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Cyclura ricordii

Cyclura ricordii, also known as Ricord's ground iguana or Ricord's rock iguana, is an endangered species of medium-sized rock iguana, a large herbivorous lizard. It is endemic to the island of Hispaniola (in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic). It is known to coexist with the nominate subspecies of the rhinoceros iguana (C. cornuta cornuta); the two species are the only taxa of rock iguana to do so. The natural habitats of its three subpopulations are hot, dry, wooded savanna on limestone with access to soil and sandy flats in southern Hispaniola. It is threatened by predation by introduced predators and habitat loss, due to overgrazing and charcoal manufacture.

Cyclura ricordii
C. ricordii at Lake Enriquillo, Dominican Republic
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Iguanidae
Genus: Cyclura
Species:
C. ricordii
Binomial name
Cyclura ricordii
(Duméril & Bibron, 1837)
Synonyms[3][4]
  • Aloponotus ricordii Duméril & Bibron, 1837
  • Hypsilophus ricordii (Duméril & Bibron, 1837) Fitzinger, 1843
  • Cyclura ricordi (Duméril & Bibron, 1837) Schwartz & R. Thomas, 1975, lapsus

Taxonomy edit

The specific epithet ricordii commemorates the French doctor Alexandre Ricord who sent the first specimen to Paris.[5]

In 1837 Cyclura ricordii was described as a species new to science by André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron, who at that time named it Aloponotus ricordii.[3][5] In 1843, the species was assigned to the genus Hypsilophus by Leopold Fitzinger. In 1885, the species was returned to the genus Aloponotus by Edward Drinker Cope. In 1924, the species was assigned to the genus Cyclura by Doris Mable Cochran.[3] Cochran used the spelling C. ricordii, but in 1975 Albert Schwartz and Richard Thomas misspelled the name as C. ricordi,[4] this orthographic error[1] was subsequently followed by most authors and databases,[3][6] until the 2010s.[1][3]

The holotype is a stuffed animal sent by Ricord from the colony of Saint-Domingue to Paris, which arrived at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in 1699, and is stored there under the collection number MNHN-RA-0.8304.[6]

Genetic (mtDNA)[7] and morphological data indicate that the closest living relative of C. ricordii is C. carinata of the Turks and Caicos Islands.[8]

Common names edit

In English, vernacular names of C. ricordii include Ricord's rock iguana,[1][3][9] Ricord's ground iguana,[3][9] Ricord's iguana,[10][11] and banded rock iguana.[12]

Vernacular names in Spanish include iguana amarilla and iguana de Ricord. In the local Haitian Creole, it is known as leza recò. In French, the names cyclure d'Hispaniola, cyclures de Ricord and iguane de Ricord are recorded.[1]

Description edit

Cyclura ricordii is a species of rock iguana with a maximum snout-to-vent length in males of 460 mm (18 in),[1] in females to 430 mm (17 in),[13] The tail is 540 mm (21 in) long at maximum. The average snout-to-vent length at birth is 96 mm (3.8 in) with a 147 mm (5.8 in) tail.[1]

Their body color is a grayish green flat color marked by five to six bold pale gray chevrons alternating with dark gray to black chevrons. In adults, the dark chevrons are less contrasting than in juveniles.[10] The eyes have a dark, almost black iris and red sclera.[citation needed]

Species of Cyclura are sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and have larger femoral pores on their thighs, which are used to release pheromones.[14][15]

Eggs from the genus Cyclura are some of the largest laid by any lizard.[13]

Distribution edit

Until 2008, Cyclura ricordii was thought to be restricted to two populations in the southern Dominican Republic: one population in the arid Hoya de Enriquillo surrounding the hypersaline Lake Enriquillo and its lake island Isla Cabritos, and the other in the most xeric portion of the coastal lowlands of Pedernales Province. These are separated by the moister Sierra de Bahoruco, with three peaks exceeding 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) which form an ecological barrier between two populations. Past drier Pleistocene climates may have allowed genetic exchange between the two populations. It is sympatric throughout its range with C. cornuta, the rhinoceros iguana.[10][16] All other Caribbean islands with rock iguanas are home to a single species.[11] In 2008, a third population was found to exist near the town of Anse-a-Pitres in Haiti,[17] near the southernmost coast.[1]

