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Reşwan (tribe)

January 16, 2023

Reşwan, (Kurdish: ڕەشوان , Reşwan; Turkish: Rişvan) also known as Reşiyan, is a Kurdish tribe, native to the western frontier of Kurdistan,[1] mostly populating Adıyaman, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş and Malatya provinces in Turkey and also present in Konya and Ankara provinces, Raqqa in Syria, and Qazvin Province in Iran.[2][3] Members of the tribe mostly adhere to the Hanafi school of Islam but some are Alevi.[1][4]

Etymology

Nuh Ateş, a scholar and editor of Bîrnebûn, suggests that the name Reşwan is a compound of the Kurdish words reş (transl. black) and the plural form -ân.[5] Stefan Winter argues Reşwan can be understood as "The Blacks" in Kurdish.[6] According to the tax records from the 16th century in the Ottoman Sancak in Urfa, the tribe was referred to as a remnant of the Black Nation (Turkish: Kara Ulus) tribal confederation that was mainly composed of Kurdish tribes affiliated with the Qara Qoyunlu (lit. black sheep) confederation.[6] Nonetheless, the name of the tribe was written in over fifty different ways in Ottoman documents due to erroneous translations from Kurdish. The tribe also goes by the name Reşî.[7]

History

A tribe by the name of "Reşan" is mentioned in a Yezidi mişûr (manuscript) from 1207 AD, as one of the tribes affiliated to Pir Sini Darani, a Yezidi saint who is represented as the Lord of sea in the Yezidi religion.[8]

The name of the tribe was recorded in the defter for Kahta, Besni and Adıyaman in 1519, after Sultan Selim I conquered the area. The tribe was recorded again in 1524 and 1536. During this period, there were inconsistencies about which families were part of the tribe and its population. Nonetheless, they were mainly transhumant nomadic and engaged in agriculture as well.[9] Somewhen in the 17th century, the earliest mention is from 1683, the tribes taxes were included into the Ottoman foundation financing the construction and maintenance of the Atik Valide Mosque.[10]

According to Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, Reşwans were often in contact and at war with nearby Turkoman tribes, who didn't hold the Reşwans in esteem.[11]

During the 1890s, the leader of the tribe Yakup Ragıp protected Armenians from Ottoman massacres.[12]

Sedentarization in Central Anatolia (1830-1880)

In early 19th century, Reşwan members who lived a nomadic life around Ankara and Konya were subjected to sedentarization attempts by the Ottomans, as part of the Tanzimat. The first attempt took place in 1830, wherein the authorities notified the Reşwan headmen of the Central Anatolian plains regarding their plans to settle them around Sivas. This led to discontent among the leaders who suggested Konya and Ankara as areas of settlement, which the Ottomans agreed on.[13] In other places, the tribe resisted and it is well-documented that they would bribe and even give up everything to continue their semi-nomadic life.[14] During the sedentarization, authorities would both construct new villages for the tribe but also divide and distribute them to already-existing villages to mitigate any rebellion.[15] An 1859 document shows that about 500 households of the tribe lived in Haymana, being sedentarized in 43 villages.[16] By 1880, this section of the tribe had been sedentarized. These tribe members were originally from Adıyaman, Islahiye and Gaziantep Province.[17]

