House of Karađorđević
The House of Karađorđević or Karađorđević dynasty (Serbian Cyrillic: Династија Карађорђевић, romanized: Dinastija Karađorđević, pl. Карађорђевићи / Karađorđevići, pronounced [karad͡ʑǒːrd͡ʑeʋit͡ɕ]) is the name of the former ruling Serbian and deposed Yugoslav royal family.
| House of Karađorđević Династија Карађорђевић | |
|---|---|
Great Pavilion Arms of the House of Karađorđević | |
| Country | Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
| Founded | 1804 |
| Founder | Karađorđe |
| Current head | Crown Prince Alexander |
| Final ruler | King Peter II |
| Titles |
|
| Style(s) | Royal Highness |
| Estate(s) | Royal Compound, Belgrade Oplenac, Topola |
| Deposition | 1945 |
The family was founded by Karađorđe Petrović (1768–1817), the Veliki Vožd (Serbian Cyrillic: Велики Вожд, lit. 'Grand Leader') of Serbia during the First Serbian uprising of 1804–1813. In the course of the 19th century the relatively short-lived dynasty was supported by the Russian Empire and was opposed to the Austrian-supported House of Obrenović. The two houses subsequently vied for the throne for several generations.
Following the assassination of the Obrenović King Alexander I of Serbia in 1903, the Serbian Parliament chose Karađorđe's grandson, Peter I Karađorđević, then living in exile, to occupy the throne of the Kingdom of Serbia. He was duly crowned as King Peter I, and shortly before the end of World War I in 1918, representatives of the three peoples proclaimed a Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with Peter I as sovereign. In 1929, the kingdom was renamed Yugoslavia, under Alexander I, the son of Peter I. In November 1945 the family lost their throne when the League of Communists of Yugoslavia seized power during the reign of Peter II.
Name edit
In English, the family name can be anglicized as Karageorgevitch (e.g., as with Prince Bojidar Karageorgevitch and Prince Philip Karageorgevitch) or romanised as Karadjordjevic. Its origin is as a patronym of the sobriquet Karađorđe, bestowed upon the family's founder, Đorđe Petrović, at the end of the 18th century.
In 1796, Osman Pazvantoğlu, the renegade governor of the Ottoman Sanjak of Vidin, who had rejected the authority of the Sublime Porte, launched an invasion of the Pashalik of Belgrade, governed by Hadji Mustafa Pasha since 1793. Overwhelmed, Mustafa Pasha formed a Serbian national militia to help stop the incursion.[1] Đorđe Petrović joined the militia and became a boluk-bashi (Serbian: Buljukbaša),[a] leading a company of 100 men.[3] After the Serb militias joined the war on Mustafa Pasha's side, Pazvantoğlu suffered a string of defeats. He retreated to Vidin, which was subsequently besieged.[4] The war against Pazvantoğlu marked the first time that Petrović had distinguished himself in the eyes of the Ottomans, who bestowed upon him the sobriquet "Black George" (Serbian: Karađorđe; Turkish: Kara Yorgi), partly because of his dark hair and partly because of his sinister reputation.[5][6]
Ancestry edit
According to some researchers, Karađorđe's paternal ancestors most likely migrated from the Highlands (in what is today Montenegro) to Šumadija during the Second Great Serb Migration in 1737–39 under the leadership of Patriarch Šakabenta, as a result of the Austro-Turkish War (in which Serbs took part).[7] Serbian historiography accepted the theory that Karađorđe's ancestors came from Vasojevići.[8]
Some conjecture has arisen about where the family ended up after arriving in Šumadija. According to Radoš Ljušić, Karađorđe's ancestors most likely hailed from Vasojevići, but he has said there is no certain historical information on Karađorđe's ancestors or where they came from, folklore being the only real source. Most likely, Karađorđe's ancestors hailed from Vasojevići.[9][10][11] Grigorije Božović (1880–1945) claimed that the family were Srbljaci (natives) in Vasojevići territory.[8][full citation needed] Contributing to Srbljak theory is the fact that the family celebrated St Clement as their Slava until 1890, while the patron saint of Vasojevići, i.e. Vaso's descendants, is Archangel Michael. King Peter I was allowed to change his Slava to St Andrew the First-called by Belgrade Metropolitan Mihailo in 1890, following the death of his wife, Princess Zorka, thus honoring the date on the Julian calendar when Serbian rebels liberated Belgrade during the First Serbian Uprising.[12][13]
