The Republic of Kuwait was a short-lived and self-styled republic formed in the aftermath of the invasion of Kuwait by Ba'athist Iraq during the early stages of the Gulf War. During the invasion, the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council stated that it had sent troops into the State of Kuwait to assist an internal coup d'état initiated by "Kuwaiti revolutionaries."[1] A Provisional Government of Free Kuwait was set up on 4 August 1990 by the Iraqi authorities under the leadership of nine allegedly-Kuwaiti military officers (four colonels and five majors) led by Alaa Hussein Ali, who was given the posts of prime minister (Rais al-Wuzara), commander-in-chief, minister of defense and minister of the interior.[2]
The new regime deposed the EmirJaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (who fled Kuwait and established a government in exile based in Saudi Arabia[3]) and accused the emiri family of pursuing anti-popular, anti-democratic, pro-imperialist, and Zionist policies along with the "embezzlement of national resources for the purpose of personal enrichment".[4] An indigenous Popular Army to allegedly take over from Iraqi troops was immediately proclaimed, claiming 100,000 volunteers.[5]
Citizenship rights were conferred to non-Kuwaiti Arabs who had come for work from abroad under the monarch[6] The newspaper of the regime was known as Al-Nida,[7] named after the "Day of the Call" that was proclaimed on 2 August 1990 to "commemorate" the Iraqi "response" to the alleged calls of the Kuwaitis for Iraq's assistance in overthrowing the monarchy.[8]
Walid Saud Abdullah, placed in charge of foreign affairs, achieved some notoriety for the provisional regime when, on 5 August 1990, he stated that "countries that resort to punitive measures against the provisional free Kuwait government... should remember that they have interests and nationals in Kuwait.... If these countries insist on aggression against Kuwait and Iraq, the Kuwaiti government will then reconsider the method of dealing with these countries."[9] Saddam's half-brother, Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti of the Iraqi Intelligence Service, was sent on 4 August to establish a security system similar to Iraq's own.[10]
The regime and the Iraqi Government failed in attempts to persuade Kuwaiti opposition groups to partake in the new puppet government and instead threw their support behind the monarchy.[11][12] Iraq initially claimed that its presence in Kuwait would be limited to helping to foster "a new era of freedom, democracy, justice, and real prosperity in the society" and promised to leave Kuwait once the provisional regime deemed its internal security situation secure[13] which was estimated to take only weeks.[14] International condemnation of Iraq's invasion and a lack of support for the new regime amongst the Kuwaiti citizenry quickly rendered it nonviable.
On 7 August the "Provisional Government of Free Kuwait" proclaimed itself as a republic, with Hussein Ali as its prime minister.[15] A day later, the Iraqi government declared a "merger" of Iraq and Kuwait, based on historical claims.[16] The Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council released a statement stating, "The free provisional Kuwaiti government has decided to appeal to kinsfolk in Iraq, led by the knight of Arabs and the leader of their march, President Field Marshal Saddam Hussein, to agree that their sons should return to their large family, that Kuwait should return to the great Iraq—the mother homeland—and to achieve complete merger unity between Kuwait and Iraq."[17]
Hussein Ali was then made Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq while Ali Hassan al-Majid was proclaimed governor. The Turkish daily Milliyet reported Hussein in September 1990 saying to Bülent Ecevit, "Kuwait is now ours, but we might have refrained from taking such a decision if U.S. troops were not massed in the region with the threat of invading us." He also said on the short-lived provisional regime that had the US not opposed Iraq, Iraq "would have attempted to develop the status of the temporary revolutionary administration.... We would not have been able to ask our people and the armed forces to fight to the last drop of blood if we had not said that Kuwait was not part of Iraq. We would not have been able to prepare our people for the possibility of war."[18]
On 28 August 1990, the Kuwaiti territory was divided into the Kuwait Governorate, Iraq's 19th province (southern part), and the Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District of Basra Governorate (northern part), and thus it was formally annexed.[19] Iraq's refusal to withdraw from Kuwait led to the Gulf War, and on 26 February 1991, the pre-occupation government was returned to power.
^Michael S. Casey. The History of Kuwait. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 2007. p. 93.
^Daily Report: Soviet Union. Issues 147-153. 1990. p. 124.
^Jerry Mark Long. Saddam's War of Words: Politics, Religion, and the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 2004. p. 27.
^Dilip Hiro. Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, Inc. 2003. p. 105.
^Human Rights Watch World Report 1992: Events of 1991. New York: Human Rights Watch. 1991. p. 652.
