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Rosalind Franklin (rover)

April 17, 2023

Rosalind Franklin,[4] previously known as the ExoMars rover, is a planned robotic Mars rover, part of the international ExoMars programme led by the European Space Agency and the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation.[5][6] The mission was scheduled to launch in July 2020,[7] but was postponed to 2022.[8] The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused an indefinite delay of the programme, as the member states of the ESA voted to suspend the joint mission with Russia;[9] in July 2022, ESA terminated its cooperation on the project with Russia.[10] As of May 2022, the launch of the rover is not expected to occur before 2028 due to the need for a new non-Russian landing platform.[3]

Rosalind Franklin
Mission typeMars rover
OperatorESA
Websitewww.esa.int/...ExoMars
Mission duration≥ 7 months[1]
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerAstrium · Airbus
Launch mass310 kg (680 lb)
Power1200 W·h/d solar array, 1142 W·h Lithium-ion battery[2]
Start of mission
Launch dateNET 2028[3]
Mars rover
Landing dateNET 2029
Landing siteOxia Planum
ExoMars programme
 

The original plan called for a Russian launch vehicle, an ESA carrier model, and a Russian lander named Kazachok,[11] that would deploy the rover to Mars' surface.[12] Once it had safely landed, the solar powered rover would begin a seven-month (218-sol) mission to search for the existence of past life on Mars. The Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), launched in 2016, will operate as the data-relay satellite of Rosalind Franklin and the lander.[13]

The rover is named after Rosalind Franklin, a British chemist and DNA pioneer.

History

Design

The Rosalind Franklin rover is an autonomous six-wheeled vehicle with mass approximately 300 kg (660 lb), about 60% more than NASA's 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity,[14] but about one third that of NASA's two most recent rovers: Curiosity rover, launched in 2011, and Perseverance rover, launched in 2020. ESA returned to this original rover design after NASA descoped its involvement in a joint rover mission that was studied from 2009 to 2012.

The rover will carry a 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) sub-surface sampling drill and Analytical Laboratory Drawer (ALD), supporting the nine 'Pasteur[why?] payload' science instruments. The rover will search for biomolecules or biosignatures from past life.[15][1][16][17][18]

Twin Rover

Like all other martian rovers the ExoMars team also built a twin rover for Rosalind Franklin, dryly known as the Ground Test Model (GTM), with the nickname Amalia. This test model borrows its name from Professor Amalia Ercoli Finzi, a renowned astrophysicist with broad experience in spaceflight dynamics. Amalia has so far demonstrated drilling soil samples down to 1.7 meters and operating all the instruments while sending scientific data to the Rover Operations Control Centre (ROCC), the operational hub that will orchestrate the roaming of the European-built rover on Mars. It is currently in a Mars terrain simulator at the ALTEC premises in Turin. Engineers are using the Amalia rover to recreate different scenarios and help them take decisions that will keep Rosalind safe in the challenging environment of Mars and to run risky operations, from driving around martian slopes seeking the best path for science operations to drilling and analyzing rocks.[19]

Construction

The lead builder of the rover, the British division of Airbus Defence and Space, began procuring critical components in March 2014.[20] In December 2014, ESA member states approved the funding for the rover, to be sent on the second launch in 2018,[21] but insufficient funds had already started to threaten a launch delay until 2020.[22] The wheels and suspension system were paid for by the Canadian Space Agency and were manufactured by MDA Corporation in Canada.[20] Each wheel is 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter.[23] Roscosmos will provide radioisotope heater units (RHU) for the rover to keep its electronic components warm at night.[5][24] The rover was assembled by Airbus DS in the UK during 2018 and 2019.[25]

Launch schedule and delays

By March 2013, the spacecraft was scheduled to launch in 2018 with a Mars landing in early 2019.[12] Delays in European and Russian industrial activities and deliveries of scientific payloads forced the launch to be pushed back. In May 2016, ESA announced that the mission had been moved to the next available launch window of July 2020.[7] ESA ministerial meetings in December 2016 reviewed mission issues including €300 million ExoMars funding and lessons learned from the ExoMars 2016 Schiaparelli mission, which had crashed after its atmospheric entry and parachute descent (the 2020 mission drawing on Schiaparelli heritage for elements of its entry, descent and landing systems).[26] In March 2020, ESA delayed the launch to August–October 2022 due to parachute testing issues.[8] This was later refined to a twelve-day launch window starting on 20 September until 1 October 2022, with a scheduled landing around 10 June 2023.[27] The worsening diplomatic crisis over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine cast doubt over a 2022 launch, due to the plan to use Russian launch and landing hardware.[28][29] On 17 March 2022, the ESA announced that the launch of the rover has been suspended, with the earliest new date being sometime in late 2024.[30] As of May 2022, the launch is expected to occur no earlier than 2028.[3]

Naming

In July 2018, the European Space Agency launched a public outreach campaign to choose a name for the rover.[31] On 7 February 2019, the ExoMars rover was named Rosalind Franklin in honour of scientist Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958),[32] who made key contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite.[33]

