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Ceratobasidium cornigerum

May 07, 2024

Ceratobasidium cornigerum is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are thin, spread on the substrate out like a film (effused) and web-like. An anamorphic state is frequently obtained when isolates are cultured. Ceratobasidium cornigerum is saprotrophic, but is also a facultative plant pathogen, causing a number of economically important crop diseases, and an orchid endomycorrhizal associate. The species is genetically diverse and is sometimes treated as a complex of closely related taxa. DNA research shows the species (or species complex) actually belongs within the genus Rhizoctonia.[3]

Ceratobasidium cornigerum
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Ceratobasidiaceae
Genus: Ceratobasidium
Species:
C. cornigerum
Binomial name
Ceratobasidium cornigerum
(Bourdot) D.P. Rogers (1935)
Synonyms

Corticium gramineum Ikata & T. Matsuura (1910) sensu auct.
Rhizoctonia goodyerae-repentis Costantin & L.M. Dufour (1920) sensu auct.
Corticium cornigerum Bourdot (1922)
Corticium pervagum Petch (1925)
Corticium invisum Petch (1925)
Rhizoctonia endophytica H.K. Saksena & Vaartaja (1960) (invalid name)[1]
Rhizoctonia candida W. Yamam. (1962) sensu auct. (invalid name)[1]
Rhizoctonia fragariae S.S. Husain & W.E. McKeen (1963) (invalid name)[1]
Rhizoctonia cerealis E.P. Hoeven (1977) (invalid name)[1]
Ceratobasidium fragariae Kohmoto, N. Maek., Ogihara & S. Nishim. (1981) (invalid name)[2]
Ceratobasidium cereale D.I. Murray & Burpee (1984)
Ceratobasidium gramineum (Ikata & T. Matsuura) Oniki, Ogoshi & T. Araki (1986) sensu auct.
Ceratorhiza goodyerae-repentis (Costantin & L.M. Dufour) R.T. Moore (1987) sensu auct.
Ceratorhiza fragariae (S.S. Husain & W.E. McKeen) R.T. Moore (1987) (invalid name)[1]
Ceratobasidium lantanae-camarae H.C. Evans, R.W. Barreto & C.A. Ellison (1995)

Taxonomy edit

Corticium cornigerum was first described in 1922 by mycologist Hubert Bourdot, who found it growing in France on dead stems of Jerusalem artichoke. It was subsequently transferred to the genus Ceratobasidium by American mycologist Donald P. Rogers in 1935.[4] Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, places Ceratobasidium cornigerum within the genus Rhizoctonia, but this taxonomic problem has yet to be resolved.[3]

Anastomosis groups (AGs) edit

Ceratobasidium cornigerum is one of several species whose anamorphic states are sometimes referred to as "binucleate rhizoctonias". These binucleate rhizoctonias have been divided into genetically distinct "anastomosis groups" (AGs) based initially on hyphal anastomosis tests,[5][6] subsequently supported by analyses of DNA sequences.[7] At least six of these AGs (AG-A, AG-B(o), AG-C, AG-D, AG-P, and AG-Q) have been linked to Ceratobasidium cornigerum,[2][8] which may therefore be considered as a variable species (comprising at least six genetically distinct populations) or as a complex of morphologically similar species. In the latter case, it is not clear which of these AGs (if any) should take the original name C. cornigerum.[2]

Synonyms or associated species edit

The following taxa belong in the Ceratobasidium cornigerum complex and have been treated as synonyms or as closely related but independent species:

Description edit

The basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are effused, thin, and whitish. Microscopically they have colourless hyphae, 3 to 9 μm wide, without clamp connections. The basidia are ellipsoid to broadly club-shaped, 9 to 14 by 8 to 12 μm, bearing four sterigmata. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and broadly fusiform (spindle-shaped), measuring 6 to 11 by 4 to 6 μm. Pale brown sclerotia are sometimes produced, measuring 0.5 to 3 mm across.[2]

Habitat and distribution edit

If treated as a single species, Ceratobasidium cornigerum is cosmopolitan and has been reported from Asia, Australia, Europe, North & South America. It occurs as a soil saprotroph, producing basidiocarps on dead stems and fallen litter, but is also a facultative plant pathogen causing disease of crops and turf grass. It can also grow as a "web blight" pathogen on living leaves of trees and shrubs, particularly in the tropics and subtropics.[2] It is one of the commonest endomycorrhizal associates of terrestrial orchids.[10]

