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Robert Howard (knight)

May 01, 2024

Sir Robert Howard (1385—1436), Knight, of Stoke by Nayland, Suffolk,[1] was an English nobleman, the eldest son of John Howard (c. 1366 - 1437), of Wiggenhall and East Winch, Norfolk, by the latter's second wife, Alice Tendring.[2][3][note 1] Alice was also an heiress, although not to the same degree as John Howard's first wife, Lady Plaiz, who had brought him estates worth over £400 per annum.[6] They had two sons; Robert was the elder. His younger brother, Henry Howard (d. 1446) was later murdered by retainers of John, Baron Scrope of Masham, after his parents and brother had died.[why?] [7]

Robert Howard senior "naturally found no difficulty in securing marriages for his children and grandchild with important gentry families."[3]

– The History of Parliament

In 1420, Howard married Lady Margaret Mowbray,[3] daughter of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk (d. 1399). She outlived Robert, surviving until 1459.[8] Her sister, Isabel, had married James, later Baron Berkeley, which, it has been said, "forged a link between the Berkeleys and the Howards that continued for two centuries."[9][note 2] In the words of Anne Crawford, [who?] however, it was "a clearly unequal marriage."[4] It does appear, however, that they made the decision to marry for themselves as adults, rather than as was customary for the period, by arrangement as children.[10][11]

There is little comprehensive knowledge available as to Howard's career. Early historians of the family made what have been called "somewhat grand claims" on his behalf: for example, that he commanded a fleet of 3,000 men out of Lowestoft to attack the French coast whilst Henry V was on campaign there. It is considered extremely doubtful that this actually ever occurred since such an undertaking would have certainly left its mark in official local or governmental records. It may well be that grandiose stories have been imagined around a simple truth; viz that Howard did indeed fight in France, but that he did so alongside his brother-in-law and regional magnate, John Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, who indeed spent much of his career doing precisely that.

Although Howard is not mentioned on any of the surviving lists of retainers Mowbray took with him, it is likely that Howard was a member of the duke's household. He had, after all, married Mowbray's sister. Further, in November 1428, as the duke sailed up the River Thames to Westminster, his barge rammed a pier under London Bridge; Mowbray lost several members of his household in this accident. Not only did the duke survive, but Mowbray is recorded as having been with him and surviving also.[12] Howard—and presumably his wife—probably lived with the duke at his caput of Framlingham Castle until Mowbray died in 1432.

Howard's father outlived him, although only by a year; having set out[clarification needed] for the Holy Land on crusade, he reached Jerusalem but died there on 17 November 1437. Robert Howard's mother had pre-deceased them both;[3] she left Robert her manor of Stoke by Nayland in her will. Howard and Margaret had had three children, John, Katherine, and Margaret.[13] John was to be a prominent retainer for the third duke of Norfolk,[14] and when civil war broke out less than twenty years later, he was to play a leading role as one of the House of York's firmest supporters. [citation needed]

In 1483, when Richard III took the throne, he rewarded John Howard with the by now-extinct Mowbray dukedom of Norfolk.[15][note 3]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Whilst clearly of different social strata, the Howards were themselves a still prominent local gentry family in East Anglia with a lineage dating back to the thirteenth century,[4] and have been described as "one of the wealthiest and most prestigious gentry lines in England."[5]
  2. ^ Later marriages between the two families further strengthened the dynastic links between them.[9]
  3. ^ The fourth and last Mowbray Duke of Norfolk (the second duke's grandson) had died suddenly in 1476, leaving no male heir.[15]

References edit

  1. ^ Joseph 1899, p. 919.
  2. ^ Ross 2011, p. 77.
  3. ^ a b c d Rawcliffe & Roskell 1993.
  4. ^ a b Crawford 2010, p. 2.
  5. ^ Ross 2011, p. 76.
  6. ^ Crawford 2010, pp. 2–3.
  7. ^ Ross 2011, p. 80.
  8. ^ Ross 2015, p. 24.
  9. ^ a b Broadway 2006, p. 159.
  10. ^ McCarthy 2004, p. 80.
  11. ^ Crawford 2010, p. 6.
  12. ^ Crawford 2010, p. 3.
  13. ^ Crawford 2010, p. 7.
  14. ^ Castor 2000, p. 107.
  15. ^ a b Richmond 2004.

Bibliography edit

  • Botfield, B. (1841). Manners and Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: Illustrated by Original Records. London: W. Nicol. p. 85.
  • Broadway, J. (2006). 'No Historie So Meete': Gentry Culture and the Development of Local History in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-7294-9.
  • Castor, H. (2000). The King, the Crown, and the Duchy of Lancaster: Public Authority and Private Power, 1399-1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198206224.
  • Crawford, A. (2010). Yorkist Lord:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, c.1425-1485. London: Continuum. ISBN 9781441179975.
  • Joseph, C. B. (1899). The History of the Noble House of Stourton, of Stourton, in the County of Wilts. Vol. II. London: Elliot Stock. p. 919. ISBN 978-5-88060-380-0.
  • McCarthy, C. (2004). Marriage in Medieval England: Law, Literature, and Practice. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-102-0.
  • Rawcliffe, C. R.; Roskell, J. S. (1993). "Howard, Sir John (c.1366-1437), of Wiggenhall and East Winch, Norf., Stoke Nayland, Suff., Stansted Mountfichet, Essex, and Fowlmere, Cambs". The History of Parliament Online. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer.
  • Richmond, C. (2004). "Mowbray, John, fourth duke of Norfolk (1444–1476)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19455. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Ross, J. A. (2011). "'Mischieviously Slewen": John, Lord Scrope, the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, and the Murder of Henry Howard in 1446". In Kleineke, H. (ed.). The Fifteenth Century X: Parliament, Personalities and Power. Papers Presented to Linda S. Clark. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. ISBN 9781843836926.
  • Ross, J. A. (2015). The Foremost Man of the Kingdom: John de Vere, Thirteenth Earl of Oxford (1442-1513). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78327-005-7.