Navigation

 
An early design ExoMars rover test model at the ILA 2006 in Berlin
 
Another early test model of the rover from the Paris Air Show 2007

The ExoMars mission requires the rover to be capable of driving across the Martian terrain at 70 m (230 ft) per sol (Martian day) to enable it to meet its science objectives.[34][35] The rover is designed to operate for at least seven months and drive 4 km (2.5 mi), after landing.[20]

Since the rover communicates with the ground controllers via the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), and the orbiter only passes over the rover approximately twice per sol, the ground controllers will not be able to actively guide the rover across the surface. The Rosalind Franklin rover is therefore designed to navigate autonomously across the Martian surface.[36][37] Two stereo camera pairs (NavCam and LocCam) allow the rover to build up a 3D map of the terrain,[38] which the navigation software then uses to assess the terrain around the rover so that it avoids obstacles and finds an efficient route to the ground controller specified destination.

On 27 March 2014, a "Mars Yard" was opened at Airbus Defence and Space in Stevenage, UK, to facilitate the development and testing of the rover's autonomous navigation system. The yard is 30 by 13 m (98 by 43 ft) and contains 300 tonnes (330 short tons; 300 long tons) of sand and rocks designed to mimic the terrain of the Martian environment.[39][40]

Pasteur payload

 
ExoMars prototype rover, 2009
 
ExoMars rover design, 2010
 
ExoMars prototype rover being tested at the Atacama Desert, 2013
 
ExoMars rover prototype at the 2015 Cambridge Science Festival

The rover will search for two types of subsurface life signatures, morphological and chemical. It will not analyse atmospheric samples,[41] and it has no dedicated meteorological station,[42] although the Kazachok lander that will deploy the rover is equipped with a meteorological station. The 26 kg (57 lb)[1] scientific payload comprises the following survey and analytical instruments:[5]

Panoramic Camera (PanCam)

Main article: PanCam

PanCam has been designed to perform digital terrain mapping for the rover and to search for morphological signatures of past biological activity preserved on the texture of surface rocks.[43] The PanCam Optical Bench (OB) mounted on the Rover mast includes two wide angle cameras (WACs) for multi-spectral stereoscopic panoramic imaging, and a high resolution camera (HRC) for high-resolution colour imaging.[44][45] PanCam will also support the scientific measurements of other instruments by taking high-resolution images of locations that are difficult to access, such as craters or rock walls, and by supporting the selection of the best sites to carry out exobiology studies. In addition to the OB, PanCam includes a calibration target (PCT), Fiducial Markers (FidMs) and Rover Inspection Mirror (RIM). The PCT's stained glass calibration targets will provide a UV-stable reflectance and colour reference for PanCam and ISEM, allowing for the generation of calibrated data products.[43][46]

Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars (ISEM)

Main article: Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars

The ISEM[47][48] optical box will be installed on the rover's mast, below PanCam's HRC, with an electronics box inside the Rover. It will be used to assess bulk mineralogy characterization and remote identification of water-related minerals. Working with PanCam, ISEM will contribute to the selection of suitable samples for further analysis by the other instruments.

Water Ice Subsurface Deposits Observation on Mars (WISDOM)

Main article: WISDOM (radar)

WISDOM is a ground-penetrating radar that will explore the subsurface of Mars to identify layering and help select interesting buried formations from which to collect samples for analysis.[49][50] It can transmit and receive signals using two Vivaldi-antennas mounted on the aft section of the rover, with electronics inside the Rover. Electromagnetic waves penetrating into the ground are reflected at places where there is a sudden transition in the electrical parameters of the soil. By studying these reflections it is possible to construct a stratigraphic map of the subsurface and identify underground targets down to 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft) in depth, comparable to the 2 m reach of the rover's drill. These data, combined with those produced by the other survey instruments and by the analyses carried out on previously collected samples, will be used to support drilling activities.[51]

Adron-RM

Main article: ADRON-RM

Adron-RM is a neutron spectrometer to search for subsurface water ice and hydrated minerals.[47][48][52][53] It is housed inside the Rover and will be used in combination with the WISDOM ground-penetrating radar to study the subsurface beneath the rover and to search for optimal sites for drilling and sample collection.[citation needed]

Close-Up Imager (CLUPI)

Main article: CLUPI

CLUPI, mounted on the drill box, will visually study rock targets at close range (50 cm/20 in) with sub-millimetre resolution. This instrument will also investigate the fines produced during drilling operations, and image samples collected by the drill. CLUPI has variable focusing and can obtain high-resolution images at longer distances.[5][47] The CLUPI imaging unit is complemented by two mirrors and a calibration target.

Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies (Ma_MISS)

Main article: Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies

Ma_MISS is an infrared spectrometer located inside the core drill.[54] Ma_MISS will observe the lateral wall of the borehole created by the drill to study the subsurface stratigraphy, to understand the distribution and state of water-related minerals, and to characterise the geophysical environment. The analyses of unexposed material by Ma_MISS, together with data obtained with the spectrometers located inside the rover, will be crucial for the unambiguous interpretation of the original conditions of Martian rock formation.[5][55] The composition of the regolith and crustal rocks provides important information about the geologic evolution of the near-surface crust, the evolution of the atmosphere and climate, and the existence of past life.

