This article is about the species of birds in the finch family. For the breed of cattle, see Red Poll. For Royal Navy ships, see HMS Redpole.
The redpolls (genus Acanthis) (in Great Britain also historically known as redpoles)[1][2] are a group of small passerinebirds in the finch family Fringillidae, which have characteristic red markings on their heads. They are placed in the genus Acanthis.[3][4] The genus name Acanthis is from the Ancient Greekakanthis, a name for a small now-unidentifiable bird.[5]
All redpolls are northern breeding woodland species, associated with birch trees (although there are introduced populations in the southern hemisphere, in New Zealand and nearby subantarctic islands). They are small birds, brown or grey-brown above and with a red forehead patch. The adult male's breast is washed in red, but in females and young birds the buff breast and white belly are streaked with brown. The bill is small and yellow. Some birds, particularly young ones, are difficult to assign to species.
They are primarily seed-eaters, and often feed acrobatically like a tit; their diet may include some insects in summer. They have a dry reeling song and a metallic call. They lay four to seven eggs in a nest in a tree or, in the case of the Arctic redpoll, a large bush. They can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixed with other finches.
The taxonomy of redpolls is unsettled, with several different very closely related[6] forms of redpolls which have been considered as anything from one to five species.[7] Some studies[8][9] favour three species, but this is certainly not definite. Global lists currently support either two species (the common and hoary redpoll)[10] or a single species (the common redpoll).[11] Most recently, genomewide analyses found differences in gene expression but no genetic divergence, suggesting that plumage forms have originated recently, within a single interbreeding lineage, and do not represent species boundaries.[12]
originally Ireland, most of Great Britain, and the Alps; range has spread considerably across central and northern Europe in recent decades
References
^Oxford English Dictionary, Vol Q-R. Oxford University Press. 1971. p. 310.
^Montagu, George (1831). Ornithological Dictionary of British Birds (2nd ed.). London: Hurst, Chance and Co. pp. 409–411. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
^Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Alvarez-Tejado M.; Ruiz-del-Valle V.; García-de-la-Torre C.; Varela P; Recio M. J.; Ferre S.; Martinez-Laso J. (1998). "Phylogeny and rapid Northern and Southern Hemisphere speciation of goldfinches during the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs" (PDF). Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 54 (9): 1031–1041. doi:10.1007/s000180050230. PMID 9791543. S2CID 10654775.
^Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
^Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 29. ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
^Seutin, G.; Ratcliffe, L. M. & Boag, P. T. (1995). Mitochondrial DNA homogeneity in the phenotypically diverse redpoll finch complex (Aves: Carduelinae: Carduelis flammea - hornemanni). Evolution49(5): 962–973. doi:10.2307/2410418 (HTML abstract and first page image)
^Knox, A. G. (1988). "The taxonomy of redpolls". Ardea. 76 (1): 1–26.
^Herremans, M. (1990). Taxonomy and evolution in Redpolls Carduelis flammea – hornemanni; a multivariate study of their biometry. Ardea78(3): 441–458. HTML abstract
^Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds". Ibis. 144 (1): 153–159. doi:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x.
^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.4. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
^"Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea". Birdlife International. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^Mason, N.A.; Taylor, S.A. (2015). "Differentially expressed genes match bill morphology and plumage despite largely undifferentiated genomes in a Holarctic songbird". Molecular Ecology. 24 (12): 3009–3025. doi:10.1111/mec.13140. PMID 25735539. S2CID 4283143.
Further reading
Knox, A. G., and P. E. Lowther (2000). Hoary Redpoll (Carduelis hornemanni). In The Birds of North America, No. 544 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Knox, A. G., and P. E. Lowther (2000). Common Redpoll (Carduelis flammea). In The Birds of North America, No. 543 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Marthinsen, G.; Wennerberg, L.; Lifjeld, J.T. (2008). "Low support for separate species within the redpoll complex (Carduelis flammea–hornemanni–cabaret) from analyses of mtDNA and microsatellite markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (3): 1005–1017. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.027. PMID 18439841.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carduelis.
