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Conversion therapy

January 29, 2023

Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change an individual's sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression to align with heterosexual and cisgender norms.[1] In contrast to evidence-based medicine and clinical guidance, such practices typically view homosexuality and gender variance as unnatural or unhealthy. There is a scientific consensus that conversion therapy is ineffective at changing a person's sexual orientation or gender identity and that it frequently causes significant, long-term psychological harm in individuals who undergo it.[2]

Common methods of conversion therapy are counseling, visualization, social skills training, psychoanalytic therapy, and spiritual interventions. Other methods that have been used include ice-pick lobotomies;[3][4][5][6][7] chemical castration with hormonal treatment;[8] aversive treatments, such as "the application of electric shock to the hands and/or genitals" and "nausea-inducing drugs [...] administered [...] with the presentation of homoerotic stimuli", and masturbatory reconditioning or hypnosis.

An increasing number of jurisdictions around the world have passed laws against conversion therapy.[9] Conversion therapy may constitute fraud and has been described by experts as torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, and contrary to human rights norms.

Terminology

Medical professionals and activists consider "conversion therapy" a misnomer, as it does not constitute a legitimate form of therapy.[10] Alternative terms include sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE), gender identity change efforts (GICE)—together, sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE)[11]—and LGBTQA+ conversion practices.[11] "Reparative therapy" may refer to conversion therapy in general, or to a subset thereof.[12]

History

Main article: History of conversion therapy

Sexual Orientation Change Efforts (SOCE)

The term homosexual was coined by German-speaking Hungarian writer Karl Maria Kertbeny and was in circulation by the 1880s.[13][9] Into the middle of the twentieth century, competing views of homosexuality were advanced by psychoanalysis versus academic sexology. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, viewed homosexuality as a form of arrested development. Later psychoanalysts followed Sandor Rado, who argued that homosexuality was a "phobic avoidance of heterosexuality caused by inadequate early parenting".[9] This line of thinking was popular in psychiatric models of homosexuality based on the prison population or homosexuals seeking treatment. In contrast, sexology researchers such as Alfred Kinsey argued that homosexuality was a normal variation in human development. In 1970, gay activists confronted the American Psychiatric Association, persuading the association to reconsider whether homosexuality should be listed as a disorder. The APA delisted homosexuality in 1973, which contributed to shifts in public opinion on homosexuality.[9]

Despite their lack of scientific backing, some socially or religiously conservative activists continued to argue that if one person's sexuality could be changed, homosexuality was not a fixed class such as race. Borrowing from discredited psychoanalytic ideas about the cause of homosexuality, some of these individuals offered conversion therapy.[9] In 2001, conversion therapy attracted attention when Robert L. Spitzer published a non-peer-reviewed study asserting that some homosexuals could change their sexual orientation. Many researchers made methodological criticisms of the study, which Spitzer later repudiated.[9]

Gender Identity Change Efforts (GICE)

Many cultures throughout history have had validating attitudes towards transgender and nonbinary people. Systemic institutionalized transphobia present in Western and U.S.-based medical-model narratives historically favored binary gender and pathologized gender diversity. This aided the development and proliferation of GICE, which is based on considering gender identity discordant with assigned sex at birth disordered.[14]

Early interventions were rooted in psychoanalytic hypotheses. Robert Stoller advanced the theory that cross-gender presentation and behavior in children assigned male at birth was due to an overly close relationship with their mother. Richard Green continued his research into social engineering. His methods include augmenting contact with fathers, including stereotypical masculine activities, requesting the mother take a step back, and having both parents praise traditional "masculine" behaviors and shame effeminate or cross-gender behavior. These methods did more harm than good, resulting in depression and feelings of betrayal (from parents) that the goals of the "treatment" were impossible.[14]

Green's methods were adopted by Kenneth Zucker, but modified so the focus was primarily preventing the child from developing an eventual transgender identity. His methods include behavioral modifications of cross-gender play interests, encouraging the same-sex parent to engage more and the other to engage less, and treating the child with psychodynamic therapy. The province of Ontario subsequently banned therapeutic programs based on this approach.[14]

Some clinicians have begun using "gender exploratory therapy" as an alternative to gender-affirming approaches for youth with gender dysphoria.[15] Gender exploratory therapy uses talk therapy in an attempt to find pathological roots for gender dysphoria.[15] In a September 2022 review of gender exploratory therapy, bioethicist Florence Ashley found strong similarities to conversion practices, and in analyzing the ethical dimensions of the practice, suggested that gender exploratory therapy may be unethical.[15]

Theories and techniques

Aversion therapy

See also: Behavior modification

Aversion therapy used on homosexuals included electric shock and nausea-inducing drugs during presentation of same-sex erotic images. Cessation of the aversive stimuli was typically accompanied by the presentation of opposite-sex erotic images, with the objective of strengthening heterosexual feelings.[16] Another method used was the covert sensitization method, which involves instructing patients to imagine vomiting or receiving electric shocks, writing that only single case studies have been conducted, and that their results cannot be generalized. Haldeman writes that behavioral conditioning studies tend to decrease homosexual feelings, but do not increase heterosexual feelings, citing Rangaswami's "Difficulties in arousing and increasing heterosexual responsiveness in a homosexual: A case report", published in 1982, as typical in this respect.[17]