Hispaniola was once two islands; genetic evidence indicates C. ricordii evolved on the northern island and later dispersed southwards, while C. cornuta evolved on the southern island.[7]

Ecology edit

Habitat edit

This species inhabits dry xeric Hispaniolan dry forests or scrublands with scattered trees, cacti and many vines, that grow on rocky limestone cliffs and terraces, with the occasional depressions filled with red soil. Another part of the population inhabits a flat habitat with a 5–6m tall dry forest, dominated by succulents growing on white sandy soil. It is found at altitudes from 43m below sea level (Cabritos Island on Lake Enriquillo) up to 439m. The Haitian population is found on a small karst limestone terrace near the coast.[1]

Behaviour edit

It is a diurnal animal, sleeping in "retreats" during the nights.[1] They usually excavate burrows for retreats in the sandy areas of either type of habitat which they expand over time.[16] Entrances to these retreats are generally dug under dense thorny vegetation, shrubs, stumps, or exposed rocks.[16] They may sometimes also retreat to hollow tree trunks or rock crevices.[1]

Mating occurs from May through June.[16] In the genus Cyclura in general, in many species copulation is preceded by numerous head-bobs on the part of the male, who then circles around behind the female and grasps the nape of her neck in order to manoeuvre his tail under hers to position himself for sex.[13] Nest sites are built in clay or sand,[1] in pockets of earth exposed to the sun.[16] The Haiti population nests in a single location on a sandy beach at the coast. Anywhere from 2 to 23 eggs are usually laid in May to July,[1] depending on the size and age of the female.[16] The eggs go through a 95- to 100-day incubation period before hatching in July to September The average success rate is 95%. After two to three years both sexes have reached maturity.[1]

The adults of the species are primarily terrestrial whereas juveniles tend to occupy arboreal retreats.[11] It has been observed swimming and floating in Lago Enriquillo.[10]

Diet edit

It feeds on a wide variety of plants and plant parts, depending on local availability, including Consolea, Cordia, Croton, Guaiacum, Melocactus lemairei, Opuntia and Prosopis.[10] Insects and crustaceans are also sometimes eaten when the opportunity presents itself,[1][10] as well as vertebrates.[1]

Conservation edit

In 1970, the estimated wild population was 5,000 lizards.[13] In 1996, the estimated wild population was 2,000-4,000 animals.[10] In 2018 the IUCN assessed wild population as 3,000-4,000 animals. The authors of that assessment found the population trend to be decreasing.[1]

The two populations are partially found within the following protected areas:

The Indianapolis Zoo has been involved in the Dominican Republic since the mid-1990s.[18] As of 1995, it was successful with breeding this species, but rearing the young had not gone well. The Parque Zoológico Nacional [es] in Santo Domingo had similar success, but had "institutional problems" according to Ottenwalder.[10] In 2005 the Parque Zoológico Nacional was breeding the iguanas. As of 2009, Grupo Jaragua was the only Dominican non-governmental organisation focussed on the conservation of amphibians and reptiles.[19] It was quite active domestically.[19][20] In 2018 Grupo Jaragua was still actively monitoring the population.[1]

Threats edit

In 1995, Ottenwalder mentioned that in the 1970s, Chinese restaurants in the capital city Santo Domingo sometimes sold iguana meat from this species as a special treat, although this was not going on in his time.[10] According to Grupo Jaragua, the Ricord's iguana population in Pedernales Province has been threatened by agricultural displacement through increased cattle grazing, as well as charcoal mining.[20] They state the iguanas are hunted and trapped as a food source by humans, and killed by goatherders under the false superstition that iguanas rip open the bellies of livestock with their pointed crests.[20][21] Competition from domestic and feral livestock is also a concern, as is predation of juveniles by cats, dogs, and mongooses.[20]