^Itamar Rabinovich and Haim Shaked (Ed.). Middle East Contemporary Survey Vol. 14. Oxford: Westview Press. 1990. p. 403.
^Quoted in Yossi Shain, Juan José Linz and Lynn Berat. Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1995. p. 113.
^Ibrahim Al-Marashi and Sammy Salama. Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History. New York: Routledge. 2008. p. 177.
^Malcolm B. Russell. The Middle East and South Asia: 2008. West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications. 2008. p. 112.
^Christian Koch & David E. Long (Ed.). Gulf Security in the Twenty-First Century. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. 1997. pp. 217-218.
^Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi. Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography. New York: Grove Press. 1991. p. 221.
^Richard Alan Schwartz. The 1990s. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 2006. p. 74.
^Dale W. Jacobs (Ed.). World Book Focus on Terrorism. Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc. 2002. p. 17.
^Quoted in Lawrence Freedman. A Choice of Enemies: America Confronts the Middle East. New York: PublicAffairs. 2008. pp. 217-218. See also Rabinovich and Shaked, pp. 403-404.
^Paul William Roberts. The Demonic Comedy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1997. p. 109.
^"The Gulf War, 1991". United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
^Richard N. Schofield (Ed.). The Iraq-Kuwait Dispute Vol. 6. Farnham Common: Archive Editions. 1994. p. 821.
December 15, 2023
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The Republic of Kuwait was a short lived and self styled republic formed in the aftermath of the invasion of Kuwait by Ba athist Iraq during the early stages of the Gulf War During the invasion the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council stated that it had sent troops into the State of Kuwait to assist an internal coup d etat initiated by Kuwaiti revolutionaries 1 A Provisional Government of Free Kuwait was set up on 4 August 1990 by the Iraqi authorities under the leadership of nine allegedly Kuwaiti military officers four colonels and five majors led by Alaa Hussein Ali who was given the posts of prime minister Rais al Wuzara commander in chief minister of defense and minister of the interior 2 Republic of Kuwaitجمهورية الكويت Jumuriyat al Kuwait1990FlagStatusPuppet state of IraqCapitalKuwait CityCommon languagesArabicGovernmentUnitary provisional Ba athist republicPrime Minister 1990Alaa Hussein AliHistorical eraGulf War Established4 August 1990 Transformed into Governorate28 August 1990ISO 3166 codeKWPreceded by Succeeded byKuwait Kuwait GovernorateSaddamiyat al Mitla DistrictRepublic of Kuwait s Prime Minister Alaa Hussein Ali with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in 1990 The new regime deposed the Emir Jaber Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah who fled Kuwait and established a government in exile based in Saudi Arabia 3 and accused the emiri family of pursuing anti popular anti democratic pro imperialist and Zionist policies along with the embezzlement of national resources for the purpose of personal enrichment 4 An indigenous Popular Army to allegedly take over from Iraqi troops was immediately proclaimed claiming 100 000 volunteers 5 Citizenship rights were conferred to non Kuwaiti Arabs who had come for work from abroad under the monarch 6 The newspaper of the regime was known as Al Nida 7 named after the Day of the Call that was proclaimed on 2 August 1990 to commemorate the Iraqi response to the alleged calls of the Kuwaitis for Iraq s assistance in overthrowing the monarchy 8 Contents 1 History 2 Cabinet 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory editWalid Saud Abdullah placed in charge of foreign affairs achieved some notoriety for the provisional regime when on 5 August 1990 he stated that countries that resort to punitive measures against the provisional free Kuwait government should remember that they have interests and nationals in Kuwait If these countries insist on aggression against Kuwait and Iraq the Kuwaiti government will then reconsider the method of dealing with these countries 9 Saddam s half brother Sabawi Ibrahim al Tikriti of the Iraqi Intelligence Service was sent on 4 August to establish a security system similar to Iraq s own 10 The regime and the Iraqi Government failed in attempts to persuade Kuwaiti opposition groups to partake in the new puppet government and instead threw their support behind the monarchy 11 12 Iraq initially claimed that its presence in Kuwait would be limited to helping to foster a new era of freedom democracy justice and real prosperity in the society and promised to leave Kuwait once the provisional regime deemed its internal security situation secure 13 which was estimated to take only weeks 14 International condemnation of Iraq s invasion and a lack of support for the