Aversion therapy was developed in Czechoslovakia between 1950 and 1962 and in the Commonwealth from 1961 into the mid-1970s. In the context of the Cold War, Western psychologists ignored the poor results of their Czechoslovak counterparts, who had concluded that aversion therapy was not effective by 1961 and recommended decriminalization of homosexuality instead.[18] Some men in the United Kingdom were offered the choice between prison and undergoing aversion therapy. It was also offered to a few British women, but was never the standard treatment for either homosexual men or women.[19]

Bioenergetics

Bioenergetics is a therapeutic technique developed by Alexander Lowen and John Pierrakos, who were students of Wilhelm Reich. It has been used to attempt to convert gay people to heterosexuality by Richard Cohen, who has been called one of America's leading practitioners of conversion therapy.[20] Cohen holds male patients in his lap with the patient curled into the fetal position, and also advocates methods involving shouting or slamming a pillow with a tennis racket.[21]

Ex-gay/ex-trans ministry

 
OneByOne booth at a Love Won Out conference
Main article: Ex-gay

Some sources[which?] describe ex-gay and ex-trans ministries as a form of conversion therapy, while others[which?] state that ex-gay organizations and conversion therapy are distinct methods of attempting to convert gay people to heterosexuality.[22][23][24][25] The umbrella organization Exodus International in the United States ceased activities in June 2013, and the three member board issued a statement which repudiated its aims and apologized for the harm their pursuit has caused to LGBT people.[26][better source needed] Ex-gay/ex-trans organizations often overlap and portray being trans as inherently sinful or against God's design, or pathologize gender variance as due to trauma, social contagion, or "gender ideology."[27][28]

Hypnosis

Hypnosis was used in conversion therapy since the 19th century by Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert von Schrenck-Notzing. In 1967, Canadian psychiatrist Peter Roper published a case study of treating 15 homosexuals (some of which would probably be considered bisexuals by modern standards) with hypnosis. Allegedly, 8 showed "marked improvement" (they reportedly lost sexual attraction towards the same sex altogether), 4 mild improvements (decrease of "homosexual tendencies"), and 3 no improvement after hypnotic treatment; he concluded that "hypnosis may well produce more satisfactory results than those obtainable by other means", depending on the hypnotic susceptibility of the subjects.[29]

Psychoanalysis

Main article: Psychoanalysis

Haldeman writes that psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality is exemplified by the work of Irving Bieber et al. in Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals. They advocated long-term therapy aimed at resolving the unconscious childhood conflicts that they considered responsible for homosexuality. Haldeman notes that Bieber's methodology has been criticized because it relied upon a clinical sample, the description of the outcomes was based upon subjective therapist impression, and follow-up data were poorly presented. Bieber reported a 27% success rate from long-term therapy, but only 18% of the patients in whom Bieber considered the treatment successful had been exclusively homosexual to begin with, while 50% had been bisexual. In Haldeman's view, this makes even Bieber's unimpressive claims of success misleading.[30]

Haldeman discusses other psychoanalytic studies of attempts to change homosexuality. Curran and Parr's "Homosexuality: An analysis of 100 male cases", published in 1957, reported no significant increase in heterosexual behavior. Mayerson and Lief's "Psychotherapy of homosexuals: A follow-up study of nineteen cases", published in 1965, reported that half of its 19 subjects were exclusively heterosexual in behavior four and a half years after treatment, but its outcomes were based on patient self-report and had no external validation. In Haldeman's view, those participants in the study who reported change were bisexual at the outset, and its authors wrongly interpreted capacity for heterosexual sex as change of sexual orientation.[31]

Reparative therapy

The term "reparative therapy" has been used as a synonym for conversion therapy generally, but according to Jack Drescher it properly refers to a specific kind of therapy[clarification needed] associated with the psychologists Elizabeth Moberly and Joseph Nicolosi.[12] The term reparative refers to Nicolosi's postulate that same-sex attraction is a person's unconscious attempt to "self-repair" feelings of inferiority.[32][33][34] The World Professional Association for Transgender Health frequently uses the term to refer to psychotherapy undertaken with the aim to make trans patients identify with their gender assigned at birth.[35]

Lobotomy

Main article: Lobotomy

In the 1940s and 1950s, U.S. neurologist Walter Freeman popularized the ice-pick lobotomy as a treatment for homosexuality. He personally performed as many as 3,439[36] lobotomy surgeries in 23 states, of which 2,500 used his ice-pick procedure,[37] despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training.[38] Up to 40% of Freeman's patients were gay individuals subjected to a lobotomy[39] in order to change their homosexual orientation, leaving most of these individuals severely disabled for the rest of their lives.[40]

Marriage therapy

See also: Relationship counseling

Previous editions of the World Health Organization's ICD included "sexual relationship disorder", in which a person's sexual orientation or gender identity makes it difficult to form or maintain a relationship with a sexual partner. The belief that their sexual orientation has caused problems in their relationship may lead some people to turn to a marriage therapist for help to change their sexual orientation.[41] Sexual orientation disorder was removed from the most recent ICD, ICD-11, after the Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health determined that its inclusion was unjustified.[42]