Hosts (specifically strawberries) and symptoms edit

Symptoms are most visible in the first fruiting year and are most apparent during the last couple of weeks before harvest.[11]>[12][13] Early symptoms will include reduced vigor and a decrease in the ability to survive high water conditions. Plants may experience lodging when water demand is high.[11][12][13] Infected plants may continue to grow but will show aboveground symptoms including stunting, decreased fruit size, and numerous dead older leaves.[14][12][13] Belowground symptoms include the deterioration of roots. Infected plants may have feeder and main roots that are smaller and covered in black lesions. Feeder roots will appear water soaked.[13] In the early stages of infection, the core of the root will appear white while the exterior begins to show black lesions. In severely affected roots, both the core and the outer tissue of the root will be black [3]. Stained feeder roots may reveal masses of moniliform cells of R. fragariae. Characteristics of R. fragariae include hyphal branching pattern, dolipore septa, and moniliform resting cells. The binucleated hyphae directly penetrate the root.[12]

Environment edit

Black root rot is commonly found in field with a long history of strawberry production.[13] Increased chances of disease are likely if there are stress factors such as herbicide injury, winter or cold injury, excessive soil moisture, soil compaction or repeated freezing of roots.[11][12][13] Black root rot is not usually introduced into the new planting through nursery stock or contaminated equipment but is instead often due to one or more of the disease-causing fungi already present in the soil.[11] Black root rot is a disease complex on strawberry, which means that one or more organisms can infect the host. For strawberries, the common fungi are Pythium spp, Fusarium spp, and Rhizoctonia spp, along with several species of nematodes that function together to cause disease.[12] Strawberries have been shown to have greater levels of rot when simultaneously exposed to both R. fragariae and P. penetrans (nematode).[15]

Importance edit

Black root rot is a common disease in North Carolina, a top strawberry producing region, and much of the southeastern region of the United States, having been shown to reduce yields by 20 to 40%. This is the main reason growers fumigate their fields in this region.[12] Pre-planting fumigation may suppress the disease during the year of planting, but typically it does not offer any lasting control and cultivars resistant to black root rot are not currently available.[14] Black root rot has been a challenge for strawberry growers for at least a century, and probably longer. Black root rot of strawberry is recorded to have been prevalent in Massachusetts, Michigan, and New York in the years 1902 and 1908. In 1920 a Rhizoctonia species was first assigned as the causal pathogen responsible for “dying out” of strawberry beds in western Washington. By 1988, R. fragariae was isolated from more than 70% of plants from commercial strawberry fields in Connecticut in cultivation for more than one year.[16]

Economic importance edit

Under various names, fungi in the Ceratobasidium cornigerum complex are known to cause a range of diseases in commercial crops.

The AG-A group (Ceratobasidium ramicola) causes various diseases, including "strawberry black root rot",[17][18] diseases of soya bean, pea, and pak choy,[19] and "silky threadblight" of Pittosporum and other shrubs.[20]

The AG-D group (Ceratobasidium cereale) causes "sharp eyespot" of cereals[9][21] and "yellow patch" in turf grass.[21][22]

Corticium invisum was described as the causal agent of "black rot" of tea in Sri Lanka, whilst Corticium pervagum causes a leaf and stem blight of cocoa.[23] Ceratobasidium ochroleucum (Corticium stevensii) was described causing a blight of apple and quince trees in Brazil,[24] but the name is of uncertain application because of confusion with Rhizoctonia noxia.[2]