Status edit

The IUCN initially assessed this species' conservation status as critically endangered in 1996 (it had been listed as undetermined before then), but after the Haitian subpopulation was discovered, the "area of occupancy" had increased and it was downlisted to endangered in the assessment in 2018.[1] It has been listed in Appendix I of the CITES treaty,[13] at least since the 1990s, and this appears to have been effective.[10] It is not listed under the US Endangered Species Act.[13]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Pasachnik, S.A.; Carreras De León, R. (2019). "Cyclura ricordii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6032A3098833. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6032A3098833.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob. "Cyclura ricordi". The Reptile Database. Zoological Museum Hamburg. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  4. ^ a b Schwartz, Albert; Thomas, Richard (1975). Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 1 — A Check-list of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. p. 113. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.123681.
  5. ^ a b Duméril, André Marie Constant; Bibron, Gabriel (1837). Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique Roret. pp. 190–192.
  6. ^ a b "Spécimen - Cyclura ricordi (Duméril & Bibron, 1837)". Collection : Reptiles & Amphibiens (RA). Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  7. ^ a b Malone, Catherine L.; Wheeler, Tana; Taylor, Jeremy F.; Davis, Scott K. (November 2000). "Phylogeography of the Caribbean Rock Iguana (Cyclura): Implications for Conservation and Insights on the Biogeographic History of the West Indies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 17 (2): 269–279. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0836. PMID 11083940. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  8. ^ Alberts, Allison (2007). "Turks & Caicos Iguana, Cyclura carinata carinata Conservation & Mgmt. Plan 2005 - 2009" (PDF). Iguana Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2007. [dead link]
  9. ^ a b "Cyclura ricordi (Duméril & Bibron, 1837)". GBIF Backbone Taxonomy - Checklist dataset. GBIF Secretariat. 2019. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ottenwalder, Jose (2000). . In Alberts, Allison (ed.). West Indian Iguanas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Gland: IUCN/SSC West Indian Iguana Specialist Group, IUCN. pp. 51–55. ISBN 2-8317-0456-1. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007.
  11. ^ a b c Foster, John Scott (August 2005), (PDF), Association of Zoos and Aquariums Communique, pp. 19–20, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-21
  12. ^ Sánchez Muñoz, Alejandro J. "Family Iguanidae: Iguanas and Their Kin". Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History Diapsids I: Introduction; Lizards. Kingsnake.com. Retrieved November 26, 2007.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Blair, David (1991), (PDF), Northern California Herpetological Society Special Publication, vol. SE, no. 6, pp. 55–56, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-11
  14. ^ De Vosjoli, Phillipe; Blair, David (1992), The Green Iguana Manual, Escondido, California: Advanced Vivarium Systems, ISBN 1-882770-18-8
  15. ^ Martins, Emilia P.; Lacy, Kathryn (2004), "Behavior and Ecology of Rock Iguanas, I: Evidence for an Appeasement Display", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, pp. 98–108, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  16. ^ a b c d e f Ottenwalder, Jose (1996). "Cyclura ricordii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T6032A12348520. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6032A12348520.en.
  17. ^ Accime, Masani, , archived from the original on 2012-11-01, retrieved 2012-02-12
  18. ^ Wyatt III, John E. (2003). . Project Iguana. Indianapolis Zoo. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  19. ^ a b Powell, Robert; Incháustegui, Sixto J. (April 2009). "Conservation of the herpetofauna of the Dominican Republic". Applied Herpetology. 6 (2): 11, 114–116. doi:10.1163/157075409X427153. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  20. ^ a b c d Rupp, Ernst; Incháustegui, Sixto J.; Arias, Yvonne (December 1, 2005). "Conservation of Cyclura ricordii in the Southwestern Dominican Republic and a Brief History of the Grupo Jaragua". Iguana: Journal of the International Iguana Society. 12 (4): 222–234.
  21. ^ Rupp, Ernst; Incháustegui, Sixto J.; Arias, Yvonne (2005). "Preliminary Report on the Distribution and Situation of Cyclura ricordi on the Southern Shore of Enriquillo Lake". El Vergel (33). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: 1–12.

External links edit

  • Images of Cyclura ricordii
  • Other images of Cyclura ricordii
  • Cyclura ricordii on Biolib.cz
  • Video of Cyclura ricordii on YouTube