Nazi human experimentation

Further information: Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany

Homosexual prisoners were a preferred target of Nazi human experimentation during the last years of Nazi rule. The best-known experiments involving homosexual men were attempts by endocrinologist Carl Vaernet to change prisoners' sexual orientations by implanting a pellet that released testosterone. Most of the victims, non-consenting prisoners at Buchenwald, died shortly thereafter.[43][44]

Effects

There is a scientific consensus that conversion therapy is ineffective at changing a person's sexual orientation and can cause significant, long-term psychological harm.[2] This includes significantly higher rates of depression, substance abuse, and other mental health issues in individuals who have undergone conversion therapy than their peers who did not,[45][46] including a suicide attempt rate nearly twice that of those who did not.[47]

A 2022 study estimated that conversion therapy of youth in the United States cost $650.16 million annually with an additional $9.5 billion in associated costs such as increased suicide and substance abuse.[46]

Public opinion

A 2020 survey carried out on US adults found majority support for banning conversion therapy for minors.[48]

A 2022 YouGov poll found majority support in England, Scotland, and Wales for a conversion therapy ban for both sexual orientation and gender identity, with opposition ranging from 13 to 15 percent.[49]

Legal status

Main article: Legality of conversion therapy
 
Map of jurisdictions that have bans on sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts with minors.
  Criminal prohibition against conversion therapy on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity
  Only medical professionals are banned from performing conversion therapy
  Conversion therapy is banned only in some subnational jurisdictions
  Ban on conversion therapy pending or proposed
  No ban on conversion therapy

Some jurisdictions have criminal bans on the practice of conversion therapy, including Malta, France, Germany, Albania, Mexico and Canada.[50] In other countries, including Brazil, Ecuador, and Taiwan, medical professionals are barred from practicing conversion therapy.[51]

In some states, lawsuits against conversion therapy providers for fraud have succeeded, but in other jurisdictions those claiming fraud must prove that the perpetrator was intentionally dishonest. Thus, a provider who genuinely believes conversion therapy is effective could not be convicted.[52]

Conversion therapy on minors may amount to child abuse.[53][54][55]

Human rights

In 2020 the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims released an official statement that conversion therapy is torture.[53] The same year, UN Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity, Victor Madrigal-Borloz, said that conversion therapy practices are "inherently discriminatory, that they are cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and that depending on the severity or physical or mental pain and suffering inflicted to the victim, they may amount to torture". He recommended that it should be banned across the world.[56] In 2021 Ilias Trispiotis and Craig Purshouse argue that conversion therapy violates the prohibition against degrading treatment under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, leading to a state obligation to prohibit it.[51][57]

Medical views

Main article: Medical views of conversion therapy

Many health organizations around the world have denounced and criticized sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts.[58][59][60] National health organizations in the United States have announced that there has been no scientific demonstration of conversion therapy's efficacy in the last forty years.[23][61][62][63] They find that conversion therapy is ineffective, risky and can be harmful. Anecdotal claims of cures are counterbalanced by assertions of harm, and the American Psychiatric Association, for example, cautions ethical practitioners under the Hippocratic oath to do no harm and to refrain from attempts at conversion therapy.[62]

Mainstream medical bodies state that conversion therapy can be harmful because it may exploit guilt and anxiety, thereby damaging self-esteem and leading to depression and even suicide.[64] There is also concern in the mental health community that the advancement of conversion therapy can cause social harm by disseminating inaccurate views about gender identity, sexual orientation, and the ability of LGBTQ people to lead happy, healthy lives.[59]

Some medical bodies prohibit their members from practicing conversion therapy.[65]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Haldeman, Douglas C. (2021). Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts: Evidence, Effects, and Ethics. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-939594-36-5.
  • Haldeman, Douglas C. (2022). The Case Against Conversion Therapy: Evidence, Ethics, and Alternatives. American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-4338-3711-1.