MicrOmega

Main article: MicrOmega-IR

MicrOmega is an infrared hyperspectral microscope housed within the Rover's ALD that can analyse the powder material derived from crushing samples collected by the core drill.[5][56] Its objective is to study mineral grain assemblages in detail to try to unravel their geological origin, structure, and composition. These data will be vital for interpreting past and present geological processes and environments on Mars. Because MicrOmega is an imaging instrument, it can also be used to identify grains that are particularly interesting, and assign them as targets for Raman and MOMA-LDMS observations.

Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS)

Main article: Raman Laser Spectrometer

RLS is a Raman spectrometer housed within the ALD that will provide geological and mineralogical context information complementary to that obtained by MicrOmega. It is a very fast and useful technique employed to identify mineral phases produced by water-related processes.[57][58][59] It will help to identify organic compounds and search for life by identifying the mineral products and indicators of biologic activities (biosignatures).

Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA)

Main article: Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer

MOMA is the rover's largest instrument, housed within the ALD. It will conduct a broad-range, very-high sensitivity search for organic molecules in the collected sample. It includes two different ways for extracting organics: laser desorption and thermal volatilisation, followed by separation using four GC-MS columns. The identification of the evolved organic molecules is performed with an ion trap mass spectrometer.[5] The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research is leading the development. International partners include NASA.[60] The mass spectrometer is provided from the Goddard Space Flight Center, while the GC is provided by the two French institutes LISA and LATMOS. The UV-Laser is being developed by the Laser Zentrum Hannover.[61]

Payload support functions

Sampling from beneath the Martian surface with the intent to reach and analyze material unaltered or minimally affected by cosmic radiation is the strongest advantage of Rosalind Franklin. The ExoMars core drill was fabricated in Italy with heritage from the earlier DeeDri development, and incorporates the Ma_MISS instrument (see above).[62] It is designed to acquire soil samples down to a maximum depth of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in a variety of soil types. The drill will acquire a core sample 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter by 3 cm (1.2 in) in length, extract it and deliver it to the sample container of the ALD's Core Sample Transport Mechanism (CSTM). The CSTM drawer is then closed and the sample dropped into a crushing station. The resulting powder is fed by a dosing station into receptacles on the ALD's sample carousel: either the refillable container - for examination by MicrOmega, RLS and MOMA-LDMS - or a MOMA-GC oven. The system will complete experiment cycles and at least two vertical surveys down to 2 m (with four sample acquisitions each). This means that a minimum number of 17 samples shall be acquired and delivered by the drill for subsequent analysis.[63][64]

De-scoped instruments

 
Urey design, 2013

The proposed payload has changed several times. The last major change was after the program switched from the larger rover concept back to the previous 300 kg (660 lb) rover design in 2012.[47]

  • Mars X-Ray Diffractometer (Mars-XRD) - Powder diffraction of X-rays would have determined the composition of crystalline minerals.[65][66] This instrument includes also an X-ray fluorescence capability that can provide useful atomic composition information.[67] The identification of concentrations of carbonates, sulphides or other aqueous minerals may be indicative of a Martian [hydrothermal] system capable of preserving traces of life. In other words, it would have examined the past Martian environmental conditions, and more specifically the identification of conditions related to life.[47]
  • The Urey instrument was planned to search for organic compounds in Martian rocks and soils as evidence for past life and/or prebiotic chemistry. Starting with a hot water extraction, only soluble compounds are left for further analysis. Sublimation, and capillary electrophoresis makes it possible to identify amino acids. The detection would have been done by laser-induced fluorescence, a highly sensitive technique, capable of parts-per-trillion sensitivity. These measurements were to be made at a thousand times greater sensitivity than the Viking GCMS experiment.[47][68][69]
  • Miniaturised Mössbauer Spectrometer (MIMOS-II) provides the mineralogical composition of iron-bearing surface rocks, sediments and soils. Their identification was to aid in understanding water and climate evolution and search for biomediated iron-sulfides and magnetites, which could provide evidence for former life on Mars.
  • The Life Marker Chip (LMC) was for some time part of the planned payload. This instrument was intended to use a surfactant solution to extract organic matter from samples of martian rock and soil, then detect the presence of specific organic compounds using an antibody-based assay.[70][71][72]
  • Mars Infrared Mapper (MIMA), a Fourier IR spectrometer operating in the 2-25 µm range that was to be mounted on the rover's mast to investigate the martian surface and atmosphere.[73]

Landing site selection

Main article: ExoMars § Landing site selection
 
Location of Oxia Planum
 
Geological morphology of Oxia Planum, chosen for its potential to preserve biosignatures and its smooth surface

After a review by an ESA-appointed panel, a short list of four sites was formally recommended in October 2014 for further detailed analysis.[74][75] These landing sites exhibit evidence of a complex aqueous history in the past.[53]