cyclura, ricordii, also, known, ricord, ground, iguana, ricord, rock, iguana, endangered, species, medium, sized, rock, iguana, large, herbivorous, lizard, endemic, island, hispaniola, both, haiti, dominican, republic, known, coexist, with, nominate, subspecie. Cyclura ricordii also known as Ricord s ground iguana or Ricord s rock iguana is an endangered species of medium sized rock iguana a large herbivorous lizard It is endemic to the island of Hispaniola in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic It is known to coexist with the nominate subspecies of the rhinoceros iguana C cornuta cornuta the two species are the only taxa of rock iguana to do so The natural habitats of its three subpopulations are hot dry wooded savanna on limestone with access to soil and sandy flats in southern Hispaniola It is threatened by predation by introduced predators and habitat loss due to overgrazing and charcoal manufacture Cyclura ricordii C ricordii at Lake Enriquillo Dominican Republic Conservation status Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix I CITES 2 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Order Squamata Suborder Iguania Family Iguanidae Genus Cyclura Species C ricordii Binomial name Cyclura ricordii Dumeril amp Bibron 1837 Synonyms 3 4 Aloponotus ricordii Dumeril amp Bibron 1837 Hypsilophus ricordii Dumeril amp Bibron 1837 Fitzinger 1843 Cyclura ricordi Dumeril amp Bibron 1837 Schwartz amp R Thomas 1975 lapsus Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Common names 3 Description 4 Distribution 5 Ecology 5 1 Habitat 5 2 Behaviour 5 3 Diet 6 Conservation 6 1 Threats 6 2 Status 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy editThe specific epithet ricordii commemorates the French doctor Alexandre Ricord who sent the first specimen to Paris 5 In 1837 Cyclura ricordii was described as a species new to science by Andre Marie Constant Dumeril and Gabriel Bibron who at that time named it Aloponotus ricordii 3 5 In 1843 the species was assigned to the genus Hypsilophus by Leopold Fitzinger In 1885 the species was returned to the genus Aloponotus by Edward Drinker Cope In 1924 the species was assigned to the genus Cyclura by Doris Mable Cochran 3 Cochran used the spelling C ricordii but in 1975 Albert Schwartz and Richard Thomas misspelled the name as C ricordi 4 this orthographic error 1 was subsequently followed by most authors and databases 3 6 until the 2010s 1 3 The holotype is a stuffed animal sent by Ricord from the colony of Saint Domingue to Paris which arrived at the Museum national d histoire naturelle in 1699 and is stored there under the collection number MNHN RA 0 8304 6 Genetic mtDNA 7 and morphological data indicate that the closest living relative of C ricordii is C carinata of the Turks and Caicos Islands 8 Common names editIn English vernacular names of C ricordii include Ricord s rock iguana 1 3 9 Ricord s ground iguana 3 9 Ricord s iguana 10 11 and banded rock iguana 12 Vernacular names in Spanish include iguana amarilla and iguana de Ricord In the local Haitian Creole it is known as leza reco In French the names cyclure d Hispaniola cyclures de Ricord and iguane de Ricord are recorded 1 Description editCyclura ricordii is a species of rock iguana with a maximum snout to vent length in males of 460 mm 18 in 1 in females to 430 mm 17 in 13 The tail is 540 mm 21 in long at maximum The average snout to vent length at birth is 96 mm 3 8 in with a 147 mm 5 8 in tail 1 Their body color is a grayish green flat color marked by five to six bold pale gray chevrons alternating with dark gray to black chevrons In adults the dark chevrons are less contrasting than in juveniles 10 The eyes have a dark almost black iris and red sclera citation needed nbsp C ricordii nbsp C ricordii Cabritos Island Species of Cyclura are sexually dimorphic males are larger than females and have larger femoral pores on their thighs which are used to release pheromones 14 15 Eggs from the genus Cyclura are some of the largest laid by any lizard 13 Distribution editUntil 2008 Cyclura ricordii was thought to be restricted to two populations in the southern Dominican Republic one population in the arid Hoya de Enriquillo surrounding the hypersaline Lake Enriquillo and its lake island Isla Cabritos and the other in the most xeric portion of the coastal lowlands of Pedernales Province These are separated by the moister Sierra de Bahoruco with three peaks exceeding 2 000 metres 6 600 ft which form an ecological barrier between two populations Past drier Pleistocene climates may have allowed genetic exchange between the two populations It is sympatric throughout its range with C cornuta the rhinoceros iguana 10 16 All other Caribbean islands with rock iguanas are