January 29, 2023
conversion, therapy, pseudoscientific, practice, attempting, change, individual, sexual, orientation, gender, identity, gender, expression, align, with, heterosexual, cisgender, norms, contrast, evidence, based, medicine, clinical, guidance, such, practices, t. Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change an individual s sexual orientation gender identity or gender expression to align with heterosexual and cisgender norms 1 In contrast to evidence based medicine and clinical guidance such practices typically view homosexuality and gender variance as unnatural or unhealthy There is a scientific consensus that conversion therapy is ineffective at changing a person s sexual orientation or gender identity and that it frequently causes significant long term psychological harm in individuals who undergo it 2 Common methods of conversion therapy are counseling visualization social skills training psychoanalytic therapy and spiritual interventions Other methods that have been used include ice pick lobotomies 3 4 5 6 7 chemical castration with hormonal treatment 8 aversive treatments such as the application of electric shock to the hands and or genitals and nausea inducing drugs administered with the presentation of homoerotic stimuli and masturbatory reconditioning or hypnosis An increasing number of jurisdictions around the world have passed laws against conversion therapy 9 Conversion therapy may constitute fraud and has been described by experts as torture cruel inhuman or degrading treatment and contrary to human rights norms Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 2 1 Sexual Orientation Change Efforts SOCE 2 2 Gender Identity Change Efforts GICE 3 Theories and techniques 3 1 Aversion therapy 3 2 Bioenergetics 3 3 Ex gay ex trans ministry 3 4 Hypnosis 3 5 Psychoanalysis 3 6 Reparative therapy 3 7 Lobotomy 3 8 Marriage therapy 3 9 Nazi human experimentation 4 Effects 5 Public opinion 6 Legal status 6 1 Human rights 7 Medical views 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further readingTerminology EditMedical professionals and activists consider conversion therapy a misnomer as it does not constitute a legitimate form of therapy 10 Alternative terms include sexual orientation change efforts SOCE gender identity change efforts GICE together sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts SOGICE 11 and LGBTQA conversion practices 11 Reparative therapy may refer to conversion therapy in general or to a subset thereof 12 History EditMain article History of conversion therapy Sexual Orientation Change Efforts SOCE Edit The term homosexual was coined by German speaking Hungarian writer Karl Maria Kertbeny and was in circulation by the 1880s 13 9 Into the middle of the twentieth century competing views of homosexuality were advanced by psychoanalysis versus academic sexology Sigmund Freud the founder of psychoanalysis viewed homosexuality as a form of arrested development Later psychoanalysts followed Sandor Rado who argued that homosexuality was a phobic avoidance of heterosexuality caused by inadequate early parenting 9 This line of thinking was popular in psychiatric models of homosexuality based on the prison population or homosexuals seeking treatment In contrast sexology researchers such as Alfred Kinsey argued that homosexuality was a normal variation in human development In 1970 gay activists confronted the American Psychiatric Association persuading the association to reconsider whether homosexuality should be listed as a disorder The APA delisted homosexuality in 1973 which contributed to shifts in public opinion on homosexuality 9 Despite their lack of scientific backing some socially or religiously conservative activists continued to argue that if one person s sexuality could be changed homosexuality was not a fixed class such as race Borrowing from discredited psychoanalytic ideas about the cause of homosexuality some of these individuals offered conversion therapy 9 In 2001 conversion therapy attracted attention when Robert L Spitzer published a non peer reviewed study asserting that some homosexuals could change their sexual orientation Many researchers made methodological criticisms of the study which Spitzer later repudiated 9 Gender Identity Change Efforts GICE Edit Many cultures throughout history have had validating attitudes towards transgender and nonbinary people Systemic institutionalized transphobia present in Western and U S based medical model narratives historically favored binary gender and pathologized gender diversity This aided the development and proliferation of GICE which is based on considering gender identity discordant with assigned sex at birth disordered 14 Early interventions were rooted in psychoanalytic hypotheses Robert Stoller advanced the theory that cross gender presentation and behavior in children assigned male at birth was due to an overly close relationship with their mother Richard Green continued his research into social engineering His methods include augmenting contact with fathers including stereotypical masculine activities requesting the mother take a step back and having both parents praise traditional masculine behaviors and shame effeminate or cross gender behavior These methods did more harm than good resulting in depression and feelings of betrayal from parents that the goals of the treatment were impossible 14 Green s methods were adopted by Kenneth Zucker but modified so the focus was primarily preventing the child from developing an eventual transgender identity His methods include behavioral modifications of cross gender play interests encouraging the same sex parent to engage more and the other to engage less and treating the child with psychodynamic therapy The province of Ontario subsequently banned therapeutic programs based on this approach 14 Some clinicians have begun using gender exploratory therapy as an alternative to gender affirming approaches for youth with gender dysphoria 15 Gender exploratory therapy uses talk therapy in an attempt to find pathological roots for gender dysphoria 15 In a September 2022 review of