Politics and elections

In the 2000s, the tribe mainly voted for the conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP)[18] until 2014, when the well-known Reşvan Kurdish politician Dengir Mir Mehmet Fırat resigned from AKP and decided to run for the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) in the local election in 2015.[19][20] The leaders of the tribe decided to vote for HDP in the general election in June 2015.[21]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b van Bruinessen, Martin (2016). "The Kurds as objects and subjects of historiography: Turkish and Kurdish nationalists struggling over identity". Festschrift zum 65: 4.
  2. ^ "Rişvan Aşireti'nden Vali Ramazan Sodan'a Ziyaret" (in Turkish). 9 June 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  3. ^ "De midtanatolske kurdere - en ufortalt historie" (in Danish). Jiyan.dk. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  4. ^ "Aşiretler, derneklerle kültürel bağları güçlü tutmaya çalışıyor" (in Turkish). 14 August 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  5. ^ Dede (2011), p. 23.
  6. ^ a b Winter, Stefan (2017). "The Reşwan Kurds and Ottoman Tribal Settlement in Syria, 1683-1741". Oriente Moderno. 97 (2): 258. ISSN 0030-5472.
  7. ^ "Reşîlerin tarihi". kurdenanatolien.com. 20 January 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  8. ^ Pirbari, Dimitri; Mossaki, Nodar; Yezdin, Mirza Sileman (2019-11-19). "A Yezidi Manuscript:—Mišūr of P'īr Sīnī Bahrī/P'īr Sīnī Dārānī, Its Study and Critical Analysis". Iranian Studies. 53 (1–2): 223–257. doi:10.1080/00210862.2019.1669118. ISSN 0021-0862. S2CID 214483496.
  9. ^ Dede (2011), p. 27.
  10. ^ Winter, Stefan (2017),p.261
  11. ^ Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig (1822). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. London: John Murray. pp. 642–643.
  12. ^ Şemsa Özar, Nesrin Uçarlar, Osman Aytar (December 2013). From past to present a paramilitary organization in Turkey (PDF). p. 26. ISBN 978-6055458195. Retrieved 18 May 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Dede (2011), pp. 36 & 47.
  14. ^ Dede (2011), p. 58.
  15. ^ Dede (2011), p. 65.
  16. ^ Dede (2011), p. 46.
  17. ^ Dede (2011), pp. 67–68.
  18. ^ "Aşiret oyları cepte değil". Aksiyon. 1 March 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  19. ^ "Failure of pro-Kurdish HDP to enter Parliament could spell trouble". Today's Zaman. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  20. ^ "Pro-Kurdish leaders to run in elections despite HDP's two-term limit". 26 February 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  21. ^ "HDP aşiretleri nasıl ikna etti?" (in Turkish). Radikal. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

Bibliography

  • Dede, Suat (2011), From nomadism to sedentary life in Central Anatolia: The case of the Risvan tribe (1830 - 1932) (PDF)

Further reading

  • Winter, Stefan (2017), "The Reşwan Kurds and Ottoman Tribal Settlement in Syria, 1683-1741", Oriente Moderno, Brill Publishers, 97 (2): 256–269, doi:10.1163/22138617-12340151