home to a single species 11 In 2008 a third population was found to exist near the town of Anse a Pitres in Haiti 17 near the southernmost coast 1 Hispaniola was once two islands genetic evidence indicates C ricordii evolved on the northern island and later dispersed southwards while C cornuta evolved on the southern island 7 Ecology editHabitat edit This species inhabits dry xeric Hispaniolan dry forests or scrublands with scattered trees cacti and many vines that grow on rocky limestone cliffs and terraces with the occasional depressions filled with red soil Another part of the population inhabits a flat habitat with a 5 6m tall dry forest dominated by succulents growing on white sandy soil It is found at altitudes from 43m below sea level Cabritos Island on Lake Enriquillo up to 439m The Haitian population is found on a small karst limestone terrace near the coast 1 Behaviour edit It is a diurnal animal sleeping in retreats during the nights 1 They usually excavate burrows for retreats in the sandy areas of either type of habitat which they expand over time 16 Entrances to these retreats are generally dug under dense thorny vegetation shrubs stumps or exposed rocks 16 They may sometimes also retreat to hollow tree trunks or rock crevices 1 Mating occurs from May through June 16 In the genus Cyclura in general in many species copulation is preceded by numerous head bobs on the part of the male who then circles around behind the female and grasps the nape of her neck in order to manoeuvre his tail under hers to position himself for sex 13 Nest sites are built in clay or sand 1 in pockets of earth exposed to the sun 16 The Haiti population nests in a single location on a sandy beach at the coast Anywhere from 2 to 23 eggs are usually laid in May to July 1 depending on the size and age of the female 16 The eggs go through a 95 to 100 day incubation period before hatching in July to September The average success rate is 95 After two to three years both sexes have reached maturity 1 The adults of the species are primarily terrestrial whereas juveniles tend to occupy arboreal retreats 11 It has been observed swimming and floating in Lago Enriquillo 10 Diet edit It feeds on a wide variety of plants and plant parts depending on local availability including Consolea Cordia Croton Guaiacum Melocactus lemairei Opuntia and Prosopis 10 Insects and crustaceans are also sometimes eaten when the opportunity presents itself 1 10 as well as vertebrates 1 Conservation editIn 1970 the estimated wild population was 5 000 lizards 13 In 1996 the estimated wild population was 2 000 4 000 animals 10 In 2018 the IUCN assessed wild population as 3 000 4 000 animals The authors of that assessment found the population trend to be decreasing 1 The two populations are partially found within the following protected areas Jaragua National Park Pedernales Province Dominican Republic Parque Nacional Lago Enriquillo e Isla Cabritos es Bahoruco Province Dominican Republic The Indianapolis Zoo has been involved in the Dominican Republic since the mid 1990s 18 As of 1995 it was successful with breeding this species but rearing the young had not gone well The Parque Zoologico Nacional es in Santo Domingo had similar success but had institutional problems according to Ottenwalder 10 In 2005 the Parque Zoologico Nacional was breeding the iguanas As of 2009 Grupo Jaragua was the only Dominican non governmental organisation focussed on the conservation of amphibians and reptiles 19 It was quite active domestically 19 20 In 2018 Grupo Jaragua was still actively monitoring the population 1 Threats edit In 1995 Ottenwalder mentioned that in the 1970s Chinese restaurants in the capital city Santo Domingo sometimes sold iguana meat from this species as a special treat although this was not going on in his time 10 According to Grupo Jaragua the Ricord s iguana population in Pedernales Province has been threatened by agricultural displacement through increased cattle grazing as well as charcoal mining 20 They state the iguanas are hunted and trapped as a food source by humans and killed by goatherders under the false superstition that iguanas rip open the bellies of livestock with their pointed crests 20 21 Competition from domestic and feral livestock is also a concern as is predation of juveniles by cats dogs and mongooses 20 Status edit The IUCN initially assessed this species conservation status as critically endangered in 1996 it had been listed as undetermined before then but after the Haitian subpopulation was discovered the area of occupancy had increased and it was downlisted to endangered in the assessment in 2018 1 It has been listed in Appendix I of the CITES treaty 13 at least since the 1990s and this appears to have been