gender exploratory therapy bioethicist Florence Ashley found strong similarities to conversion practices and in analyzing the ethical dimensions of the practice suggested that gender exploratory therapy may be unethical 15 Theories and techniques EditAversion therapy Edit See also Behavior modification Aversion therapy used on homosexuals included electric shock and nausea inducing drugs during presentation of same sex erotic images Cessation of the aversive stimuli was typically accompanied by the presentation of opposite sex erotic images with the objective of strengthening heterosexual feelings 16 Another method used was the covert sensitization method which involves instructing patients to imagine vomiting or receiving electric shocks writing that only single case studies have been conducted and that their results cannot be generalized Haldeman writes that behavioral conditioning studies tend to decrease homosexual feelings but do not increase heterosexual feelings citing Rangaswami s Difficulties in arousing and increasing heterosexual responsiveness in a homosexual A case report published in 1982 as typical in this respect 17 Aversion therapy was developed in Czechoslovakia between 1950 and 1962 and in the Commonwealth from 1961 into the mid 1970s In the context of the Cold War Western psychologists ignored the poor results of their Czechoslovak counterparts who had concluded that aversion therapy was not effective by 1961 and recommended decriminalization of homosexuality instead 18 Some men in the United Kingdom were offered the choice between prison and undergoing aversion therapy It was also offered to a few British women but was never the standard treatment for either homosexual men or women 19 Bioenergetics Edit Bioenergetics is a therapeutic technique developed by Alexander Lowen and John Pierrakos who were students of Wilhelm Reich It has been used to attempt to convert gay people to heterosexuality by Richard Cohen who has been called one of America s leading practitioners of conversion therapy 20 Cohen holds male patients in his lap with the patient curled into the fetal position and also advocates methods involving shouting or slamming a pillow with a tennis racket 21 Ex gay ex trans ministry Edit OneByOne booth at a Love Won Out conference Main article Ex gay Some sources which describe ex gay and ex trans ministries as a form of conversion therapy while others which state that ex gay organizations and conversion therapy are distinct methods of attempting to convert gay people to heterosexuality 22 23 24 25 The umbrella organization Exodus International in the United States ceased activities in June 2013 and the three member board issued a statement which repudiated its aims and apologized for the harm their pursuit has caused to LGBT people 26 better source needed Ex gay ex trans organizations often overlap and portray being trans as inherently sinful or against God s design or pathologize gender variance as due to trauma social contagion or gender ideology 27 28 Hypnosis Edit Hypnosis was used in conversion therapy since the 19th century by Richard von Krafft Ebing and Albert von Schrenck Notzing In 1967 Canadian psychiatrist Peter Roper published a case study of treating 15 homosexuals some of which would probably be considered bisexuals by modern standards with hypnosis Allegedly 8 showed marked improvement they reportedly lost sexual attraction towards the same sex altogether 4 mild improvements decrease of homosexual tendencies and 3 no improvement after hypnotic treatment he concluded that hypnosis may well produce more satisfactory results than those obtainable by other means depending on the hypnotic susceptibility of the subjects 29 Psychoanalysis Edit Main article Psychoanalysis Haldeman writes that psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality is exemplified by the work of Irving Bieber et al in Homosexuality A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals They advocated long term therapy aimed at resolving the unconscious childhood conflicts that they considered responsible for homosexuality Haldeman notes that Bieber s methodology has been criticized because it relied upon a clinical sample the description of the outcomes was based upon subjective therapist impression and follow up data were poorly presented Bieber reported a 27 success rate from long term therapy but only 18 of the patients in whom Bieber considered the treatment successful had been exclusively homosexual to begin with while 50 had been bisexual In Haldeman s view this makes even Bieber s unimpressive claims of success misleading 30 Haldeman discusses other psychoanalytic studies of attempts to change homosexuality Curran and Parr s Homosexuality An analysis of 100 male cases published in 1957 reported no significant increase in heterosexual behavior Mayerson and Lief s Psychotherapy of homosexuals A follow up study of nineteen cases published in 1965 reported that half of its 19 subjects were exclusively heterosexual in behavior four and a half years after treatment but its outcomes were based on patient self report and had no external validation In Haldeman s view those participants in the study who reported change were bisexual at the outset and its authors wrongly interpreted capacity for heterosexual sex as change of sexual orientation 31 Reparative therapy Edit The term reparative therapy has been used as a synonym for conversion therapy generally but according to Jack Drescher it properly refers to a specific kind of therapy clarification needed associated with the psychologists Elizabeth Moberly and Joseph Nicolosi 12 The term reparative refers to Nicolosi s postulate that same sex attraction is a person s unconscious attempt to self repair feelings of inferiority 32 33 34 The World Professional Association for Transgender Health frequently uses the term to refer to psychotherapy undertaken with the aim to make trans patients identify with their gender assigned at birth 35 Lobotomy Edit Main article Lobotomy In the 1940s and 1950s U S neurologist Walter Freeman popularized the ice pick lobotomy as a treatment for