On 21 October 2015, Oxia Planum was chosen as the preferred landing site for the rover, with Aram Dorsum and Mawrth Vallis as backup options.[53][76] In March 2017 the Landing Site Selection Working Group narrowed the choice to Oxia Planum and Mawrth Vallis,[77] and in November 2018, Oxia Planum was once again chosen, pending sign-off by the heads of the European and Russian space agencies.[78]

After Kazachok lands, it will extend a ramp to deploy the Rosalind Franklin rover to the surface. The lander will remain stationary and will start a two-year mission[79] to investigate the surface environment at the landing site.[80]

Acheron FossaeAcidalia PlanitiaAlba MonsAmazonis PlanitiaAonia PlanitiaArabia TerraArcadia PlanitiaArgentea PlanumArgyre PlanitiaChryse PlanitiaClaritas FossaeCydonia MensaeDaedalia PlanumElysium MonsElysium PlanitiaGale craterHadriaca PateraHellas MontesHellas PlanitiaHesperia PlanumHolden craterIcaria PlanumIsidis PlanitiaJezero craterLomonosov craterLucus PlanumLycus SulciLyot craterLunae PlanumMalea PlanumMaraldi craterMareotis FossaeMareotis TempeMargaritifer TerraMie craterMilankovič craterNepenthes MensaeNereidum MontesNilosyrtis MensaeNoachis TerraOlympica FossaeOlympus MonsPlanum AustralePromethei TerraProtonilus MensaeSirenumSisyphi PlanumSolis PlanumSyria PlanumTantalus FossaeTempe TerraTerra CimmeriaTerra SabaeaTerra SirenumTharsis MontesTractus CatenaTyrrhen TerraUlysses PateraUranius PateraUtopia PlanitiaValles MarinerisVastitas BorealisXanthe Terra 
  Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars, overlain with locations of Mars Lander and Rover sites. Hover over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted.
(   Active ROVER •   Inactive •   Active LANDER •   Inactive •   Future )


See also

References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosalind Franklin (rover).
  • ExoMars rover at ESA.int
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  • Searching for Signs of Life on Mars on YouTube by NASA/Goddard