Ceratobasidium lantanae-camarae was described from Brazil as the causal agent of a web blight of the invasive shrub Lantana camara, suggesting it has potential as a biocontrol agent.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Andersen TF, Stalpers JA (1994). "A checklist of Rhizoctonia epithets". Mycotaxon. 51: 437–457. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Roberts P. (1999). Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 239. ISBN 1-900347-69-5.
  3. ^ a b Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Bauer R, Kirschner R, Garnica S (2013). "Taxonomic re-evaluation of the Ceratobasidium-Rhizoctonia complex and Rhizoctonia butinii, a new species attacking spruce". Mycological Progress. 12 (4): 763–776. doi:10.1007/s11557-013-0936-0. S2CID 18958852.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Rogers DP (1935). "Notes on the lower basidiomycetes". University of Iowa Studies in Natural History. 17 (1): 1–43.
  5. ^ Ogoshi A, Oniki M, Sakai R, Ui T (1979). "Anastomosis groups among isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia". Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 20: 33–39.
  6. ^ Burpee LL, Sanders PL, Cole H, Sherwood RT (1980). "Anastomosis groups among isolates of Ceratobasidium cornigerum and related fungi". Mycologia. 72 (4): 689–701. doi:10.2307/3759762. JSTOR 3759762.
  7. ^ González D, Carling DE, Kuninaga S, Vilgalys R, Cubeta MA (2001). "Ribosomal DNA systematics of Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus with Rhizoctonia anamorphs" (PDF). Mycologia. 93 (6): 1138–1150. doi:10.2307/3761674. JSTOR 3761674.
  8. ^ a b c González García V, Portal Onco MA, Rubio Susan V (2006). "Biology and systematics of the form genus Rhizoctonia". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 4: 55–79. doi:10.5424/sjar/2006041-178.
  9. ^ a b Murray DIL, Burpee LL (1984). "Ceratobasidium cereale sp.nov., the teleomorph of Rhizoctonia cerealis". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 82: 170–172. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80227-2.
  10. ^ Gerfried Deutsch. . Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Institute of Botany. Archived from the original on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  11. ^ a b c d Los, L. M. Root Rot of Strawberries/Black Root Rot of Strawberries.php?aid=260 "Black Root Rot of Strawberry". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Louws, F. "Black Root Rot of Strawberry". content.ces.ncsu.edu.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Ellis, M. A. "Black Root Rot of Strawberry". ohioline.osu.edu.
  14. ^ a b Elmer, Wade H.; LaMondia, James A. (1 February 1999). "Influence of Ammonium Sulfate and Rotation Crops on Strawberry Black Root Rot". Plant Disease. 83 (2): 119–123. doi:10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.2.119. PMID 30849792.
  15. ^ Lamondia, J. A. (2003). "Interaction of Pratylenchus pentrans and Rhizoctonia fragariae in Strawberry Black Root Rot". Journal of Nematology. 35 (1): 17–22. PMC 2620604. PMID 19265969.
  16. ^ LaMondia, J. A. (2004). "Strawberry Black Root Rot". Advances in Strawberry Research. 23: 1–10. S2CID 4986045.
  17. ^ LaMondia JA (2004). (PDF). Advances in Strawberry Research. 23: 1–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-21.
  18. ^ Martin FN (2000). "Rhizoctonia spp. recovered from strawberry roots in central coastal California". Phytopathology. 90 (4): 345–353. doi:10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.4.345. PMID 18944583.
  19. ^ Yang GH, Chen HR, Naito S, Ogoshi A, Deng YL (2005). "First report of AG-A of binucleate Rhizoctonia in China, pathogenic to soya bean, pea, snap bean and pak choy". Journal of Phytopathology. 153 (6): 333–336. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.00980.x.
  20. ^ Martinez AP (1967). "Silky threadblight of Pittosporum" (PDF). Plant Pathology Circular (Florida). 60: 1–2.[permanent dead link]
  21. ^ a b "Rhizoctonia cerealis". Crop Compendium. Bayer CropScience. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  22. ^ Corwin B, Tisserat N, Fresenberg B (June 2007). "Identification and Management of Turfgrass Diseases: Yellow patch". IPM Manuals. University of Missouri Extension, Plant Protection Program. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  23. ^ Petch T. (1925). "Additions to Ceylon fungi III". Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. 9: 313–328.
  24. ^ Stevens FL, Hall JG (1909). "Hypochnose of pomaceous fruits". Annales Mycologici. 7: 49–59.
  25. ^ Barreto RW, Evans HC, Ellison CA (1995). "The mycobiota of the weed Lantana camara in Brazil, with particular reference to biological control". Mycological Research. 99 (7): 769–782. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80725-9.