homosexuality He personally performed as many as 3 439 36 lobotomy surgeries in 23 states of which 2 500 used his ice pick procedure 37 despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training 38 Up to 40 of Freeman s patients were gay individuals subjected to a lobotomy 39 in order to change their homosexual orientation leaving most of these individuals severely disabled for the rest of their lives 40 Marriage therapy Edit See also Relationship counseling Previous editions of the World Health Organization s ICD included sexual relationship disorder in which a person s sexual orientation or gender identity makes it difficult to form or maintain a relationship with a sexual partner The belief that their sexual orientation has caused problems in their relationship may lead some people to turn to a marriage therapist for help to change their sexual orientation 41 Sexual orientation disorder was removed from the most recent ICD ICD 11 after the Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health determined that its inclusion was unjustified 42 Nazi human experimentation Edit Further information Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany Homosexual prisoners were a preferred target of Nazi human experimentation during the last years of Nazi rule The best known experiments involving homosexual men were attempts by endocrinologist Carl Vaernet to change prisoners sexual orientations by implanting a pellet that released testosterone Most of the victims non consenting prisoners at Buchenwald died shortly thereafter 43 44 Effects EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2022 There is a scientific consensus that conversion therapy is ineffective at changing a person s sexual orientation and can cause significant long term psychological harm 2 This includes significantly higher rates of depression substance abuse and other mental health issues in individuals who have undergone conversion therapy than their peers who did not 45 46 including a suicide attempt rate nearly twice that of those who did not 47 A 2022 study estimated that conversion therapy of youth in the United States cost 650 16 million annually with an additional 9 5 billion in associated costs such as increased suicide and substance abuse 46 Public opinion EditA 2020 survey carried out on US adults found majority support for banning conversion therapy for minors 48 A 2022 YouGov poll found majority support in England Scotland and Wales for a conversion therapy ban for both sexual orientation and gender identity with opposition ranging from 13 to 15 percent 49 Legal status EditMain article Legality of conversion therapy Map of jurisdictions that have bans on sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts with minors Criminal prohibition against conversion therapy on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity Only medical professionals are banned from performing conversion therapy Conversion therapy is banned only in some subnational jurisdictions Ban on conversion therapy pending or proposed No ban on conversion therapy Some jurisdictions have criminal bans on the practice of conversion therapy including Malta France Germany Albania Mexico and Canada 50 In other countries including Brazil Ecuador and Taiwan medical professionals are barred from practicing conversion therapy 51 In some states lawsuits against conversion therapy providers for fraud have succeeded but in other jurisdictions those claiming fraud must prove that the perpetrator was intentionally dishonest Thus a provider who genuinely believes conversion therapy is effective could not be convicted 52 Conversion therapy on minors may amount to child abuse 53 54 55 Human rights Edit In 2020 the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims released an official statement that conversion therapy is torture 53 The same year UN Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity Victor Madrigal Borloz said that conversion therapy practices are inherently discriminatory that they are cruel inhuman and degrading treatment and that depending on the severity or physical or mental pain and suffering inflicted to the victim they may amount to torture He recommended that it should be banned across the world 56 In 2021 Ilias Trispiotis and Craig Purshouse argue that conversion therapy violates the prohibition against degrading treatment under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights leading to a state obligation to prohibit it 51 57 Medical views EditMain article Medical views of conversion therapyMany health organizations around the world have denounced and criticized sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts 58 59 60 National health organizations in the United States have announced that there has been no scientific demonstration of conversion therapy s efficacy in the last forty years 23 61 62 63 They find that conversion therapy is ineffective risky and can be harmful Anecdotal claims of cures are counterbalanced by assertions of harm and the American Psychiatric Association for example cautions ethical practitioners under the Hippocratic oath to do no harm and to refrain from attempts at conversion therapy 62 Mainstream medical bodies state that conversion therapy can be harmful because it may exploit guilt and anxiety thereby damaging self esteem and leading to depression and even suicide 64 There is also concern in the mental health community that the advancement of conversion therapy can cause social harm by disseminating inaccurate views about gender identity sexual orientation and the ability of LGBTQ people to lead happy healthy lives 59 Some medical bodies prohibit their members from practicing conversion therapy 65 See also EditChristianity and homosexuality Recovering from ReligionReferences Edit Ending Conversion Therapy Supporting and Affirming LGBTQ Youth PDF Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration October 2015 Archived from the original PDF on 14 October 2021 Retrieved 26 December 2021 Efforts to change an individual s sexual orientation gender identity or gender expression through behavioral health or