April 17, 2023
rosalind, franklin, rover, rosalind, franklin, previously, known, exomars, rover, planned, robotic, mars, rover, part, international, exomars, programme, european, space, agency, russian, roscosmos, state, corporation, mission, scheduled, launch, july, 2020, p. Rosalind Franklin 4 previously known as the ExoMars rover is a planned robotic Mars rover part of the international ExoMars programme led by the European Space Agency and the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation 5 6 The mission was scheduled to launch in July 2020 7 but was postponed to 2022 8 The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused an indefinite delay of the programme as the member states of the ESA voted to suspend the joint mission with Russia 9 in July 2022 ESA terminated its cooperation on the project with Russia 10 As of May 2022 the launch of the rover is not expected to occur before 2028 due to the need for a new non Russian landing platform 3 Rosalind FranklinMission typeMars roverOperatorESAWebsitewww esa int ExoMarsMission duration 7 months 1 Spacecraft propertiesManufacturerAstrium AirbusLaunch mass310 kg 680 lb Power1200 W h d solar array 1142 W h Lithium ion battery 2 Start of missionLaunch dateNET 2028 3 Mars roverLanding dateNET 2029Landing siteOxia PlanumExoMars programme Trace Gas Orbiter and Schiaparelli lander The original plan called for a Russian launch vehicle an ESA carrier model and a Russian lander named Kazachok 11 that would deploy the rover to Mars surface 12 Once it had safely landed the solar powered rover would begin a seven month 218 sol mission to search for the existence of past life on Mars The Trace Gas Orbiter TGO launched in 2016 will operate as the data relay satellite of Rosalind Franklin and the lander 13 The rover is named after Rosalind Franklin a British chemist and DNA pioneer Contents 1 History 1 1 Design 1 2 Twin Rover 1 3 Construction 1 4 Launch schedule and delays 1 5 Naming 2 Navigation 3 Pasteur payload 3 1 Panoramic Camera PanCam 3 2 Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars ISEM 3 3 Water Ice Subsurface Deposits Observation on Mars WISDOM 3 4 Adron RM 3 5 Close Up Imager CLUPI 3 6 Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies Ma MISS 3 7 MicrOmega 3 8 Raman Laser Spectrometer RLS 3 9 Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer MOMA 3 10 Payload support functions 3 11 De scoped instruments 4 Landing site selection 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditDesign Edit The Rosalind Franklin rover is an autonomous six wheeled vehicle with mass approximately 300 kg 660 lb about 60 more than NASA s 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity 14 but about one third that of NASA s two most recent rovers Curiosity rover launched in 2011 and Perseverance rover launched in 2020 ESA returned to this original rover design after NASA descoped its involvement in a joint rover mission that was studied from 2009 to 2012 The rover will carry a 2 metre 6 ft 7 in sub surface sampling drill and Analytical Laboratory Drawer ALD supporting the nine Pasteur why payload science instruments The rover will search for biomolecules or biosignatures from past life 15 1 16 17 18 Twin Rover Edit Like all other martian rovers the ExoMars team also built a twin rover for Rosalind Franklin dryly known as the Ground Test Model GTM with the nickname Amalia This test model borrows its name from Professor Amalia Ercoli Finzi a renowned astrophysicist with broad experience in spaceflight dynamics Amalia has so far demonstrated drilling soil samples down to 1 7 meters and operating all the instruments while sending scientific data to the Rover Operations Control Centre ROCC the operational hub that will orchestrate the roaming of the European built rover on Mars It is currently in a Mars terrain simulator at the ALTEC premises in Turin Engineers are using the Amalia rover to recreate different scenarios and help them take decisions that will keep Rosalind safe in the challenging environment of Mars and to run risky operations from driving around martian slopes seeking the best path for science operations to drilling and analyzing rocks 19 Construction Edit The lead builder of the rover the British division of Airbus Defence and Space began procuring critical components in March 2014 20 In December 2014 ESA member states approved the funding for the rover to be sent on the second launch in 2018 21 but insufficient funds had already started to threaten a launch delay until 2020 22 The wheels and suspension system were paid for by the Canadian Space Agency and were manufactured by MDA Corporation in Canada 20 Each wheel is 25 cm 9 8 in in diameter 23 Roscosmos will provide radioisotope heater units RHU for the rover to keep its electronic components warm at night 5 24 The rover was assembled by Airbus DS in the UK during 2018 and 2019 25 Launch schedule and delays Edit By March 2013 the spacecraft was scheduled to launch in 2018 with a Mars landing in early 2019 12 Delays in European and Russian industrial activities and deliveries of scientific payloads forced the launch to be pushed back In May 2016 ESA announced that the mission had been moved to the next available launch window of July 2020 7 ESA ministerial meetings in December 2016 reviewed mission issues including 300 million ExoMars funding and lessons learned from the ExoMars 2016 Schiaparelli mission which had crashed after its atmospheric entry and parachute descent the 2020 mission drawing on Schiaparelli heritage for elements of its entry descent and landing systems 26 In March 2020 ESA delayed the launch to August October 2022 due to parachute testing issues 8 This was later refined to a twelve day launch window starting on 20 September until 1 October 2022 with a scheduled landing around 10 June 2023 27 The worsening diplomatic crisis over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine cast doubt over a 2022 launch due to the plan to use Russian launch and landing hardware 28 29 On 17 March 2022 the ESA announced that the launch of the rover has been suspended with the earliest new date being sometime in late 2024 30 As of May 2022 the launch is expected to occur no earlier than 2028 3 Naming Edit In July 2018 the European Space Agency launched a public outreach campaign to choose a name for the rover 31 On 7 February 2019 the ExoMars rover was named Rosalind Franklin in honour of scientist Rosalind Franklin 1920 1958 32 who made key contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA deoxyribonucleic acid RNA ribonucleic acid viruses coal and graphite 33 Navigation Edit An