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Raji–Raute languages

April 12, 2024

Raji–Raute is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family that includes the three closely related languages, namely Raji, Raute, and Rawat. They are spoken by small hunter-gatherer communities in the Terai region of Nepal and in neighboring Uttarakhand, India.

Raji–Raute
Geographic
distribution		Nepal, India
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
Glottolograji1239

Like some other Tibeto-Burman languages, Raji–Raute languages have voiceless sonorants.[1]

Classification edit

Raute and Rawat are closely related; Raji is more distantly related.[1] Fortier classifies the Raji–Raute languages as follows.[1] Note that language varieties that classify within the Rawat subgroup are known by various names; Raute of Dadeldhura/Darchula is taxonomically a Rawat language, and is not to be confused with Raute proper.

Raji–Raute
  • Raute–Rawat
    • Raute (nomadic groups)
    • Rawat
      • Rajwar (spoken in Khirdwari)
      • Rawat
        • Rawat (also known as Ban Raji)
        • Raute of Dadeldhura/Darchula
  • Raji
    • Naukule
    • Bandale, Purbia

Schorer (2016) edit

Schorer (2016:293)[2] classifies Raji–Raute as part of his newly proposed Greater Magaric group.

Greater Magaric

Fortier (2012) edit

A database of 700 words for items from households of Raute and Ban Rawat speakers (Fortier 2012) indicates a largely Sino-Tibetan language ancestry. Deep Root[clarification needed] items include 58 words of Sino-Tibetan origin and 7 of Austroasiatic origin. Proto-family[clarification needed] items include 281 morphemes of Proto-Tibeto-Burman origin. Meso-root,[clarification needed] or subfamily items include 34 words of Proto-Kuki-Chin origin, 23 of Proto-Tani origin, 6 of Proto-Tangkulic origin, and 1 of Northern Chin origin. The database omits most loans of Indo-Aryan origin although 43 items were of Sanskrit origin. Work remains on identifying etymologies of the remaining 247 items in the Raute–Rawat database.

Distribution edit

Raji-Raute varieties are spoken in the following areas of Nepal and India.[1]

Vocabulary edit

The comparative vocabulary lists of Raji and Raute below are from Rastogi & Fortier (2005). Rastogi & Fortier (2005) also provide Purbia Raji and Janggali Raute forms.

Swadesh list edit

The following is a 100-word Swadesh list from Rastogi & Fortier (2005).