medical interventions Any effort with an a priori goal of a gender expression that aligns with stereotypical norms cisgender identity and or heterosexual orientation identity and sexual behaviors a b Higbee Madison Wright Eric R Roemerman Ryan M 2022 Conversion Therapy in the Southern United States Prevalence and Experiences of the Survivors Journal of Homosexuality 69 4 612 631 doi 10 1080 00918369 2020 1840213 PMID 33206024 S2CID 227039714 Cruz David B 1999 Controlling Desires Sexual Orientation Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and Law PDF Southern California Law Review 72 5 1297 400 PMID 12731502 Archived from the original PDF on 19 September 2017 Retrieved 25 November 2016 Yoshino 2002 Burr Chandler June 1997 Homosexuality and Biology The Atlantic Retrieved 25 November 2016 Rieber Inge Sigusch Volkmar 1979 Psychosurgery on Sex Offenders and Sexual Deviants in West Germany Archives of Sexual Behavior 8 6 523 527 doi 10 1007 bf01541419 PMID 391177 S2CID 41463669 Dieckmann G Horn H J Schneider H 1979 Hitchcock E R Ballantine H T Meyerson B A eds Long term Results of Anterior Hypothalamotomy in Sexual Offences Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery 187 195 Milar Katherine S February 2011 The myth buster Monitor on Psychology 42 2 24 Retrieved 25 November 2016 a b c d e f Drescher Jack Schwartz Alan Casoy Flavio McIntosh Christopher A Hurley Brian Ashley Kenneth Barber Mary Goldenberg David Herbert Sarah E Lothwell Lorraine E Mattson Marlin R McAfee Scot G Pula Jack Rosario Vernon Tompkins D Andrew 2016 The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy Journal of Medical Regulation 102 2 7 12 doi 10 30770 2572 1852 102 2 7 PMC 5040471 PMID 27754500 Haldeman 2022 p 4 a b Csabs C Despott N Morel B Brodel A Johnson R The SOGICE Survivor Statement 2018 a b Drescher 1998b p 152 Whisnant 2016 p 20 a b c Rivera David P Pardo Seth T 2022 Gender identity change efforts A summary In Haldeman Douglas C ed The case against conversion therapy Evidence ethics and alternatives American Psychological Association Washington American Psychological Association pp 51 68 doi 10 1037 0000266 003 ISBN 978 1 4338 3711 1 S2CID 243776563 a b c Ashley Florence 6 September 2022 Interrogating Gender Exploratory Therapy Perspectives on Psychological Science doi 10 1177 17456916221102325 PMID 36068009 S2CID 252108965 Retrieved 15 January 2023 Haldeman 1991 p 152 Haldeman 1991 pp 152 153 Davison Kate 2021 Cold War Pavlov Homosexual aversion therapy in the 1960s History of the Human Sciences 34 1 89 119 doi 10 1177 0952695120911593 S2CID 218922981 Spandler Helen Carr Sarah 2022 Lesbian and bisexual women s experiences of aversion therapy in England History of the Human Sciences 35 3 4 218 236 doi 10 1177 09526951211059422 PMC 9449443 PMID 36090521 S2CID 245753251 Transcript of USA Gay Conversion Archived 2010 05 13 at the Wayback Machine ABC TV Foreign Correspondent 08 22 2006 Retrieved 04 07 2007 Cohen 2000 p 152 176 Drescher amp Zucker 2006 pp 126 175 a b Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation amp Youth A Primer for Principals Educators and School Personnel PDF Just the Facts Coalition 1999 retrieved 14 May 2010 Haldeman 1991 pp 149 156 159 Jones amp Yarhouse 2007 p 374 Chambers Alan I Am Sorry Exodus International archived from the original on 23 June 2013 retrieved 22 June 2013 Robinson Christine M Spivey Sue E 17 June 2019 Ungodly Genders Deconstructing Ex Gay Movement Discourses of Transgenderism in the US Social Sciences 8 6 191 doi 10 3390 socsci8060191 ISSN 2076 0760 Jones Tiffany Jones Timothy W Power Jennifer Pallotta Chiarolli Maria Despott Nathan 12 October 2021 Mis education of Australian Youth exposure to LGBTQA conversion ideology and practises Sex Education 22 5 595 610 doi 10 1080 14681811 2021 1978964 ISSN 1468 1811 S2CID 241018465 Roper P 1967 The effects of hypnotherapy on homosexuality Canadian Medical Association journal 96 6 319 327 Haldeman 1991 pp 150 151 Haldeman 1991 pp 151 256 Hicks Karolyn Ann 1999 Reparative Therapy Whether Parental Attempts to Change a Child s Sexual Orientation Can Legally Constitute Child Abuse American University Law Review 49 2 505 547 Retrieved 28 November 2016 Nicolosi Joseph What Is Reparative Therapy Examining the Controversy Retrieved 28 November 2016 Bright 2004 pp 471 481 Coleman E et al 2022 Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People Version 8 International Journal of Transgender Health 23 Suppl 1 S1 S259 doi 10 1080 26895269 2022 2100644 PMC 9553112 PMID 36238954 S2CID 252127302 Elizabeth Day 13 January 2008 He was bad so they put an ice pick in his brain www theguardian com Retrieved 26 December 2013 Top 10 Fascinating And Notable Lobotomies listverse com 24 June 2009 Retrieved 26 December 2013 Rowland Lewis April 2005 Walter Freeman s Psychosurgery and Biological Psychiatry A Cautionary Tale Neurology Today 5 4 70 72 doi 10 1097 00132985 200504000 00020 Stone Gene September 2013 The Tiger Cure New York Magazine Scot Jamie 28 June 2013 Shock the Gay Away Secrets of Early Gay Aversion Therapy Revealed HuffPost Rosik Christopher H January 2003 Motivational ethical and epistemological foundations in the treatment of unwanted homoerotic attraction Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 29 1 13 28 doi 10 1111 j 1752 0606 2003 tb00379 x ISSN 0194 472X OCLC 5154888155 PMID 12616795 Reed Geoffrey M Drescher Jack Krueger Richard B Atalla Elham Cochran Susan D First Michael B Cohen Kettenis Peggy T Arango de Montis Ivan Parish Sharon J Cottler Sara Briken Peer 2016 Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD 11 revising the ICD 10 classification based on current scientific evidence best clinical practices and human rights considerations World Psychiatry 15 3 205 221 doi 10 1002 wps 20354 ISSN 1723 8617 PMC 5032510 PMID 27717275 Whisnant 2016 p 223 Weindling 2015 pp 183 184 Christensen Jen 8 March 2022 Conversion therapy is harmful to LGBTQ people and costs society as a whole study says CNN Retrieved 5 November 2022 a b Forsythe Anna Pick Casey Tremblay Gabriel Malaviya Shreena Green Amy Sandman Karen 2022 Humanistic and Economic