early design ExoMars rover test model at the ILA 2006 in Berlin Another early test model of the rover from the Paris Air Show 2007 The ExoMars mission requires the rover to be capable of driving across the Martian terrain at 70 m 230 ft per sol Martian day to enable it to meet its science objectives 34 35 The rover is designed to operate for at least seven months and drive 4 km 2 5 mi after landing 20 Since the rover communicates with the ground controllers via the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter TGO and the orbiter only passes over the rover approximately twice per sol the ground controllers will not be able to actively guide the rover across the surface The Rosalind Franklin rover is therefore designed to navigate autonomously across the Martian surface 36 37 Two stereo camera pairs NavCam and LocCam allow the rover to build up a 3D map of the terrain 38 which the navigation software then uses to assess the terrain around the rover so that it avoids obstacles and finds an efficient route to the ground controller specified destination On 27 March 2014 a Mars Yard was opened at Airbus Defence and Space in Stevenage UK to facilitate the development and testing of the rover s autonomous navigation system The yard is 30 by 13 m 98 by 43 ft and contains 300 tonnes 330 short tons 300 long tons of sand and rocks designed to mimic the terrain of the Martian environment 39 40 Pasteur payload Edit ExoMars prototype rover 2009 ExoMars rover design 2010 ExoMars prototype rover being tested at the Atacama Desert 2013 ExoMars rover prototype at the 2015 Cambridge Science Festival The rover will search for two types of subsurface life signatures morphological and chemical It will not analyse atmospheric samples 41 and it has no dedicated meteorological station 42 although the Kazachok lander that will deploy the rover is equipped with a meteorological station The 26 kg 57 lb 1 scientific payload comprises the following survey and analytical instruments 5 Panoramic Camera PanCam Edit Main article PanCam PanCam has been designed to perform digital terrain mapping for the rover and to search for morphological signatures of past biological activity preserved on the texture of surface rocks 43 The PanCam Optical Bench OB mounted on the Rover mast includes two wide angle cameras WACs for multi spectral stereoscopic panoramic imaging and a high resolution camera HRC for high resolution colour imaging 44 45 PanCam will also support the scientific measurements of other instruments by taking high resolution images of locations that are difficult to access such as craters or rock walls and by supporting the selection of the best sites to carry out exobiology studies In addition to the OB PanCam includes a calibration target PCT Fiducial Markers FidMs and Rover Inspection Mirror RIM The PCT s stained glass calibration targets will provide a UV stable reflectance and colour reference for PanCam and ISEM allowing for the generation of calibrated data products 43 46 Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars ISEM Edit Main article Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars The ISEM 47 48 optical box will be installed on the rover s mast below PanCam s HRC with an electronics box inside the Rover It will be used to assess bulk mineralogy characterization and remote identification of water related minerals Working with PanCam ISEM will contribute to the selection of suitable samples for further analysis by the other instruments Water Ice Subsurface Deposits Observation on Mars WISDOM Edit Main article WISDOM radar WISDOM is a ground penetrating radar that will explore the subsurface of Mars to identify layering and help select interesting buried formations from which to collect samples for analysis 49 50 It can transmit and receive signals using two Vivaldi antennas mounted on the aft section of the rover with electronics inside the Rover Electromagnetic waves penetrating into the ground are reflected at places where there is a sudden transition in the electrical parameters of the soil By studying these reflections it is possible to construct a stratigraphic map of the subsurface and identify underground targets down to 2 to 3 m 7 to 10 ft in depth comparable to the 2 m reach of the rover s drill These data combined with those produced by the other survey instruments and by the analyses carried out on previously collected samples will be used to support drilling activities 51 Adron RM Edit Main article ADRON RM Adron RM is a neutron spectrometer to search for subsurface water ice and hydrated minerals 47 48 52 53 It is housed inside the Rover and will be used in combination with the WISDOM ground penetrating radar to study the subsurface beneath the rover and to search for optimal sites for drilling and sample collection citation needed Close Up Imager CLUPI Edit Main article CLUPI CLUPI mounted on the drill box will visually study rock targets at close range 50 cm 20 in with sub millimetre resolution This instrument will also investigate the fines produced during drilling operations and image samples collected by the drill CLUPI has variable focusing and can obtain high resolution images at longer distances 5 47 The CLUPI imaging unit is complemented by two mirrors and a calibration target Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies Ma MISS Edit Main article Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies Ma MISS is an infrared spectrometer located inside the core drill 54 Ma MISS will observe the lateral wall of the borehole created by the drill to study the subsurface stratigraphy to understand the distribution and state of water related minerals and to characterise the geophysical environment The analyses of unexposed material by Ma MISS together with data obtained with the spectrometers located inside the rover will be crucial for the unambiguous interpretation of the original conditions of Martian rock formation 5 55 The composition of the regolith and crustal rocks provides important information about the geologic evolution of the near surface crust the evolution of the atmosphere and climate and the existence of past life MicrOmega Edit Main article MicrOmega IR MicrOmega is an infrared hyperspectral microscope housed within the Rover s ALD that can analyse the powder material derived from crushing samples collected by the core drill 5 56 Its objective is to study mineral grain assemblages in detail to try to unravel their geological origin structure and composition These data will be vital for interpreting past and present geological processes and environments on Mars Because MicrOmega is an