May 07, 2024
ceratobasidium, cornigerum, species, fungus, order, cantharellales, basidiocarps, fruit, bodies, thin, spread, substrate, like, film, effused, like, anamorphic, state, frequently, obtained, when, isolates, cultured, saprotrophic, also, facultative, plant, path. Ceratobasidium cornigerum is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales Basidiocarps fruit bodies are thin spread on the substrate out like a film effused and web like An anamorphic state is frequently obtained when isolates are cultured Ceratobasidium cornigerum is saprotrophic but is also a facultative plant pathogen causing a number of economically important crop diseases and an orchid endomycorrhizal associate The species is genetically diverse and is sometimes treated as a complex of closely related taxa DNA research shows the species or species complex actually belongs within the genus Rhizoctonia 3 Ceratobasidium cornigerum Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Division Basidiomycota Class Agaricomycetes Order Cantharellales Family Ceratobasidiaceae Genus Ceratobasidium Species C cornigerum Binomial name Ceratobasidium cornigerum Bourdot D P Rogers 1935 Synonyms Corticium gramineum Ikata amp T Matsuura 1910 sensu auct Rhizoctonia goodyerae repentis Costantin amp L M Dufour 1920 sensu auct Corticium cornigerum Bourdot 1922 Corticium pervagum Petch 1925 Corticium invisum Petch 1925 Rhizoctonia endophytica H K Saksena amp Vaartaja 1960 invalid name 1 Rhizoctonia candida W Yamam 1962 sensu auct invalid name 1 Rhizoctonia fragariae S S Husain amp W E McKeen 1963 invalid name 1 Rhizoctonia cerealis E P Hoeven 1977 invalid name 1 Ceratobasidium fragariae Kohmoto N Maek Ogihara amp S Nishim 1981 invalid name 2 Ceratobasidium cereale D I Murray amp Burpee 1984 Ceratobasidium gramineum Ikata amp T Matsuura Oniki Ogoshi amp T Araki 1986 sensu auct Ceratorhiza goodyerae repentis Costantin amp L M Dufour R T Moore 1987 sensu auct Ceratorhiza fragariae S S Husain amp W E McKeen R T Moore 1987 invalid name 1 Ceratobasidium lantanae camarae H C Evans R W Barreto amp C A Ellison 1995 Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Anastomosis groups AGs 1 2 Synonyms or associated species 2 Description 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Hosts specifically strawberries and symptoms 5 Environment 6 Importance 7 Economic importance 8 ReferencesTaxonomy editCorticium cornigerum was first described in 1922 by mycologist Hubert Bourdot who found it growing in France on dead stems of Jerusalem artichoke It was subsequently transferred to the genus Ceratobasidium by American mycologist Donald P Rogers in 1935 4 Molecular research based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences places Ceratobasidium cornigerum within the genus Rhizoctonia but this taxonomic problem has yet to be resolved 3 Anastomosis groups AGs edit Ceratobasidium cornigerum is one of several species whose anamorphic states are sometimes referred to as binucleate rhizoctonias These binucleate rhizoctonias have been divided into genetically distinct anastomosis groups AGs based initially on hyphal anastomosis tests 5 6 subsequently supported by analyses of DNA sequences 7 At least six of these AGs AG A AG B o AG C AG D AG P and AG Q have been linked to Ceratobasidium cornigerum 2 8 which may therefore be considered as a variable species comprising at least six genetically distinct populations or as a complex of morphologically similar species In the latter case it is not clear which of these AGs if any should take the original name C cornigerum 2 Synonyms or associated species edit The following taxa belong in the Ceratobasidium cornigerum complex and have been treated as synonyms or as closely related but independent species Ceratobasidium ramicola AG A also includes several invalidly published names including Rhizoctonia candida R endophytica and R fragariae 1 This group contains a range of crop pathogens and orchid associates 2 8 Ceratobasidium cereale AG D also includes the dubious name Ceratobasidium gramineum 9 This group contains cereal and grass pathogens 2 8 Ceratobasidium ochroleucum Corticium stevensii Ceratobasidium lantanae camarae Corticium pervagum Corticium invisum and AG P are all tropical or subtropical web blight pathogens 2 Description editThe basidiocarps fruit bodies are effused thin and whitish Microscopically they have colourless hyphae 3 to 9 mm wide without clamp connections The basidia are ellipsoid to broadly