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Robert Cobb Kennedy

Robert Cobb Kennedy (25 October 1835 – 25 March 1865) was a Confederate operative who was hanged for his role in a failed plot to burn New York City during the American Civil War.

Robert Cobb Kennedy
Born(1835-10-25)October 25, 1835
Georgia, U.S
DiedMarch 25, 1865(1865-03-25) (aged 29)
Fort Lafayette, New York, U.S.
Cause of deathExecution by hanging
Allegiance Confederate States of America
Service/branch Confederate States Army
Years of service1861–1865
UnitFirst Louisiana Regulars
Battles/warsAmerican Civil War

Early life and family edit

 
General Edwin Stoughton, Kennedy's classmate and later his defense lawyer

Kennedy was born in Georgia to John Bailey Kennedy, a physician, and his wife Eliza Lydia Cobb.[1] His mother came from a prominent family, and was a distant relative of Howell Cobb, a Speaker of the U.S. House, U.S. Treasury Secretary, and governor of Georgia. He was the oldest of seven children. His family relocated to Alabama shortly after his birth, but due to declining fortunes they moved again to northwest Louisiana in 1846, settling in Claiborne Parish. The family's fortunes improved in Louisiana, where they amassed over 3,000 acres of land as well as dozens of slaves, making them one of the wealthier families of the region.[1]

At the age of 18, Kennedy left home to attend West Point. He entered in the same class as Joseph Wheeler and Edwin H. Stoughton, who would both later serve as generals on opposing sides of the Civil War, but Kennedy proved a poor student. He accumulated numerous demerits and a poor academic record, and was finally thrown out after two years of study when he was caught drunk off-campus with another cadet.[2] After two years of lackluster study, Kennedy returned to Louisiana. He quarreled often with his father and gained a reputation as a heavy drinker.[3]

Civil War service edit

 
Kennedy was one of a very small number of people to escape from Johnson's Island Prison

When the war began, Kennedy entered Confederate service, joining the First Louisiana Regulars as a lieutenant. He fought at the Battle of Shiloh, receiving a wound that left him with a permanent limp. His abortive term at West Point proved useful to him, as he was able to use a connection to former classmate General Joseph Wheeler to get a position as an assistant.[2] He was captured while carrying dispatches, imprisoned at Johnson's Island, and later escaped using a homemade ladder and skiff. After his escape, he headed to Canada rather than back South; it was there that he was recruited by Confederate spymaster Jacob Thompson, the head of the Confederate Secret Service.[4]

The plot to burn New York City edit

 
Barnum's American Museum, where Kennedy attempted to start a blaze

In 1864, Kennedy joined a small group of fellow Confederate operatives in a plot to burn New York City in retaliation for General Sheridan's scorched-earth tactics in Virginia. Each of the conspirators was equipped with incendiary devices, with which they planned to start fires in a number of hotels around the city where they had procured rooms. The goal of the plot was to overwhelm the local fire departments, burning much of the city and striking a blow to Union morale. While most of the conspirators proceeded as planned, Kennedy added his own twist, using one of his incendiaries to set a fire at Barnum's American Museum, allegedly because "it would be fun to start a scare." The plot ultimately failed, with the fires being quickly extinguished, possibly because the conspirators did not use the incendiaries correctly.[5]

After the failed attack, Kennedy and his associates fled to Canada, returning briefly to American soil to participate in a failed attempt to rescue Confederate prisoners by hijacking the train carrying them and diverting it to Canada. Kennedy then attempted to return to Confederate territory, but was apprehended by federal detectives when his train entered Detroit. He was then transferred back to New York to stand trial.[6]

Trial and execution edit

 
Fort Lafayette, site of Kennedy's execution

After his capture, Kennedy was vilified in the Northern press as a "Southern terrorist." He was transported to Fort Lafayette to a military hearing chaired by General Fitz Henry Warren, while being represented by former West Point classmate Edwin Stoughton. His trial began on 17 January 1865.[4] The trial, under Judge Advocate John A. Bolles ended on 27 February; despite Bolles' inability to present more than circumstantial evidence, or to find a witness who had observed Kennedy perform any suspicious activities, Kennedy was found guilty on all charges and sentenced to hang. Stoughton appealed to President Lincoln to commute Kennedy's sentence to life imprisonment, but the appeal was refused.

