca (21 February 2024). "Skin in the Game". The New Yorker. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  18. ^ "Morph List – World of Ball Pythons". World of Ball Pythons. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  19. ^ Yurdakul E. (2020). "Ball Python Morphs". Reptilian world.
  20. ^ Rose, M. P. & Williams, D. L. (2014). "Neurologic dysfunction in a ball python (Python regius) color morph, and implications for welfare". Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 23 (3): 234–239. doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2014.06.002.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ . International Herpetological Society. 2017. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020.
  22. ^ Hambly, Wilfrid D. (1931). "Serpent worship in Africa". Fieldiana Anthropology. Publication. Field Museum of Natural History. 21 (1): 1–85. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.7137. hdl:10111/UIUCOCA:serpentworshipin211hamb. JSTOR 29782194. OCLC 678589753.[obsolete source]
  23. ^ Udengwu, Ngozi; Erojikwe, Ikechukwu; Nnanna, Ndubuisi (2019). "Cultural transformation and the trials of the sacred python in text and context". Creative Artist: A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies. 13 (2): 22–49.
  24. ^ Drewal, Henry John (1988). "Interpretation, Invention, and Re-Presentation in the Worship of Mami Wata". Journal of Folklore Research. 25 (1/2): 101–139. JSTOR 3814277.
  25. ^ Diawuo, Francis; Issifu, Abdul Karim (December 2015). "Exploring the African traditional belief systems in natural resource conservation and management in Ghana" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 8 (9): 115–132. S2CID 146125167. Gale A441766901.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Python regius.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Python regius.
  • "Python regius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
  • Python regius at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 12 September 2007.
  • Krishnasamy, Vikram; Stevenson, Lauren; Koski, Lia; Kellis, Marilee; Schroeder, Betsy; Sundararajan, Madhura; Ladd-Wilson, Stephen; Sampsel, Ashley; Mannell, Mike; Classon, Andrew; Wagner, Darlene; Hise, Kelley; Carleton, Heather; Trees, Eija; Schlater, Linda; Lantz, Kristina; Nichols, Megin (19 May 2018). "Notes from the Field: Investigation of an Outbreak of Salmonella Paratyphi B Variant L(+) tartrate + (Java) Associated with Ball Python Exposure — United States, 2017". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 67 (19): 562–563. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6719a7. PMC 6048943. PMID 29771878.

January 01, 1970
ball, python, ball, python, python, regius, also, called, royal, python, python, species, native, west, central, africa, where, lives, grasslands, shrublands, open, forests, this, nonvenomous, constrictor, smallest, african, pythons, growing, maximum, length, . The ball python Python regius also called the royal python is a python species native to West and Central Africa where it lives in grasslands shrublands and open forests This nonvenomous constrictor is the smallest of the African pythons growing to a maximum length of 182 cm 72 in 2 The name ball python refers to its tendency to curl into a ball when stressed or frightened 3 Ball python Conservation status Near Threatened IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Order Squamata Suborder Serpentes Family Pythonidae Genus Python Species P regius Binomial name Python regius Shaw 1802 Distribution map of ball python Synonyms Boa regia Shaw 1802 Cenchris regia Gray 1831 Python bellii Gray 1842 Hortulia regia Gray 1849 2 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior and ecology 4 1 Diet 4 2 Reproduction 5 Threats 6 In captivity 6 1 Breeding 7 In culture 8 References 9 External linksTaxonomy editBoa regia was the scientific name proposed by George Shaw in 1802 for a pale variegated python from an indistinct place in Africa 4 The generic name Python was proposed by Francois Marie Daudin in 1803 for non venomous flecked snakes 5 Between 1830 and 1849 several generic names were proposed for the same zoological specimen described by Shaw including Enygrus by Johann Georg Wagler Cenchris and Hertulia by John Edward Gray Gray also described four specimens that were collected in Gambia and were preserved in spirits and fluid 6 Description edit nbsp Close up of head The ball python is black or albino and dark brown with light brown blotches on the back and sides Its white or cream belly is scattered with black markings It is a stocky snake with a relatively small head and smooth scales 3 It reaches a maximum adult length of 182 cm 6 ft 0 in Males typically measure eight to ten subcaudal scales and females typically measure two to four subcaudal scales 7 Females reach an average snout to vent length of 116 2 cm 45 3 4 in a 44 3 mm 1 3 4 in long jaw an 8 7 cm 3 7 16 in long tail and a maximum weight of 1 635 kg 3 lb 9 7 oz Males are smaller with an average snout to vent length of 111 3 cm 43 13 16 in a 43 6 mm 1 23 32 in long jaw an 8 6 cm 3 3 8 in long tail and a maximum weight of 1 561 kg 3 lb 7 1 oz 8 Both sexes have pelvic spurs on both sides of the vent During copulation males use these spurs for