effective 10 It is not listed under the US Endangered Species Act 13 References edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Pasachnik S A Carreras De Leon R 2019 Cyclura ricordii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T6032A3098833 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T6032A3098833 en Retrieved 14 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 a b c d e f g Uetz Peter Hallermann Jakob Cyclura ricordi The Reptile Database Zoological Museum Hamburg Retrieved 19 February 2020 a b Schwartz Albert Thomas Richard 1975 Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No 1 A Check list of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Carnegie Museum of Natural History p 113 doi 10 5962 bhl title 123681 a b Dumeril Andre Marie Constant Bibron Gabriel 1837 Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles in French Vol 4 Paris Librairie Encyclopedique Roret pp 190 192 a b Specimen Cyclura ricordi Dumeril amp Bibron 1837 Collection Reptiles amp Amphibiens RA Museum national d histoire naturelle Retrieved 19 February 2020 a b Malone Catherine L Wheeler Tana Taylor Jeremy F Davis Scott K November 2000 Phylogeography of the Caribbean Rock Iguana Cyclura Implications for Conservation and Insights on the Biogeographic History of the West Indies Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17 2 269 279 doi 10 1006 mpev 2000 0836 PMID 11083940 Retrieved 19 February 2020 Alberts Allison 2007 Turks amp Caicos Iguana Cyclura carinata carinata Conservation amp Mgmt Plan 2005 2009 PDF Iguana Specialist Group Retrieved November 26 2007 dead link a b Cyclura ricordi Dumeril amp Bibron 1837 GBIF Backbone Taxonomy Checklist dataset GBIF Secretariat 2019 doi 10 15468 39omei Retrieved 20 February 2020 a b c d e f g h i j Ottenwalder Jose 2000 Ricord s Iguana Cyclura ricordi In Alberts Allison ed West Indian Iguanas Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan PDF Gland IUCN SSC West Indian Iguana Specialist Group IUCN pp 51 55 ISBN 2 8317 0456 1 Archived from the original on October 28 2007 a b c Foster John Scott August 2005 Saving Ricord s Iguana Conservation and Education in the Dominican Republic PDF Association of Zoos and Aquariums Communique pp 19 20 archived from the original PDF on 2007 02 21 Sanchez Munoz Alejandro J Family Iguanidae Iguanas and Their Kin Father Sanchez s Web Site of West Indian Natural History Diapsids I Introduction Lizards Kingsnake com Retrieved November 26 2007 a b c d e f Blair David 1991 West Indian Iguanas of the Genus Cyclura Their Current Status in the Wild Conservation Priorities and Efforts to Breed Them in Captivity PDF Northern California Herpetological Society Special Publication vol SE no 6 pp 55 56 archived from the original PDF on 2008 04 11 De Vosjoli Phillipe Blair David 1992 The Green Iguana Manual Escondido California Advanced Vivarium Systems ISBN 1 882770 18 8 Martins Emilia P Lacy Kathryn 2004 Behavior and Ecology of Rock Iguanas I Evidence for an Appeasement Display Iguanas Biology and Conservation University of California Press pp 98 108 ISBN 978 0 520 23854 1 a b c d e f Ottenwalder Jose 1996 Cyclura ricordii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996 e T6032A12348520 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 1996 RLTS T6032A12348520 en Accime Masani Ricord s Iguana Project Message from our research team archived from the original on 2012 11 01 retrieved 2012 02 12 Wyatt III John E 2003 Indianapolis Zoo Conducts Ricord s Iguana Field Research Project Iguana Indianapolis Zoo Archived from the original on 2008 02 06 Retrieved 2007 10 04 a b Powell Robert Inchaustegui Sixto J April 2009 Conservation of the herpetofauna of the Dominican Republic Applied Herpetology 6 2 11 114 116 doi 10 1163 157075409X427153 Retrieved 20 February 2020 a b c d Rupp Ernst Inchaustegui Sixto J Arias Yvonne December 1 2005 Conservation of Cyclura ricordii in the Southwestern Dominican Republic and a Brief History of the Grupo Jaragua Iguana Journal of the International Iguana Society 12 4 222 234 Rupp Ernst Inchaustegui Sixto J Arias Yvonne 2005 Preliminary Report on the Distribution and Situation of Cyclura ricordi on the Southern Shore of Enriquillo Lake El Vergel 33 Santo Domingo Dominican Republic 1 12 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclura ricordi nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Cyclura ricordi International Iguana Foundation Images of Cyclura ricordii Other images of Cyclura ricordii Cyclura ricordii on Biolib cz Video of Cyclura ricordii on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cyclura ricordii amp oldid 1193385999, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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