imaging instrument it can also be used to identify grains that are particularly interesting and assign them as targets for Raman and MOMA LDMS observations Raman Laser Spectrometer RLS Edit Main article Raman Laser Spectrometer RLS is a Raman spectrometer housed within the ALD that will provide geological and mineralogical context information complementary to that obtained by MicrOmega It is a very fast and useful technique employed to identify mineral phases produced by water related processes 57 58 59 It will help to identify organic compounds and search for life by identifying the mineral products and indicators of biologic activities biosignatures Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer MOMA Edit Main article Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer MOMA is the rover s largest instrument housed within the ALD It will conduct a broad range very high sensitivity search for organic molecules in the collected sample It includes two different ways for extracting organics laser desorption and thermal volatilisation followed by separation using four GC MS columns The identification of the evolved organic molecules is performed with an ion trap mass spectrometer 5 The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research is leading the development International partners include NASA 60 The mass spectrometer is provided from the Goddard Space Flight Center while the GC is provided by the two French institutes LISA and LATMOS The UV Laser is being developed by the Laser Zentrum Hannover 61 Payload support functions Edit Sampling from beneath the Martian surface with the intent to reach and analyze material unaltered or minimally affected by cosmic radiation is the strongest advantage of Rosalind Franklin The ExoMars core drill was fabricated in Italy with heritage from the earlier DeeDri development and incorporates the Ma MISS instrument see above 62 It is designed to acquire soil samples down to a maximum depth of 2 metres 6 ft 7 in in a variety of soil types The drill will acquire a core sample 1 cm 0 4 in in diameter by 3 cm 1 2 in in length extract it and deliver it to the sample container of the ALD s Core Sample Transport Mechanism CSTM The CSTM drawer is then closed and the sample dropped into a crushing station The resulting powder is fed by a dosing station into receptacles on the ALD s sample carousel either the refillable container for examination by MicrOmega RLS and MOMA LDMS or a MOMA GC oven The system will complete experiment cycles and at least two vertical surveys down to 2 m with four sample acquisitions each This means that a minimum number of 17 samples shall be acquired and delivered by the drill for subsequent analysis 63 64 De scoped instruments Edit Urey design 2013 The proposed payload has changed several times The last major change was after the program switched from the larger rover concept back to the previous 300 kg 660 lb rover design in 2012 47 Mars X Ray Diffractometer Mars XRD Powder diffraction of X rays would have determined the composition of crystalline minerals 65 66 This instrument includes also an X ray fluorescence capability that can provide useful atomic composition information 67 The identification of concentrations of carbonates sulphides or other aqueous minerals may be indicative of a Martian hydrothermal system capable of preserving traces of life In other words it would have examined the past Martian environmental conditions and more specifically the identification of conditions related to life 47 The Urey instrument was planned to search for organic compounds in Martian rocks and soils as evidence for past life and or prebiotic chemistry Starting with a hot water extraction only soluble compounds are left for further analysis Sublimation and capillary electrophoresis makes it possible to identify amino acids The detection would have been done by laser induced fluorescence a highly sensitive technique capable of parts per trillion sensitivity These measurements were to be made at a thousand times greater sensitivity than the Viking GCMS experiment 47 68 69 Miniaturised Mossbauer Spectrometer MIMOS II provides the mineralogical composition of iron bearing surface rocks sediments and soils Their identification was to aid in understanding water and climate evolution and search for biomediated iron sulfides and magnetites which could provide evidence for former life on Mars The Life Marker Chip LMC was for some time part of the planned payload This instrument was intended to use a surfactant solution to extract organic matter from samples of martian rock and soil then detect the presence of specific organic compounds using an antibody based assay 70 71 72 Mars Infrared Mapper MIMA a Fourier IR spectrometer operating in the 2 25 µm range that was to be mounted on the rover s mast to investigate the martian surface and atmosphere 73 Landing site selection EditMain article ExoMars Landing site selection Location of Oxia Planum Geological morphology of Oxia Planum chosen for its potential to preserve biosignatures and its smooth surface After a review by an ESA appointed panel a short list of four sites was formally recommended in October 2014 for further detailed analysis 74 75 These landing sites exhibit evidence of a complex aqueous history in the past 53 Mawrth Vallis Oxia Planum Hypanis Vallis Aram DorsumOn 21 October 2015 Oxia Planum was chosen as the preferred landing site for the rover with Aram Dorsum and Mawrth Vallis as backup options 53 76 In March 2017 the Landing Site Selection Working Group narrowed the choice to Oxia Planum and Mawrth Vallis 77 and in November 2018 Oxia Planum was once again chosen pending sign off by the heads of the European and Russian space agencies 78 After Kazachok lands it will extend a ramp to deploy the Rosalind Franklin rover to the surface The lander will remain stationary and will start a two year mission 79 to investigate the surface environment at the landing site 80 view discuss Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars overlain with locations of Mars Lander and Rover sites Hover over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features and click to link to them Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA s Mars Global Surveyor Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations 12 to 8 km followed by pinks and reds 8 to 3 km yellow is 0 km greens and blues are lower elevations down to 8 km Axes are latitude and longitude Polar regions are noted See also Mars map Mars Memorials map list Active ROVER Inactive Active LANDER Inactive Future Beagle 2 2003 Curiosity 2012 Deep Space 2 1999 