Furthermore, King Peter chose Voivode of Vasojevići Miljan Vukov Vešović to be his bridesman during his wedding to princess Zorka in 1883. Upon being asked by his future father-in-law prince Nicholas why he chose Miljan amongst various Voivodes of Montenegro, he replied that he chose him because of heroism and relation describing him as Vojvode of my own blood and kin.[14] His son, Alexander, who was born in Cetinje was nicknamed Montenegrin.[15][better source needed] The Vasojevići tribe claim descent from Stefan Konstantin of the Nemanjić dynasty.[10] The Vasojevići were proud of Karađorđe, and saw him as their kinsman.[16] Montenegrin politician and Vasojević Gavro Vuković, supported this theory.[17][page needed] Accordingly, Alexander Karađorđević (1806–1885) was given the title "Voivode of Vasojevići" by Petar II in 1840.[17][page needed][18] Other theories include: Montenegrin historian Miomir Dašić claimed that Karađorđe's family originated from the Gurešići from Podgorica in Montenegro.[8] Folklorist Dragutin Vuković believed that Tripko Knežević–Guriš was Karađorđe's great-grandfather;[8] Vukićević, writing in 1907, said that in the surroundings of Podgorica, there is a local claim that Karađorđe's ancestors initially came from Vranj.[19]
The family claimed descent from the Vasojevići tribe (in Montenegro) and had emigrated in the late 1730s or early 1740s.[20] The family lived in Mačitevo (in Suva Reka), from where grandfather Jovan moved to Viševac, while Jovan's brother Radak moved to Mramorac.[9][10]
List of monarchs edit
| Picture | Title Name | Birth | Reign | Spouse | Death | Claim | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grand Vožd of Serbia Karađorđe | 16 November [O.S. 3 November] 1768 Viševac, Sanjak of Smederevo, Rumelia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire | 15 February 1804 – 21 September 1813 (9 years, 218 days) | Jelena Jovanović | 26 July [O.S. 14 July] 1817 Radovanje Grove, Sanjak of Smederevo, Rumelia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (aged 48) | Leader of the First Serbian uprising | Deposed and exiled to Austria. | |
| Out of power for 28 years, 358 days. | |||||||
| Prince of Serbia Alexander | 11 October 1806 Topola, Revolutionary Serbia | 14 September 1842 – 23 December 1858 (16 years, 100 days) | Persida Nenadović | 3 May 1885 Timișoara, Austria-Hungary (aged 78) | Elected by the National Assembly. Son of Karađorđe Petrović and Jelena Jovanović | Abdicated. | |
| Out of power for 44 years, 174 days. | |||||||
| King of Serbia; King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Petar I | 11 July [O.S. 29 June] 1844 Belgrade, Serbia | 15 June 1903 – 16 August 1921 (18 years, 62 days) | Zorka of Montenegro | 16 August 1921 Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (aged 77) | Elected by the National Assembly. Son of Alexander and Persida Nenadović | In exile from November 1915 due to the Serbian Campaign. Proclaimed King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918. | |
| King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; King of Yugoslavia Alexander I | 16 December 1888 Cetinje, Montenegro | 16 August 1921 – 9 October 1934 (13 years, 54 days) | Maria of Romania | 9 October 1934 Marseille, France (aged 45) | Son of Peter I and Zorka of Montenegro | Changed title to "King of Yugoslavia" in 1929. Assassinated in Marseilles. | |
| Prince regent of Yugoslavia Paul | 27 April 1893 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire | 9 October 1934 – 27 March 1941 (6 years, 169 days) | Olga of Greece and Denmark | 14 September 1976 Paris, France (aged 83) | The Will of Alexander I | Prince Paul acted as prince regent for Peter II until ousted in March 1941. | |
| King of Yugoslavia Peter II | 6 September 1923 Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | 9 October 1934 – 29 November 1945 (11 years, 51 days) | Alexandra of Greece and Denmark | 3 November 1970 Denver, Colorado, U.S. (aged 47) | Son of Alexander I and Maria of Romania | ||
| Exiled in April 1941, and deposed in 1945. | |||||||
Heads of the House since 1945 edit
The Karađorđevići are active in Serbian society in various ways. There is a view that constitutional parliamentary monarchy would be the ultimate solution for stability, unity, and continuity in Serbia. In addition, the family supports Serbia as a democratic country with a future in the European Union.