gripping females 9 Males tend to have larger spurs and sex is best determined by manual eversion of the male hemipenes or inserting a probe into the cloaca to check the presence of an inverted hemipenis 10 Distribution and habitat editThe ball python is native to west Sub Saharan Africa from Senegal through Cameroon to Sudan and Uganda 1 It prefers grasslands savannas and sparsely wooded areas 3 Behavior and ecology editBall pythons are typically nocturnal or crepuscular meaning that they are active during dusk dawn and or nighttime 11 This species is known for its defense strategy that involves coiling into a tight ball when threatened with its head and neck tucked away in the middle This defense behavior is typically employed in lieu of biting which makes this species easy for humans to handle and has contributed to their popularity as a pet 3 In the wild ball pythons favor mammal burrows and other underground hiding places where they also aestivate Males tend to display more semi arboreal behaviors whilst females tend towards terrestrial behaviors 11 Diet edit The diet of the ball python in the wild consists mostly of small mammals and birds Young ball pythons of less than 70 cm 28 in prey foremost on small birds Ball pythons longer than 100 cm 39 in prey foremost on small mammals Males prey more frequently on birds and females more frequently on mammals 11 Rodents make up a large percentage of the diet Gambian pouched rats black rats rufous nosed rats shaggy rats and striped grass mice are among the species consumed 12 Reproduction edit nbsp Ball python eggs incubating Females are oviparous and lay three to 11 rather large leathery eggs 7 The eggs hatch after 55 to 60 days Young male pythons reach sexual maturity at 11 18 months and females at 20 36 months Age is only one factor in determining sexual maturity and the ability to breed weight is the second factor Males breed at 600 g 21 oz or more but in captivity are often not bred until they are 800 g 28 oz although in captivity some males have been known to begin breeding at 300 400 g 11 14 oz Females breed in the wild at weights as low as 800 g 28 oz though 1 200 g 42 oz or more in weight is most common in captivity breeders generally wait until they are no less than 1 500 g 53 oz Parental care of the eggs ends once they hatch and the female leaves the offspring to fend for themselves 10 Threats editThe ball python is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List it experiences a high level of exploitation and the population is believed to be in decline in most of West Africa 1 The ball python is primarily threatened by poaching for the international exotic pet trade It is also hunted for its skin meat and use in traditional medicine Other threats include habitat loss as a result of intensified agriculture and pesticide use 1 Rural hunters in Togo collect gravid females and egg clutches which they sell to snake ranches In 2019 alone 58 interviewed hunters had collected 3 000 live ball pythons and 5 000 eggs 13 In captivity edit nbsp An albino ball python nbsp A ball python in the Bronx Zoo Ball pythons are the most popular pet snake and the second most popular pet reptile after the bearded dragon 14 According to the IUCN Red List while captive bred animals are widely available in the pet trade capture of wild specimens for sale continues to cause significant damage to wild populations 1 Wild caught specimens have greater difficulty adapting to a captive environment which can result in refusal to feed and they generally carry internal or external parasites citation needed This species can do quite well in captivity regularly living for 15 30 years with good care The oldest recorded ball python in captivity is 62 years 59 of those at the Saint Louis Zoo 15 Breeding edit Captive ball pythons are often bred for specific patterns that do not occur in the wild called morphs 16 17 Breeders are continuously creating new designer morphs and over 7 500 different morphs currently exist 17 18 19 Most morphs are considered solely cosmetic with no harm or benefit to the individual animal However the spider morph gene has been linked to neurological disease typically involving symptoms such as head tremors and lack of coordination that are collectively referred to as wobble syndrome 20 Due to the ethical concerns associated with intentionally breeding a color pattern linked to genetic disease the International Herpetological Society banned the sale of spider morphs at their events beginning in 2018 21 In culture editThe ball python is particularly revered by the Igbo people in southeastern Nigeria who consider it symbolic of the earth being an animal that travels so close to the ground Even Christian Igbos treat ball pythons with great care whenever they come across one in a village or on someone s property they either let them roam or pick them up gently and return them to a forest or field away from houses If one is accidentally killed many communities on Igbo land still build a coffin for the snake s remains and give it a short funeral 22 23 24 In northwestern Ghana there is a taboo towards pythons as people consider them a savior and cannot hurt or eat them According to folklore a python once helped them flee from their enemies by transforming into