InSight 2018 Mars 2 1971 Mars 3 1971 Mars 6 1973 Polar Lander 1999 Opportunity 2004 Perseverance 2021 Phoenix 2008 Schiaparelli EDM 2016 Sojourner 1997 Spirit 2004 Zhurong 2021 Viking 1 1976 Viking 2 1976 See also EditAstrobiology Science concerned with life in the universe Life on Mars Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Mars List of missions to Mars Mars 2020 Astrobiology Mars rover mission by NASA Timeline of Solar System explorationReferences Edit a b c Vago Jorge L et al July 2017 Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover Astrobiology 17 6 7 471 510 Bibcode 2017AsBio 17 471V doi 10 1089 ast 2016 1533 PMC 5685153 PMID 31067287 Saft Li ion Battery to Power the ExoMars Rover as it Searches for Life on the Red Planet Saft Batteries Press release Business Wire 8 July 2015 Retrieved 8 July 2015 a b c Foust Jeff 3 May 2022 ExoMars official says launch unlikely before 2028 SpaceNews Retrieved 5 May 2022 Amos Jonathan 7 February 2019 Rosalind Franklin Mars rover named after DNA pioneer BBC News Retrieved 7 February 2019 a b c d e f g Vago Jorge Witasse Olivier Baglioni Pietro Haldemann Albert Gianfiglio Giacinto et al August 2013 ExoMars ESA s Next Step in Mars Exploration PDF Bulletin European Space Agency 155 12 23 Katz Gregory 27 March 2014 2018 mission Mars rover prototype unveiled in UK Excite com Associated Press Retrieved 29 March 2014 a b Second ExoMars mission moves to next launch opportunity in 2020 Press release European Space Agency 2 May 2016 Retrieved 2 May 2016 a b N 6 2020 ExoMars to take off for the Red Planet in 2022 Press release ESA 12 March 2020 Retrieved 12 March 2020 Joint Europe Russia Mars rover project is parked BBC BBC Retrieved 17 March 2022 Europe ending cooperation with Russia on life hunting Mars rover Space com Wall Mike 21 March 2019 Meet Kazachok Landing Platform for ExoMars Rover Gets a Name In 2021 Rosalind Franklin will roll off Kazachok onto the red dirt of Mars Space com Retrieved 21 March 2019 a b Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions Space com 14 March 2013 Retrieved 24 January 2016 de Selding Peter B 3 October 2012 U S Europe Won t Go It Alone in Mars Exploration Space News Retrieved 28 January 2023 Vego J L et al 2009 ExoMars Status PDF 20th Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Meeting 3 4 March 2009 Arlington Virginia European Space Agency Archived from the original PDF on 9 April 2009 Retrieved 15 November 2009 Rover surface operations European Space Agency 18 December 2012 Retrieved 16 March 2012 Press Info ExoMars Status Press release Thales Group 8 May 2012 Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 8 May 2012 The ExoMars Instruments European Space Agency 1 February 2008 Archived from the original on 26 October 2012 Retrieved 8 May 2012 Amos Jonathan 15 March 2012 Europe still keen on Mars missions BBC News Retrieved 16 March 2012 Steady Driving Towards Launch of ExoMars Rover 18 January 2022 a b c Clark Stephen 3 March 2014 Facing funding gap ExoMars rover is on schedule for now Spaceflight Now Retrieved 3 March 2014 Europe Agrees to Fund Ariane 6 Orbital Launcher ABC News Berlin Germany Associated Press 2 December 2014 Retrieved 2 December 2014 ESA s member states also approved funding to upgrade the smaller Vega launch vehicle continue participating in the International Space Station and proceed with the second part of its ExoMars mission Money Troubles May Delay Europe Russia Mars Mission Industry Week Agence France Presse 15 January 2016 Retrieved 16 January 2016 ESA Prepares for ExoMars Rover 2020 Launch at Mars and on Earth Emily Lakdawalla The Planetary Society 30 May 2019 Zak Anatoly 28 July 2016 ExoMars 2016 mission Russianspaceweb com Retrieved 15 May 2018 In 2018 a Russian built radioactive heat generator would be installed on the ExoMars rover along with possible suit of Russian instruments Clark Stephen 28 August 2019 ExoMars rover leaves British factory heads for testing in France Spaceflight Now Clery Daniel 25 October 2016 Mars lander crash complicates follow up rover in 2020 Science doi 10 1126 science aal0303 Retrieved 4 November 2016 Joint Europe Russia Mars rover project is parked BBC 17 March 2022 Retrieved 17 March 2022 Europe s Mars rover very unlikely to launch in 2022 BBC News 28 February 2022 Retrieved 1 March 2022 European Space Agency claims joint Russian Mars rover probably won t launch this year 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2011 In situ biomarkers and the Life Marker Chip Astronomy amp Geophysics 52 1 1 34 1 35 Bibcode 2011A amp G 52a 34M doi 10 1111 j 1468 4004 2011 52134 x Sims Mark R Cullen David C Rix Catherine S Buckley Alan Derveni Mariliza et al November 2012 Development status of the life marker chip instrument for ExoMars Planetary and Space Science 72 1 129 137 Bibcode 2012P amp SS 72 129S doi 10 1016 j pss 2012 04 007 Bellucci G Saggin B Fonti S et al 2007 MIMA a miniaturized Fourier infrared spectrometer for Mars ground exploration Part I Concept and expected performance In Meynart Roland Neeck Steven P Shimoda Haruhisa Habib Shahid eds Sensors Systems and Next Generation Satellites XI Vol 6744 pp 67441Q Bibcode 2007SPIE 6744E 1QB doi 10 1117 12 737896 S2CID 128494222 Bauer Markus Vago Jorge 1 October 2014 Four candidate landing sites for ExoMars 2018 European Space Agency Retrieved 20 April 2017 Recommendation for the Narrowing of ExoMars 2018 Landing Sites European Space Agency 1 October 2014 Retrieved 1 October 2014 Atkinson Nancy 21 October 2015 Scientists Want ExoMars Rover to Land at Oxia Planum Universe Today Retrieved 22 October 2015 Bauer Markus Vago Jorge 28 March 2017 Final two ExoMars landing sites chosen European Space Agency Archived from the original on 1 April 2017 Retrieved 8 September 2018 Amos Jonathan 9 November 2018 ExoMars Life detecting robot to be sent to Oxia Planum BBC News Retrieved 12 March 2020 ExoMars 2020 Surface Platform scientific investigation Daniel Rodionov Lev Zelenyi Oleg Korablev Ilya Chuldov and Jorge Vago EPSC Abstracts Vol 12 EPSC2018 732 European Planetary Science Congress 2018 Exomars 2018 surface platform European Space Agency Retrieved 14 March 2016 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosalind Franklin rover ExoMars rover at ESA int ExoMars rover Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine at CNES fr ExoMars rover at NASA gov Searching for Signs of Life on Mars on YouTube by NASA Goddard Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rosalind Franklin rover amp oldid 1146944549, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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