The last crown prince of Yugoslavia, Alexander, has lived in Belgrade at the Dedinje Royal Palace since 2001. As the only son of the last king, Peter II, who never abdicated, and the last official heir of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia he claims to be the rightful heir to the Serbian throne in the event of restoration.[21][22] At the palace, Alexander regularly receives religious leaders and strives, as opportunity permits, to demonstrate his commitment to human rights and to democracy. The family are also much engaged in humanitarian work. Crown Princess Katherine has a humanitarian foundation while Crown Prince Alexander heads the Foundation for Culture and Education, whose activities include student scholarships, and summer camps for children.[citation needed]
On 27 April 2022, Prince Peter Karageorgevitch renounced his title of Hereditary prince – for himself and his descendants – and his younger brother Prince Philip became their father's heir apparent. The ceremony took place at Casa de Pilatos in Seville, Spain. Present were Peter's and Philip's mother Princess Maria Da Gloria of Orléans-Braganza, Duchess of Segorbe and their stepfather Ignacio, 19th Duke of Segorbe; Philip's wife Princess Danica; their half-sister Sol, Countess of Ampurias; Ljubodrag Grujić, a member of the Crown Council and Chancellor of the Orders and Herald of the House of Karađorđević; and Nikola Stanković, Chief of Staff of the Crown Prince.[23][24]
| Picture | Name | Birth | Tenure | Marriage(s) Issue | Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peter II | 6 September 1923 Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | 29 November 1945 – 3 November 1970 (24 years, 339 days) | Alexandra of Greece and Denmark 20 March 1944 1 son | 3 November 1970 Denver, Colorado, U.S. (aged 47) | Deposed king of Yugoslavia | |
| Crown Prince Alexander (Alexander II) | 17 July 1945 Claridge's, Mayfair, London[b] (age 78) | 3 November 1970 – present (53 years, 193 days) | Maria da Gloria of Orléans-Bragança 1 July 1972 – 19 February 1985 3 sons Katherine Batis 20 September 1985 No children | Son of Peter II and Alexandra of Greece and Denmark |
- List of heirs
- Crown Prince Alexander (29 November 1945 – 3 November 1970), Son of King Peter II
- Prince Tomislav (3 November 1970 – 5 February 1980), 2nd son of King Alexander I
- Prince Peter (5 February 1980 – 27 April 2022), 1st son of Crown Prince Alexander
- Prince Philip (27 April 2022 – present), 2nd son of Crown Prince Alexander
Serbia and Yugoslavia edit
The Karađorđević family initially was a Serbian Royal House, then the Royal House of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and then the Royal House of Yugoslavia. When they last reigned they were called the Royal House of Yugoslavia.
Crown Prince Alexander was born in London but on property temporarily recognized by the United Kingdom's government as subject to the sovereignty of the Yugoslav crown, on which occasion it was publicly declared that the Crown Prince had been born on the native soil of the land he was expected to eventually rule.[25]
Heraldry edit
- Coat of arms of Serbia
- Coat of arms of Yugoslavia
Male descendants of Karađorđe edit
The list below includes male members of the Karađorđević dynasty.[26] Bold denotes the current head of the House. Number in parentheses indicates the order of line of Succession to the throne, as of April 2022.[27] The order of line of Succession is not official.
- Grand Leader Karađorđe (1768–1817)
- Alexis (1801–1830)
- George (1827–1884)
- Prince Alexis (1859–1920)
- Prince Bojidar (1862–1908)
- George (1827–1884)
- Prince Alexander (1806–1885)
- Alexis (1836–1841)
- Hereditary Prince Svetozar (1841–1847)
- King Peter I (1844–1921)
- Prince George (1887–1972)
- King Alexander I (1888–1934)
- King Peter II (1923–1970)
- Crown Prince Alexander (b. 1945)
- Prince Peter (b. 1980)[c]
- (1) Hereditary Prince Philip (b. 1982)
- (2) Prince Stephen (b. 2018)
- (3) Prince Alexander (b. 1982)
- Crown Prince Alexander (b. 1945)
- Prince Tomislav (1928–2000)
- (4) Prince Nicholas (b. 1958)
- (5) Prince George (b. 1984)
- (6) Prince Michael (b. 1985)
- Prince Andrew (1929–1990)
- Prince Christopher (1960–1994)
- (7) Prince Vladimir (b. 1964)
- Prince Kirill (2001–2001)
- (8) Prince Dimitri (b. 1965)
- King Peter II (1923–1970)
- Prince Andrew (1890–1890)
- Prince Andrew (1848–1864)
- Prince George (1856–1889)
- Prince Arsen (1859–1938)
- Prince Regent Paul (1893–1976)
- Prince Alexander (1924–2016)
- Prince Dimitri (b. 1958)
- Prince Michael (b. 1958)
- Prince Sergius (b. 1963)
- (illegit.) Umberto (b. 2018)
- Prince Dushan (b. 1977)
- Prince Nicholas (1928–1954)
- Prince Alexander (1924–2016)
- Prince Regent Paul (1893–1976)
- Alexis (1801–1830)
Notes edit
- ^ Boluk-bashi was equivalent to the rank of captain.[2]
- ^ See paragraph one of "Birth and childhood"
- ^ See paragraph three of "Public life"
References edit
- ^ Singleton 1985, p. 77.