club shaped 9 to 14 by 8 to 12 mm bearing four sterigmata The basidiospores are ellipsoid and broadly fusiform spindle shaped measuring 6 to 11 by 4 to 6 mm Pale brown sclerotia are sometimes produced measuring 0 5 to 3 mm across 2 Habitat and distribution editIf treated as a single species Ceratobasidium cornigerum is cosmopolitan and has been reported from Asia Australia Europe North amp South America It occurs as a soil saprotroph producing basidiocarps on dead stems and fallen litter but is also a facultative plant pathogen causing disease of crops and turf grass It can also grow as a web blight pathogen on living leaves of trees and shrubs particularly in the tropics and subtropics 2 It is one of the commonest endomycorrhizal associates of terrestrial orchids 10 Hosts specifically strawberries and symptoms editSymptoms are most visible in the first fruiting year and are most apparent during the last couple of weeks before harvest 11 gt 12 13 Early symptoms will include reduced vigor and a decrease in the ability to survive high water conditions Plants may experience lodging when water demand is high 11 12 13 Infected plants may continue to grow but will show aboveground symptoms including stunting decreased fruit size and numerous dead older leaves 14 12 13 Belowground symptoms include the deterioration of roots Infected plants may have feeder and main roots that are smaller and covered in black lesions Feeder roots will appear water soaked 13 In the early stages of infection the core of the root will appear white while the exterior begins to show black lesions In severely affected roots both the core and the outer tissue of the root will be black 3 Stained feeder roots may reveal masses of moniliform cells of R fragariae Characteristics of R fragariae include hyphal branching pattern dolipore septa and moniliform resting cells The binucleated hyphae directly penetrate the root 12 Environment editBlack root rot is commonly found in field with a long history of strawberry production 13 Increased chances of disease are likely if there are stress factors such as herbicide injury winter or cold injury excessive soil moisture soil compaction or repeated freezing of roots 11 12 13 Black root rot is not usually introduced into the new planting through nursery stock or contaminated equipment but is instead often due to one or more of the disease causing fungi already present in the soil 11 Black root rot is a disease complex on strawberry which means that one or more organisms can infect the host For strawberries the common fungi are Pythium spp Fusarium spp and Rhizoctonia spp along with several species of nematodes that function together to cause disease 12 Strawberries have been shown to have greater levels of rot when simultaneously exposed to both R fragariae and P penetrans nematode 15 Importance editBlack root rot is a common disease in North Carolina a top strawberry producing region and much of the southeastern region of the United States having been shown to reduce yields by 20 to 40 This is the main reason growers fumigate their fields in this region 12 Pre planting fumigation may suppress the disease during the year of planting but typically it does not offer any lasting control and cultivars resistant to black root rot are not currently available 14 Black root rot has been a challenge for strawberry growers for at least a century and probably longer Black root rot of strawberry is recorded to have been prevalent in Massachusetts Michigan and New York in the years 1902 and 1908 In 1920 a Rhizoctonia species was first assigned as the causal pathogen responsible for dying out of strawberry beds in western Washington By 1988 R fragariae was isolated from more than 70 of plants from commercial strawberry fields in Connecticut in cultivation for more than one year 16 Economic importance editUnder various names fungi in the Ceratobasidium cornigerum complex are known to cause a range of diseases in commercial crops The AG A group Ceratobasidium ramicola causes various diseases including strawberry black root rot 17 18 diseases of soya bean pea and pak choy 19 and silky threadblight of Pittosporum and other shrubs 20 The AG D group Ceratobasidium cereale causes sharp eyespot of cereals 9 21 and yellow patch in turf grass 21 22 Corticium invisum was described as the causal agent of black rot of tea in Sri Lanka whilst Corticium pervagum causes a leaf and stem blight of cocoa 23 Ceratobasidium ochroleucum Corticium stevensii