Kennedy attempted to escape on 19 March, but was foiled in the attempt and consequently spent his last days in irons. He made a confession to the camp commander, Martin Burke, and Joe Howard Jr., of The New York Times.[7] Kennedy's execution on 25 March 1865 marked the last execution of a Confederate soldier by the United States government during the Civil War.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Brandt, Nat "The Man Who Tried to Burn New York" pp. 36–37
  2. ^ a b Johnson, Clint "A Vast and Fiendish Plot: The Confederate Attack on New York City" p. 166
  3. ^ Brandt p. 48
  4. ^ a b Buhk, Tobin T. "True Crime in the Civil War" p. 157
  5. ^ Buhk pp. 148–153
  6. ^ Buhk pp. 155
  7. ^ Hewitt, Lawrence L. and Bergeron, Arthur W. Louisianians in the Civil War pp. 172–173
  8. ^ Buhk p. 160

Further reading edit

  • Arthur W. Bergeron: Robert C. Kennedy:Louisiana Confederate Secret Agent. In: Lawrence L. Hewitt (ed.), Arthur W. Bergeron (ed.): Louisianians in the Civil War. University of Missouri Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0826263193, pp. 164–174
  • O. Edward Cunningham: "In Violation of the Laws of War": The Execution of Robert Cobb Kennedy. Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, vol. 18, no. 2 (spring, 1977), pp. 189–201 (JSTOR)
  • Jane Singer: The Confederate Dirty War: Arson, Bombings, Assassination and Plots for Chemical and Germ Attacks on the Union. McFarland, 2005, ISBN 9780786419739, pp. 23, 51, 58–60, 62, 67–72