new regime amongst the Kuwaiti citizenry quickly rendered it nonviable On 7 August the Provisional Government of Free Kuwait proclaimed itself as a republic with Hussein Ali as its prime minister 15 A day later the Iraqi government declared a merger of Iraq and Kuwait based on historical claims 16 The Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council released a statement stating The free provisional Kuwaiti government has decided to appeal to kinsfolk in Iraq led by the knight of Arabs and the leader of their march President Field Marshal Saddam Hussein to agree that their sons should return to their large family that Kuwait should return to the great Iraq the mother homeland and to achieve complete merger unity between Kuwait and Iraq 17 Hussein Ali was then made Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq while Ali Hassan al Majid was proclaimed governor The Turkish daily Milliyet reported Hussein in September 1990 saying to Bulent Ecevit Kuwait is now ours but we might have refrained from taking such a decision if U S troops were not massed in the region with the threat of invading us He also said on the short lived provisional regime that had the US not opposed Iraq Iraq would have attempted to develop the status of the temporary revolutionary administration We would not have been able to ask our people and the armed forces to fight to the last drop of blood if we had not said that Kuwait was not part of Iraq We would not have been able to prepare our people for the possibility of war 18 On 28 August 1990 the Kuwaiti territory was divided into the Kuwait Governorate Iraq s 19th province southern part and the Saddamiyat al Mitla District of Basra Governorate northern part and thus it was formally annexed 19 Iraq s refusal to withdraw from Kuwait led to the Gulf War and on 26 February 1991 the pre occupation government was returned to power Cabinet edit 20 Prime Minister Defense Minister and acting Interior Minister Col Ala a Hussein Ali al Khafaji al Jaber Minister of Foreign Affairs Lt Col Walid Sa ud Muhammad Abdullah Minister of Oil and acting Finance Minister Lt Col Fu ad Hussein Ahmad Minister of Information and acting Transport Minister Maj Fadil Haydar al Wafiqi Minister of Public Health and Housing Maj Mish al Sa d al Hadab Minister of Social Affairs and acting Works and Labour Minister Lt Col Hussein Ali Duhayman al Shammari Minister of Education and acting Minister of Higher Education Maj Nasir Mansur al Mandil Minister of Justice and Legal Affairs and acting minister of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs Maj Isam Abd al Majid Hussein Minister of Trade Electricity and Planning Maj Ya qub Muhammad ShallalSee also editKuwait Iraq barrier History of KuwaitReferences edit Clive H Schofield amp Richard N Schofield Ed The Middle East and North Africa New York Routledge 1994 p 147 Newsweek Vol 116 1990 p 20 Michael S Casey The History of Kuwait Westport CT Greenwood Press 2007 p 93 Daily Report Soviet Union Issues 147 153 1990 p 124 Jerry Mark Long Saddam s War of Words Politics Religion and the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait Austin TX University of Texas Press 2004 p 27 Dilip Hiro Desert Shield to Desert Storm The Second Gulf War Lincoln NE iUniverse Inc 2003 p 105 Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 Events of 1991 New York Human Rights Watch 1991 p 652 Itamar Rabinovich and Haim Shaked Ed Middle East Contemporary Survey Vol 14 Oxford Westview Press 1990 p 403 Quoted in Yossi Shain Juan Jose Linz and Lynn Berat Between States Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions New York Cambridge University Press 1995 p 113 Ibrahim Al Marashi and Sammy Salama Iraq s Armed Forces An Analytical History New York Routledge 2008 p 177 Malcolm B Russell The Middle East and South Asia 2008 West Virginia Stryker Post Publications 2008 p 112 Christian Koch amp David E Long Ed Gulf Security in the Twenty First Century Abu Dhabi Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research 1997 pp 217 218 Rabinovich and Shaked p 403 Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi Saddam Hussein A Political Biography New York Grove Press 1991 p 221 Richard Alan Schwartz The 1990s New York Facts on File Inc 2006 p 74 Dale W Jacobs Ed World Book Focus on Terrorism Chicago IL World Book Inc 2002 p 17 Quoted in Lawrence Freedman A Choice of Enemies America Confronts the Middle East New York PublicAffairs 2008 pp 217 218 See also Rabinovich and Shaked pp 403 404 Paul William Roberts The Demonic Comedy New York Farrar Straus and Giroux 1997 p 109 The Gulf War 1991 United States Department of State Office of the Historian Retrieved 17 October 2020 Richard N Schofield Ed The Iraq Kuwait Dispute Vol 6 Farnham Common Archive Editions 1994 p 821 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Republic of Kuwait amp oldid 1188832966, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