was described causing a blight of apple and quince trees in Brazil 24 but the name is of uncertain application because of confusion with Rhizoctonia noxia 2 Ceratobasidium lantanae camarae was described from Brazil as the causal agent of a web blight of the invasive shrub Lantana camara suggesting it has potential as a biocontrol agent 25 References edit a b c d e f Andersen TF Stalpers JA 1994 A checklist of Rhizoctonia epithets Mycotaxon 51 437 457 Retrieved 2010 08 27 a b c d e f g h i Roberts P 1999 Rhizoctonia forming fungi Kew Royal Botanic Gardens p 239 ISBN 1 900347 69 5 a b Oberwinkler F Riess K Bauer R Kirschner R Garnica S 2013 Taxonomic re evaluation of the Ceratobasidium Rhizoctonia complex and Rhizoctonia butinii a new species attacking spruce Mycological Progress 12 4 763 776 doi 10 1007 s11557 013 0936 0 S2CID 18958852 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Rogers DP 1935 Notes on the lower basidiomycetes University of Iowa Studies in Natural History 17 1 1 43 Ogoshi A Oniki M Sakai R Ui T 1979 Anastomosis groups among isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 20 33 39 Burpee LL Sanders PL Cole H Sherwood RT 1980 Anastomosis groups among isolates of Ceratobasidium cornigerum and related fungi Mycologia 72 4 689 701 doi 10 2307 3759762 JSTOR 3759762 Gonzalez D Carling DE Kuninaga S Vilgalys R Cubeta MA 2001 Ribosomal DNA systematics of Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus with Rhizoctonia anamorphs PDF Mycologia 93 6 1138 1150 doi 10 2307 3761674 JSTOR 3761674 a b c Gonzalez Garcia V Portal Onco MA Rubio Susan V 2006 Biology and systematics of the form genus Rhizoctonia Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 4 55 79 doi 10 5424 sjar 2006041 178 a b Murray DIL Burpee LL 1984 Ceratobasidium cereale sp nov the teleomorph of Rhizoctonia cerealis Transactions of the British Mycological Society 82 170 172 doi 10 1016 S0007 1536 84 80227 2 Gerfried Deutsch Mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids Karl Franzens University Graz Institute of Botany Archived from the original on 2011 06 17 Retrieved 2010 08 27 a b c d Los L M Root Rot of Strawberries Black Root Rot of Strawberries php aid 260 Black Root Rot of Strawberry a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Check url value help a b c d e f g Louws F Black Root Rot of Strawberry content ces ncsu edu a b c d e f Ellis M A Black Root Rot of Strawberry ohioline osu edu a b Elmer Wade H LaMondia James A 1 February 1999 Influence of Ammonium Sulfate and Rotation Crops on Strawberry Black Root Rot Plant Disease 83 2 119 123 doi 10 1094 PDIS 1999 83 2 119 PMID 30849792 Lamondia J A 2003 Interaction of Pratylenchus pentrans and Rhizoctonia fragariae in Strawberry Black Root Rot Journal of Nematology 35 1 17 22 PMC 2620604 PMID 19265969 LaMondia J A 2004 Strawberry Black Root Rot Advances in Strawberry Research 23 1 10 S2CID 4986045 LaMondia JA 2004 Strawberry Black Root Rot PDF Advances in Strawberry Research 23 1 10 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 06 21 Martin FN 2000 Rhizoctonia spp recovered from strawberry roots in central coastal California Phytopathology 90 4 345 353 doi 10 1094 PHYTO 2000 90 4 345 PMID 18944583 Yang GH Chen HR Naito S Ogoshi A Deng YL 2005 First report of AG A of binucleate Rhizoctonia in China pathogenic to soya bean pea snap bean and pak choy Journal of Phytopathology 153 6 333 336 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0434 2005 00980 x Martinez AP 1967 Silky threadblight of Pittosporum PDF Plant Pathology Circular Florida 60 1 2 permanent dead link a b Rhizoctonia cerealis Crop Compendium Bayer CropScience Retrieved 2010 08 27 Corwin B Tisserat N Fresenberg B June 2007 Identification and Management of Turfgrass Diseases Yellow patch IPM Manuals University of Missouri Extension Plant Protection Program Retrieved 2010 08 27 Petch T 1925 Additions to Ceylon fungi III Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens Peradeniya 9 313 328 Stevens FL Hall JG 1909 Hypochnose of pomaceous fruits Annales Mycologici 7 49 59 Barreto RW Evans HC Ellison CA 1995 The mycobiota of the weed Lantana camara in Brazil with particular reference to biological control Mycological Research 99 7 769 782 doi 10 1016 S0953 7562 09 80725 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ceratobasidium cornigerum amp oldid 1213143070, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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