- ^ Skrivanić 1982, p. 310.
- ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 29.
- ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Rehm 1992, p. 392.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 29.
- ^ "Pastir u najmu".
- ^ a b c d Nedeljković, Mile. "Karađorđevi preci knezovi VOJINOVIĆI". Srpsko Nasledje.
- ^ a b Bogdan Popović, Jovan Skerlić (1932). Srpski književni glasnik, Volumes 35–36. p. 282.
- ^ a b c R-J. V. Vesović, 1935, "Pleme Vasojevići", Državna Štampa u Sarajevu, Sarajevo
- ^ Felix Phillip Kanitz 1987, p. 334: "Као што је доказао Ђукић10, велики српски борац за слободу угледао је свој први дан живота 1752. у Вишевцу, окруженом густом храстовом шумом, где се његов отац доселио из Васојевића у Црној Гори."
- ^ "MISTERIJA SLAVE KARAĐORĐEVIĆA: Evo kojim svecima su se molili preci Karađorđa!". telegraf.rs. 13 December 2014.
- ^ Marjanović, Z. (13 December 2014). "Čuvaju slavu velikog vožda". Vesti-online.
- ^ btgport.net. "Karađorđevići porijeklom iz Vasojevića". mojenovosti.com.
- ^ "Надимци старих Београђана – Politikin Zabavnik". politikin-zabavnik.co.rs.
- ^ Pregled, Volume 9 (in Serbian). Nova tiskara Vrček i dr. 1933.
Васојевићи нарочито радо причају о војводама Србије који су имали везе са њиховим племеном или из њега старином потичу. Говоре често о Карађорђу, зову га Карађоко и сматрају га као свој изданак.
- ^ a b Vuković 1985.
- ^ Miladinović, Ivan (25 November 2012). "Његово мишљење је почетком прошлог века прихватио и историчар Вукићевић, прилажући као доказ диплому коју је 1840. године владика црногорски Петар II Петровић Његош издао Вождовом сину Александру Карађорђевићу, у којој се каже да Вожд потиче од "древних кнезова наше провинције Васојевића"". Politika.
- ^ Vukićević 1907, p. 5: "околини Подгорице и у селу Врању. А да је Карађорђе старинбм из села Врања, чуо је у Црној Гори још 1875 године г.
- ^ Király & Rothenberg 1982, p. 23.
- ^ McKinsey, Kitty (27 June 1997). . San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007.
- ^ Luxmoore, Jonathan (8 December 2003). . Ecumenical News International. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006.
- ^ "Crown Prince Petar Karađorđević Abdicates In Favour Of Prince Philip". cordmagazine.com. 29 April 2022. from the original on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ "Princ Petar saopštio da je abdicirao u korist brata Filipa". danas.rs. 28 April 2022. from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ "Crown Prince Alexander II: the man who would be king of Serbia". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ "Enlarged Family Tree – RFS". royalfamily.org. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ "Order of line of Succession – RFS". royalfamily.org. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
Sources and further reading edit
- Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara (2000). The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920. Vol. 8 (4th ed.). Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-29580-360-9.
- Kanitz, Felix Phillip (1987). Srbija: zemlja i stanovništvo od rimskog doba do kraja XIX veka, Volume 1 (3 ed.). Srpska književna zadruga.
- Király, Béla K.; Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1982). War and Society in East Central Europe: The first Serbian uprising 1804-1813. Brooklyn College Press. ISBN 978-0-930888-15-2.
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History of an Idea. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6708-5.
- Rehm, Brendon A. (1992). "Karageorge". In Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt; Johnson, Curt; Bongard, David L. (eds.). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. New York: Harper Collins. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-78580-437-6.
- Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27485-2.
- Skrivanić, Gavro (1982). "The Armed Forces in Karadjordje's Serbia". In Vucinich, Wayne S. (ed.). The First Serbian Uprising, 1804–1813. War and Society in East Central Europe. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 303–340. ISBN 978-0-930888-15-2.
- Vukićević, Milenko M. (1907). Karađorđe: 1752–1804. Štampano u Državnoj štampariji Kraljevine Srbije.
- Vuković, Gavro (1985). Slobodan Tomović (ed.). Memoari, Volume 2. Obod.
External links edit
Media related to House of Karađorđević at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- Crown Prince Alexander's Foundation for Culture and Education 17 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Princess Katherine's Humanitarian Foundation