Burden of Conversion Therapy Among LGBTQ Youths in the United States JAMA Pediatrics 176 5 493 501 doi 10 1001 jamapediatrics 2022 0042 PMC 8902682 PMID 35254391 S2CID 247252995 thisisloyal com Loyal LGB people who have undergone conversion therapy almost twice as likely to attempt suicide Williams Institute Retrieved 5 November 2022 Flores Andrew R Mallory Christy Conron Kerith J 2020 Public attitudes about emergent issues in LGBTQ rights Conversion therapy and religious refusals Research amp Politics 7 4 205316802096687 doi 10 1177 2053168020966874 S2CID 229001894 The majority of Welsh people support a ban on trans conversion therapy in Wales YouGov yougov co uk Retrieved 30 June 2022 Branch Legislative Services 10 January 2022 Consolidated federal laws of canada An Act to amend the Criminal Code conversion therapy laws justice gc ca Retrieved 6 July 2022 a b Trispiotis Ilias Purshouse Craig 2021 Conversion Therapy As Degrading Treatment Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 42 1 104 132 doi 10 1093 ojls gqab024 PMC 8902017 PMID 35264896 Purshouse Craig Trispiotis Ilias 2022 Is conversion therapy tortious Legal Studies 42 1 23 41 doi 10 1017 lst 2021 28 ISSN 0261 3875 S2CID 236227920 a b Conversion Therapy is Torture International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims Retrieved 31 May 2021 Canady Valerie 2015 New report calls for an end to conversion therapy for youth The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter 31 12 3 4 doi 10 1002 cbl 30088 Lee Cory 2022 A Failed Experiment Conversion Therapy as Child Abuse Roger Williams University Law Review 27 1 ISSN 1090 3968 Conversion therapy Can Amount to Torture and Should be Banned says UN Expert United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner 13 July 2020 Retrieved 20 July 2021 Nugraha Ignatius Yordan 2017 The compatibility of sexual orientation change efforts with international human rights law Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 35 3 176 192 doi 10 1177 0924051917724654 S2CID 220052834 Health and Medical Organization Statements on Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Expression and Reparative Therapy Lambda Legal a b Policy and Position Statements on Conversion Therapy Human Rights Campaign Human Rights Campaign Retrieved 12 April 2017 Conversion Therapy Consensus Statement PDF bps org uk UK Council for Psychotherapy p 2 Archived from the original PDF on 17 May 2017 Retrieved 16 December 2017 Answers to Your Questions For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality American Psychological Association 2008 Retrieved 31 January 2015 a b Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation Psych org Archived from the original on 10 September 2008 Retrieved 18 July 2011 APA Maintains Reparative Therapy Not Effective Psychiatric News news division of the American Psychiatric Association 15 January 1999 retrieved 28 August 2007 Luo Michael 12 February 2007 Some Tormented by Homosexuality Look to a Controversial Therapy The New York Times p 1 retrieved 28 August 2007 Albania becomes third European country to ban gay conversion therapy France 24 16 May 2020 Retrieved 30 June 2022 Bibliography EditBright Chuck December 2004 Deconstructing Reparative Therapy An Examination of the Processes Involved When Attempting to Change Sexual Orientation Clinical Social Work Journal 32 4 471 481 doi 10 1007 s10615 004 0543 2 S2CID 189871877 Cohen Richard A Schlessinger Laura 2000 Coming Out Straight Understanding and Healing Homosexuality Oakhill Press ISBN 9781886939417 Cruz David B 1999 Controlling desires Sexual orientation conversion and the limits of knowledge and law PDF Southern California Law Review 72 5 1297 400 PMID 12731502 archived from the original PDF on 19 September 2017 retrieved 20 May 2015 Drescher Jack June 1998a I m Your Handyman A History of Reparative Therapies Journal of Homosexuality 36 1 19 42 doi 10 1300 J082v36n01 02 PMID 9670099 Drescher Jack 2001 Ethical Concerns Raised When Patients Seek to Change Same Sex Attractions Journal of Gay amp Lesbian Psychotherapy 5 3 4 183 doi 10 1300 j236v05n03 11 S2CID 146736819 Drescher Jack Zucker Kenneth eds 2006 Ex Gay Research Analyzing the Spitzer Study and Its Relation to Science Religion Politics and Culture New York Harrington Park Press ISBN 978 1 56023 557 6 Drescher Jack 1998b Psychoanalytic Therapy and the Gay Man American Journal of Psychoanalysis Hillsdale New Jersey The Analytic Press 60 2 191 6 doi 10 1023 a 1001968909523 ISBN 978 0 88163 208 8 PMID 10874429 Haldeman Douglas C 1991 Sexual orientation conversion therapy for gay men and lesbians A scientific examination PDF in Gonsiorek John Weinrich James eds Homosexuality Research Implications for Public Policy Newbury Park California Sage Publications Inc ISBN 978 0 8039 3764 2 archived from the original PDF on 6 February 2018 retrieved 30 May 2010 Jones S L Yarhouse A M 2007 Ex gays A longitudinal study of religiously mediated change in sexual orientation Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press Waidzunas Tom 2016 The Straight Line How the Fringe Science of Ex Gay Therapy Reoriented Sexuality Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press ISBN 9780816696154 Weindling Paul 2015 Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments Science and Suffering in the Holocaust Bloomsbury Academic ISBN 978 1 4411 7990 6 Whisnant Clayton J 2016 Queer Identities and Politics in Germany A History 1880 1945 Columbia University Press ISBN 978 1 939594 10 5 Yoshino Kenji 2002 Covering Yale Law Journal 111 4 769 939 doi 10 2307 797566 JSTOR 797566Further reading EditHaldeman Douglas C 2021 Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts Evidence Effects and Ethics Columbia University Press ISBN 978 1 939594 36 5 Haldeman Douglas C 2022 The Case Against Conversion Therapy Evidence Ethics and Alternatives American Psychological Association ISBN 978 1 4338 3711 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Conversion therapy amp oldid 1136163577, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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