January 16, 2023
reşwan, tribe, reşwan, kurdish, ڕەشوان, reşwan, turkish, rişvan, also, known, reşiyan, kurdish, tribe, native, western, frontier, kurdistan, mostly, populating, adıyaman, gaziantep, kahramanmaraş, malatya, provinces, turkey, also, present, konya, ankara, provi. Reswan Kurdish ڕەشوان Reswan Turkish Risvan also known as Resiyan is a Kurdish tribe native to the western frontier of Kurdistan 1 mostly populating Adiyaman Gaziantep Kahramanmaras and Malatya provinces in Turkey and also present in Konya and Ankara provinces Raqqa in Syria and Qazvin Province in Iran 2 3 Members of the tribe mostly adhere to the Hanafi school of Islam but some are Alevi 1 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Sedentarization in Central Anatolia 1830 1880 3 Politics and elections 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 Further readingEtymology EditNuh Ates a scholar and editor of Birnebun suggests that the name Reswan is a compound of the Kurdish words res transl black and the plural form an 5 Stefan Winter argues Reswan can be understood as The Blacks in Kurdish 6 According to the tax records from the 16th century in the Ottoman Sancak in Urfa the tribe was referred to as a remnant of the Black Nation Turkish Kara Ulus tribal confederation that was mainly composed of Kurdish tribes affiliated with the Qara Qoyunlu lit black sheep confederation 6 Nonetheless the name of the tribe was written in over fifty different ways in Ottoman documents due to erroneous translations from Kurdish The tribe also goes by the name Resi 7 History EditA tribe by the name of Resan is mentioned in a Yezidi misur manuscript from 1207 AD as one of the tribes affiliated to Pir Sini Darani a Yezidi saint who is represented as the Lord of sea in the Yezidi religion 8 The name of the tribe was recorded in the defter for Kahta Besni and Adiyaman in 1519 after Sultan Selim I conquered the area The tribe was recorded again in 1524 and 1536 During this period there were inconsistencies about which families were part of the tribe and its population Nonetheless they were mainly transhumant nomadic and engaged in agriculture as well 9 Somewhen in the 17th century the earliest mention is from 1683 the tribes taxes were included into the Ottoman foundation financing the construction and maintenance of the Atik Valide Mosque 10 According to Johann Ludwig Burckhardt Reswans were often in contact and at war with nearby Turkoman tribes who didn t hold the Reswans in esteem 11 During the 1890s the leader of the tribe Yakup Ragip protected Armenians from Ottoman massacres 12 Sedentarization in Central Anatolia 1830 1880 Edit In early 19th century Reswan members who lived a nomadic life around Ankara and Konya were subjected to sedentarization attempts by the Ottomans as part of the Tanzimat The first attempt took place in 1830 wherein the authorities notified the Reswan headmen of the Central Anatolian plains regarding their plans to settle them around Sivas This led to discontent among the leaders who suggested Konya and Ankara as areas of settlement which the Ottomans agreed on 13 In other places the tribe resisted and it is well documented that they would bribe and even give up everything to continue their semi nomadic life 14 During the sedentarization authorities would both construct new villages for the tribe but also divide and distribute them to already existing villages to mitigate any rebellion 15 An 1859 document shows that about 500 households of the tribe lived in Haymana being sedentarized in 43 villages 16 By 1880 this section of the tribe had been sedentarized These tribe members were originally from Adiyaman Islahiye and Gaziantep Province 17 Politics and elections EditIn the 2000s the tribe mainly voted for the conservative Justice and Development Party AKP 18 until 2014 when the well known Resvan Kurdish politician Dengir Mir Mehmet Firat resigned from AKP and decided to run for the pro Kurdish Peoples Democratic Party HDP in the local election in 2015 19 20 The leaders of the tribe decided to vote for HDP in the general election in June 2015 21 See also EditKurdish tribes Kurds of Central Anatolia Celikhan SincikNotes Edit a b van Bruinessen Martin 2016 The Kurds as objects and subjects of historiography Turkish and Kurdish nationalists struggling over identity Festschrift zum 65 4 Risvan Asireti nden Vali Ramazan Sodan a Ziyaret in Turkish 9 June 2012 Retrieved 29 March 2015 De midtanatolske kurdere en ufortalt historie in Danish Jiyan dk 16 August 2011 Retrieved 29 March 2015 Asiretler derneklerle kulturel baglari guclu tutmaya calisiyor in Turkish 14 August 2015 Retrieved 25 June 2020 Dede 2011 p 23 a b Winter Stefan 2017 The Reswan Kurds and Ottoman Tribal Settlement in Syria 1683 1741 Oriente Moderno 97 2 258 ISSN 0030 5472 Resilerin tarihi kurdenanatolien com 20 January 2018 Retrieved 25 June 2020 Pirbari Dimitri Mossaki Nodar Yezdin Mirza Sileman 2019 11 19 A Yezidi Manuscript Misur of P ir Sini Bahri P ir Sini Darani Its Study and Critical Analysis Iranian Studies 53 1 2 223 257 doi 10 1080 00210862 2019 1669118 ISSN 0021 0862 S2CID 214483496 Dede 2011 p 27 Winter Stefan 2017 p 261 Burckhardt Johann Ludwig 1822 Travels in Syria and the Holy Land London John Murray pp 642 643 Semsa Ozar Nesrin Ucarlar Osman Aytar December 2013 From past to present a paramilitary organization in Turkey PDF p 26 ISBN 978 6055458195 Retrieved 18 May 2015 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Dede 2011 pp 36 amp 47 Dede 2011 p 58 Dede 2011 p 65 Dede 2011 p 46 Dede 2011 pp 67 68 Asiret oylari cepte degil Aksiyon 1 March 2004 Retrieved 29 March 2015 Failure of pro Kurdish HDP to enter Parliament could spell trouble Today s Zaman 28 March 2015 Retrieved 29 March 2015 Pro Kurdish leaders to run in elections despite HDP s two term limit 26 February 2015 Retrieved 29 March 2015 HDP asiretleri nasil ikna etti in Turkish Radikal 11 May 2015 Retrieved 5 June 2015 Bibliography EditDede Suat 2011 From nomadism to sedentary life in Central Anatolia The case of the Risvan tribe 1830 1932 PDF Further reading EditWinter Stefan 2017 The Reswan Kurds and Ottoman Tribal Settlement in Syria 1683 1741 Oriente Moderno Brill Publishers 97 2 256 269 doi 10 1163 22138617 12340151 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Reswan tribe amp oldid 1125324528, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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