a log to allow them to cross a river 25 References edit a b c d e D Cruze N Wilms T Penner J Luiselli L Jallow M Segniagbeto G Niagate B Schmitz A 2021 Python regius IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T177562A15340592 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2021 2 RLTS T177562A15340592 en Retrieved 11 November 2023 a b McDiarmid R W Campbell J A Toure T 1999 Snake Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference Vol 1 Washington DC Herpetologists League ISBN 1 893777 00 6 a b c d Mehrtens J M 1987 Ball Python Royal Python Python regius Living Snakes of the World in Color New York Sterling Publishers p 62 ISBN 080696460X Shaw G 1802 Royal Boa General zoology or Systematic natural history Volume III Part II London G Kearsley pp 347 348 Daudin F M 1803 Python Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des reptiles Vol Tome 8 Paris De l Imprimerie de F Dufart p 384 Gray J E 1849 The Royal Rock Snake Catalogue of the specimens of snakes in the collection of the British museum London The Trustees pp 90 91 a b Barker D G Barker T M 2006 Ball Pythons The History Natural History Care and Breeding Pythons of the World Vol 2 Boerne TX VPI Library ISBN 0 9785411 0 3 Aubret F Bonnet X Harris M Maumelat S 2005 Sex Differences in Body Size and Ectoparasite Load in the Ball Python Python regius Journal of Herpetology 39 2 315 320 doi 10 1670 111 02N JSTOR 4092910 S2CID 86230972 Rizzo J M 2014 Captive care and husbandry of ball pythons Python regius Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 24 1 48 52 doi 10 5818 1529 9651 24 1 48 S2CID 162806864 a b McCurley K 2005 The Complete Ball Python A Comprehensive Guide to Care Breeding and Genetic Mutations ECO amp Serpent s Tale Natural History Books ISBN 978 097 131 9 a b c Luiselli L amp Angelici F M 1998 Sexual size dimorphism and natural history traits are correlated with intersexual dietary divergence in royal pythons Python regius from the rainforests of southeastern Nigeria Italian Journal of Zoology 65 2 183 185 doi 10 1080 11250009809386744 Python regius Ball Python Royal Python Animal Diversity Web D Cruze Neil Harrington Lauren A Assou Delagnon Ronfot Delphine Macdonald David W Segniagbeto Gabriel H Auliya Mark 13 March 2020 Searching for snakes ball python hunting in southern Togo West Africa Nature Conservation 38 13 36 doi 10 3897 natureconservation 38 47864 Valdez Jose W 3 March 2021 Using Google Trends to Determine Current Past and Future Trends in the Reptile Pet Trade Animals 11 3 676 doi 10 3390 ani11030676 PMC 8001315 PMID 33802560 A new squeeze Snake mystery after lone elderly python lays a clutch of eggs TheGuardian com 2020 Retrieved 11 September 2020 Bulinski S C 2016 A Crash Course in Ball Python Reptile Genetics Reptiles magazine a b Giggs Rebecca 21 February 2024 Skin in the Game The New Yorker Retrieved 19 February 2024 Morph List World of Ball Pythons World of Ball Pythons Retrieved 31 August 2021 Yurdakul E 2020 Ball Python Morphs Reptilian world Rose M P amp Williams D L 2014 Neurologic dysfunction in a ball python Python regius color morph and implications for welfare Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 23 3 234 239 doi 10 1053 j jepm 2014 06 002 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Breeders Meetings New Policy June 2017 International Herpetological Society 2017 Archived from the original on 8 May 2020 Hambly Wilfrid D 1931 Serpent worship in Africa Fieldiana Anthropology Publication Field Museum of Natural History 21 1 1 85 doi 10 5962 bhl title 7137 hdl 10111 UIUCOCA serpentworshipin211hamb JSTOR 29782194 OCLC 678589753 obsolete source Udengwu Ngozi Erojikwe Ikechukwu Nnanna Ndubuisi 2019 Cultural transformation and the trials of the sacred python in text and context Creative Artist A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies 13 2 22 49 Drewal Henry John 1988 Interpretation Invention and Re Presentation in the Worship of Mami Wata Journal of Folklore Research 25 1 2 101 139 JSTOR 3814277 Diawuo Francis Issifu Abdul Karim December 2015 Exploring the African traditional belief systems in natural resource conservation and management in Ghana PDF Journal of Pan African Studies 8 9 115 132 S2CID 146125167 Gale A441766901 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Python regius nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Python regius Python regius Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 12 September 2007 Python regius at the Reptarium cz Reptile Database Accessed 12 September 2007 Krishnasamy Vikram Stevenson Lauren Koski Lia Kellis Marilee Schroeder Betsy Sundararajan Madhura Ladd Wilson Stephen Sampsel Ashley Mannell Mike Classon Andrew Wagner Darlene Hise Kelley Carleton Heather Trees Eija Schlater Linda Lantz Kristina Nichols Megin 19 May 2018 Notes from the Field Investigation of an Outbreak of Salmonella Paratyphi B Variant L tartrate Java Associated with Ball Python Exposure United States 2017 MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67 19 562 563 doi 10 15585 mmwr mm6719a7 PMC 6048943 PMID 29771878 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ball python amp oldid 1224653321, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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