May 01, 2024
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Sir Robert Howard 1385 1436 Knight of Stoke by Nayland Suffolk 1 was an English nobleman the eldest son of John Howard c 1366 1437 of Wiggenhall and East Winch Norfolk by the latter s second wife Alice Tendring 2 3 note 1 Alice was also an heiress although not to the same degree as John Howard s first wife Lady Plaiz who had brought him estates worth over 400 per annum 6 They had two sons Robert was the elder His younger brother Henry Howard d 1446 was later murdered by retainers of John Baron Scrope of Masham after his parents and brother had died why 7 Robert Howard senior naturally found no difficulty in securing marriages for his children and grandchild with important gentry families 3 The History of Parliament In 1420 Howard married Lady Margaret Mowbray 3 daughter of Thomas de Mowbray 1st Duke of Norfolk d 1399 She outlived Robert surviving until 1459 8 Her sister Isabel had married James later Baron Berkeley which it has been said forged a link between the Berkeleys and the Howards that continued for two centuries 9 note 2 In the words of Anne Crawford who however it was a clearly unequal marriage 4 It does appear however that they made the decision to marry for themselves as adults rather than as was customary for the period by arrangement as children 10 11 There is little comprehensive knowledge available as to Howard s career Early historians of the family made what have been called somewhat grand claims on his behalf for example that he commanded a fleet of 3 000 men out of Lowestoft to attack the French coast whilst Henry V was on campaign there It is considered extremely doubtful that this actually ever occurred since such an undertaking would have certainly left its mark in official local or governmental records It may well be that grandiose stories have been imagined around a simple truth viz that Howard did indeed fight in France but that he did so alongside his brother in law and regional magnate John Mowbray 2nd Duke of Norfolk who indeed spent much of his career doing precisely that Although Howard is not mentioned on any of the surviving lists of retainers Mowbray took with him it is likely that Howard was a member of the duke s household He had after all married Mowbray s sister Further in November 1428 as the duke sailed up the River Thames to Westminster his barge rammed a pier under London Bridge Mowbray lost several members of his household in this accident Not only did the duke survive but Mowbray is recorded as having been with him and surviving also 12 Howard and presumably his wife probably lived with the duke at his caput of Framlingham Castle until Mowbray died in 1432 Howard s father outlived him although only by a year having set out clarification needed for the Holy Land on crusade he reached Jerusalem but died there on 17 November 1437 Robert Howard s mother had pre deceased them both 3 she left Robert her manor of Stoke by Nayland in her will Howard and Margaret had had three children John Katherine and Margaret 13 John was to be a prominent retainer for the third duke of Norfolk 14 and when civil war broke out less than twenty years later he was to play a leading role as one of the House of York s firmest supporters citation needed In 1483 when Richard III took the throne he rewarded John Howard with the by now extinct Mowbray dukedom of Norfolk 15 note 3 Notes edit Whilst clearly of different social strata the Howards were themselves a still prominent local gentry family in East Anglia with a lineage dating back to the thirteenth century 4 and have been described as one of the wealthiest and most prestigious gentry lines in England 5 Later marriages between the two families further strengthened the dynastic links between them 9 The fourth and last Mowbray Duke of Norfolk the second duke s grandson had died suddenly in 1476 leaving no male heir 15 References edit Joseph 1899 p 919 Ross 2011 p 77 a b c d Rawcliffe amp Roskell 1993 a b Crawford 2010 p 2 Ross 2011 p 76 Crawford 2010 pp 2 3 Ross 2011 p 80 Ross 2015 p 24 a b Broadway 2006 p 159 McCarthy 2004 p 80 Crawford 2010 p 6 Crawford 2010 p 3 Crawford 2010 p 7 Castor 2000 p 107 a b Richmond 2004 Bibliography edit Botfield B 1841 Manners and Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries Illustrated by Original Records London W Nicol p 85 Broadway J 2006 No Historie So Meete Gentry Culture and the Development of Local History in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 7294 9 Castor H 2000 The King the Crown and the Duchy of Lancaster Public Authority and Private Power 1399 1461 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0198206224 Crawford A 2010 Yorkist Lord John Howard Duke of Norfolk c 1425 1485 London Continuum ISBN 9781441179975 Joseph C B 1899 The History of the Noble House of Stourton of Stourton in the County of Wilts Vol II London Elliot Stock p 919 ISBN 978 5 88060 380 0 McCarthy C 2004 Marriage in Medieval England Law Literature and Practice Woodbridge Boydell Press ISBN 978 1 84383 102 0 Rawcliffe C R Roskell J S 1993 Howard Sir John c 1366 1437 of Wiggenhall and East Winch Norf Stoke Nayland Suff Stansted Mountfichet Essex and Fowlmere Cambs The History of Parliament Online Woodbridge Boydell and Brewer Richmond C 2004 Mowbray John fourth duke of Norfolk 1444 1476 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 19455 Subscription or UK public library membership required Ross J A 2011 Mischieviously Slewen John Lord Scrope the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and the Murder of Henry Howard in 1446 In Kleineke H ed The Fifteenth Century X Parliament Personalities and Power Papers Presented to Linda S Clark Woodbridge Boydell and Brewer ISBN 9781843836926 Ross J A 2015 The Foremost Man of the Kingdom John de Vere Thirteenth Earl of Oxford 1442 1513 Woodbridge Boydell amp Brewer Ltd ISBN 978 1 78327 005 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Robert Howard knight amp oldid 1138357212, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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