External links edit

  • Phil Scott : American History: 1864 Attack on New York

robert, cobb, kennedy, october, 1835, march, 1865, confederate, operative, hanged, role, failed, plot, burn, york, city, during, american, civil, born, 1835, october, 1835georgia, sdiedmarch, 1865, 1865, aged, fort, lafayette, york, cause, deathexecution, hang. Robert Cobb Kennedy 25 October 1835 25 March 1865 was a Confederate operative who was hanged for his role in a failed plot to burn New York City during the American Civil War Robert Cobb KennedyBorn 1835 10 25 October 25 1835Georgia U SDiedMarch 25 1865 1865 03 25 aged 29 Fort Lafayette New York U S Cause of deathExecution by hangingAllegiance Confederate States of AmericaService wbr branch Confederate States ArmyYears of service1861 1865UnitFirst Louisiana RegularsBattles warsAmerican Civil War Battle of Shiloh Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Civil War service 3 The plot to burn New York City 4 Trial and execution 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEarly life and family edit nbsp General Edwin Stoughton Kennedy s classmate and later his defense lawyerKennedy was born in Georgia to John Bailey Kennedy a physician and his wife Eliza Lydia Cobb 1 His mother came from a prominent family and was a distant relative of Howell Cobb a Speaker of the U S House U S Treasury Secretary and governor of Georgia He was the oldest of seven children His family relocated to Alabama shortly after his birth but due to declining fortunes they moved again to northwest Louisiana in 1846 settling in Claiborne Parish The family s fortunes improved in Louisiana where they amassed over 3 000 acres of land as well as dozens of slaves making them one of the wealthier families of the region 1 At the age of 18 Kennedy left home to attend West Point He entered in the same class as Joseph Wheeler and Edwin H Stoughton who would both later serve as generals on opposing sides of the Civil War but Kennedy proved a poor student He accumulated numerous demerits and a poor academic record and was finally thrown out after two years of study when he was caught drunk off campus with another cadet 2 After two years of lackluster study Kennedy returned to Louisiana He quarreled often with his father and gained a reputation as a heavy drinker 3 Civil War service edit nbsp Kennedy was one of a very small number of people to escape from Johnson s Island PrisonWhen the war began Kennedy entered Confederate service joining the First Louisiana Regulars as a lieutenant He fought at the Battle of Shiloh receiving a wound that left him with a permanent limp His abortive term at West Point proved useful to him as he was able to use a connection to former classmate General Joseph Wheeler to get a position as an assistant 2 He was captured while carrying dispatches imprisoned at Johnson s Island and later escaped using a homemade ladder and skiff After his escape he headed to Canada rather than back South it was there that he was recruited by Confederate spymaster Jacob Thompson the head of the Confederate Secret Service 4 The plot to burn New York City edit nbsp Barnum s American Museum where Kennedy attempted to start a blazeIn 1864 Kennedy joined a small group of fellow Confederate operatives in a plot to burn New York City in retaliation for General Sheridan s scorched earth tactics in Virginia Each of the conspirators was equipped with incendiary devices with which they planned to start fires in a number of hotels around the city where they had procured rooms The goal of the plot was to overwhelm the local fire departments burning much of the city and striking a blow to Union morale While most of the conspirators proceeded as planned Kennedy added his own twist using one of his incendiaries to set a fire at Barnum s American Museum allegedly because it would be fun to start a scare The plot ultimately failed with the fires being quickly extinguished possibly because the conspirators did not use the incendiaries correctly 5 After the failed attack Kennedy and his associates fled to Canada returning briefly to American soil to participate in a failed attempt to rescue Confederate prisoners by hijacking the train carrying them and diverting it to Canada Kennedy then attempted to return to Confederate territory but was apprehended by federal detectives when his train entered Detroit He was then transferred back to New York to stand trial 6 Trial and execution edit nbsp Fort Lafayette site of Kennedy s executionAfter his capture Kennedy was vilified in the Northern press as a Southern terrorist He was transported to Fort Lafayette to a military hearing chaired by General Fitz Henry Warren while being represented by former West Point classmate Edwin Stoughton His trial began on 17 January 1865 4 The trial under Judge Advocate John A Bolles ended on 27 February despite Bolles inability to present more than circumstantial evidence or to find a witness who had observed Kennedy perform any suspicious activities Kennedy was found guilty on all charges and sentenced to hang Stoughton appealed to President Lincoln to commute Kennedy s sentence to life imprisonment but the appeal was refused Kennedy attempted to escape on 19 March but was foiled in the attempt and consequently spent his last days in irons He made a confession to the camp commander Martin Burke and Joe Howard Jr of The New York Times 7 Kennedy s execution on 25 March 1865 marked the last execution of a Confederate soldier by the United States government during the Civil War 8 References edit a b Brandt Nat The Man Who Tried to Burn New York pp 36 37 a b Johnson Clint A Vast and Fiendish Plot The Confederate Attack on New York City p 166 Brandt p 48 a b Buhk Tobin T True Crime in the Civil War p 157 Buhk pp 148 153 Buhk pp 155 Hewitt Lawrence L and Bergeron Arthur W Louisianians in the Civil War pp 172 173 Buhk p 160Further reading editArthur W Bergeron Robert C Kennedy Louisiana Confederate Secret Agent In Lawrence L Hewitt ed Arthur W Bergeron ed Louisianians in the Civil War University of Missouri Press 2002 ISBN 978 0826263193 pp 164 174 O Edward Cunningham In Violation of the Laws of War The Execution of Robert Cobb Kennedy Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association vol 18 no 2 spring 1977 pp 189 201 JSTOR Jane Singer The Confederate Dirty War Arson Bombings Assassination and Plots for Chemical and Germ Attacks on the Union McFarland 2005 ISBN 9780786419739 pp 23 51 58 60 62 67 72External links editPhil Scott American History 1864 Attack on New York Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Robert Cobb Kennedy amp oldid 1185345511, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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