Common redpoll species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
redpoll, this, article, about, species, birds, finch, family, breed, cattle, poll, royal, navy, ships, redpole, redpolls, genus, acanthis, great, britain, also, historically, known, redpoles, group, small, passerine, birds, finch, family, fringillidae, which, . This article is about the species of birds in the finch family For the breed of cattle see Red Poll For Royal Navy ships see HMS Redpole The redpolls genus Acanthis in Great Britain also historically known as redpoles 1 2 are a group of small passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae which have characteristic red markings on their heads They are placed in the genus Acanthis 3 4 The genus name Acanthis is from the Ancient Greek akanthis a name for a small now unidentifiable bird 5 RedpollsCommon redpoll in Oulu FinlandScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily FringillidaeSubfamily CarduelinaeGenus AcanthisBorkhausen 1797Type speciesAcanthis flammeaSpeciesAcanthis flammeaAcanthis cabaretAcanthis hornemanniSynonymsCarduelisAll redpolls are northern breeding woodland species associated with birch trees although there are introduced populations in the southern hemisphere in New Zealand and nearby subantarctic islands They are small birds brown or grey brown above and with a red forehead patch The adult male s breast is washed in red but in females and young birds the buff breast and white belly are streaked with brown The bill is small and yellow Some birds particularly young ones are difficult to assign to species They are primarily seed eaters and often feed acrobatically like a tit their diet may include some insects in summer They have a dry reeling song and a metallic call They lay four to seven eggs in a nest in a tree or in the case of the Arctic redpoll a large bush They can form large flocks outside the breeding season sometimes mixed with other finches Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Species 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External linksTaxonomy EditThe taxonomy of redpolls is unsettled with several different very closely related 6 forms of redpolls which have been considered as anything from one to five species 7 Some studies 8 9 favour three species but this is certainly not definite Global lists currently support either two species the common and hoary redpoll 10 or a single species the common redpoll 11 Most recently genomewide analyses found differences in gene expression but no genetic divergence suggesting that plumage forms have originated recently within a single interbreeding lineage and do not represent species boundaries 12 Species Edit The species are Male Female Common Name Scientific name Subspecies Distribution Arctic redpoll or hoary redpoll Acanthis hornemanni A h hornemanni Greenland Arctic redpoll or Hornemann s Arctic redpoll A h exilipes Coues Arctic redpoll or hoary redpoll Greenland and neighbouring parts of Canada common redpoll Acanthis flammea A f flammea mealy redpoll A f islandica Icelandic redpoll A f rostrata Greenland redpoll North America and the Palearctic lesser redpoll Acanthis cabaret originally Ireland most of Great Britain and the Alps range has spread considerably across central and northern Europe in recent decadesReferences Edit Oxford English Dictionary Vol Q R Oxford University Press 1971 p 310 Montagu George 1831 Ornithological Dictionary of British Birds 2nd ed London Hurst Chance and Co pp 409 411 Retrieved 12 March 2016 Arnaiz Villena Antonio Alvarez Tejado M Ruiz del Valle V Garcia de la Torre C Varela P Recio M J Ferre S Martinez Laso J 1998 Phylogeny and rapid Northern and Southern Hemisphere speciation of goldfinches during the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs PDF Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 54 9 1031 1041 doi 10 1007 s000180050230 PMID 9791543 S2CID 10654775 Zuccon Dario Prŷs Jones Robert Rasmussen Pamela C Ericson Per G P 2012 The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches Fringillidae PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 2 581 596 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2011 10 002 PMID 22023825 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London United Kingdom Christopher Helm p 29 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Seutin G Ratcliffe L M amp Boag P T 1995 Mitochondrial DNA homogeneity in the phenotypically diverse redpoll finch complex Aves Carduelinae Carduelis flammea hornemanni Evolution 49 5 962 973 doi 10 2307 2410418 HTML abstract and first page image Knox A G 1988 The taxonomy of redpolls Ardea 76 1 1 26 Herremans M 1990 Taxonomy and evolution in Redpolls Carduelis flammea hornemanni a multivariate study of their biometry Ardea 78 3 441 458 HTML abstract Sangster George Knox Alan G Helbig Andreas J Parkin David T 2002 Taxonomic recommendations for European birds Ibis 144 1 153 159 doi 10 1046 j 0019 1019 2001 00026 x Gill Frank Donsker David eds Finches euphonias World Bird List Version 5 4 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 25 November 2015 Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea Birdlife International Retrieved 24 November 2015 Mason N A Taylor S A 2015 Differentially expressed genes match bill morphology and plumage despite largely undifferentiated genomes in a Holarctic songbird Molecular Ecology 24 12 3009 3025 doi 10 1111 mec 13140 PMID 25735539 S2CID 4283143 Further reading EditKnox A G and P E Lowther 2000 Hoary Redpoll Carduelis hornemanni In The Birds of North America No 544 A Poole and F Gill eds The Birds of North America Inc Philadelphia PA Knox A G and P E Lowther 2000 Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea In The Birds of North America No 543 A Poole and F Gill eds The Birds of North America Inc Philadelphia PA Marthinsen G Wennerberg L Lifjeld J T 2008 Low support for separate species within the redpoll complex Carduelis flammea hornemanni cabaret from analyses of mtDNA and microsatellite markers Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47 3 1005 1017 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2008 03 027 PMID 18439841 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carduelis Common redpoll species account Cornell Lab of Ornithology Common redpoll Carduelis flammea USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Redpoll amp oldid 1146401755, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