No. English gloss Rawati (Raji) Khamci (Raute)
1 I naa ngaa
2 you, thou nang naa, nhhang
3 we naani jammaa ngaa, na, nani
4 this ai ii
5 that aiyaa he
6 who chuin 'se; tse, nhhamʔ
7 what hu hai, hang
8 not haa nai, nā (as verb suffix: -re/rai)
9 all jammaa ~ jammal mwalyae
10 many jikkal bo-kani, bo, buoh
11 one daa, ga daa
12 two nii ~ nhii nhi
13 big bai-inaa ghaare
14 long lang
15 small ʈuhaa, chui-ce lhhaʔ
16 woman maʈhialaa umaakhala, umaa
17 man manjha ba, s'ye; s'yela, māukyaa
18 person manca mi: mur; murka, mukala
19 fish boraa gaah, gap
20 bird gidhaa bwaah, buaʔ
21 dog kuii kwui
22 louse sira shuhroh
23 tree shiing s'iu; tsiu, shing
24 seed biye
25 leaf huwaah, huwaa-aa, khuaa hwaah, waʔ
26 root jadao goy, nyuri (wild yams), dz'ra
27 bark siing khallaw thaapa, thakpa
28 skin khallyai kiri; kriakaa, kirikyae
29 flesh (meat) sya s'yaa, yaa, pyaa, s'iu, shiaeʔ
30 blood khui s'ui, ks'ap
31 bone haɖang haare, haar'm
32 grease ge; gela
33 egg anɖaa bhi; bhibhiya, bhiya
34 horn sioang sikk'm
35 tail pucheraa muahta, mukyae
36 feather pakhaa phakaa, pwohx
37 hair haamuu rung
38 head gaɽaa garaah, g'rhha
39 ear ghunaa, hunaa gunaah
40 eye mhiike, niike mikaah; mhiiga
41 nose shinaa 'sinaah, shinga
42 mouth khaaber chyu(re), mu
43 tooth daaɽo s'wāah, tshwa
44 tongue jibaiɽo laale, muuhm, mhhwOm
45 fingernail nhiang leehm, lhhel
46 foot bhaa, panjaa bhaah
47 knee puhai phukh, gaʈho
48 hand hakai aakhaa
49 belly (stomach) laado guduu, gudong, photo ('entrails')
50 neck gardhan manto, m'nthu, ghaature
51 breast cucca susi
52 heart paatii, mutu
53 liver mulyaa kharabdaah, bara
54 drink tung jhum, jaaya, hum, ti-I, tì
55 eat jaako, jale, jaa-aa jaa; jaaku; jaaya, ka; kaare
56 bite kai ka; kaiyaa, k'I
57 see guhe bigaap, bighhae
58 hear huung-ye guno, gunaare
59 know dahau
60 sleep iishe s'ii; s'iyaah, she, kwih
61 die shiiya s'i; s'iya
62 kill haate-ko ath-oh
63 swim raa pe kha-buwa, bou-kha-buwa, bowti
64 fly bo bwaah (n.?), pharaei (v.?)
65 walk hwaa-I, khwa
66 come biir/hi-ir bi; biye, bi-e, pi-ye
67 lie jhuʈi-haa-syaa lat (lie down)
68 sit khuung yaa sweh, sweh guni; aysapha, dzuye
69 stand yeki phuyo; phayaah, phuyu
70 give bai-y, baiko nyaa; bayaa, khaalu
71 say neko khaama (to speak); thi-i, shi dhaami
72 sun diiho bel, berh, dhāmu
73 moon dunnaa jhyunna, bair, berh (not exact terms for moon, not comp.)
74 star taaraa tui-tui
75 water tii, chi tsi
76 rain barkhaa s'gyae, tii-i
77 stone
78 sand ballyaa bolyaa
79 earth dexa desha [< Nepali], samsar
80 cloud diiho dewaah, dewaʔ
81 smoke dhukaāh, dhuma
82 fire bhåoy / mhai mhe:h, muhèi
83 ash dhuli kuhli, duhri, dhulo
84 burn lung (vi.)
85 path yong yaun-khyaa-nu, yung
86 mountain biʈʈaa; dhaɽe (peak) manam (hill); malam, kheɖ'
87 red ʈulhariyaa tui, sha
88 green hariyo / hariya hwaa (dark green - gagina), kamaiyo, k'm'iu
89 yellow pero, piilè byaalo, hwi-byelo, p'rhho
90 white dhaurya dhyaulyaa, dhyaurya, dhauɽia, ghouraya
91 black tuknahaa tokaanye, namaro
92 night gaire gadhir
93 hot gamma [< IA] chunu, ghohnohw
94 cold ʈhanɖa [< IA] jungha, dzung
95 full bharata jimai (filled), bwohb
96 new nong niu, nhu; n'u
97 good nhikah namar (person), lagalo
98 round baʈulo
99 dry kaarau we (vi.) karaao
100 name naam miĩhga

Body parts edit

Rastogi & Fortier (2005) list the following body part terms.

No. English gloss Rawati (Raji) Khamci (Raute)
1 arm pa:ti [< IA] arkha:, wa:u
2 belly la:do (Purbia Raji dang) 1. photo (belly); 2. gudu ~ gudong; (Janggali gudang) (“intestines”?)
3 blood khui 1. s'ui:; 2. kshap (kshap recorded by C. Bandhu (pers. comm.))
4 breast cucci susi
5 ear ghuna ~ huna guna:
6 eye ni:hke mi:hka
7 finger aguliya hubela
8 fingernail nihang lem ~ le:hng ~ li:hm
9 foot bhaa bhaa
10 hair haamu ~ hamo ~ ha ngo [< Nepali]
11 hand haake (Purbia Raji yak) a:khaa, la:ku (Janggali ha:kai)
12 head garaa garaa
13 hip, buttocks s'yi-li
14 goiter kok
15 knee, joint puhei ~ puhai ~ puher phuk
16 leg bhaa
17 lip autha [< IA] cyure; cyura
18 mouth khaaber 1. cyure; 2. mu ~ mu:hm: ~ mum
19 neck gardhan [< IA] (Purbia Raji tuk) 1. manto; mani; 2. ghaature [< Nepali]
20 nipple, breast chuchu
21 nose s'inna tsinaa ~ sinaa
22 nostrils dhodo
23 shoulders kadhang [< IA] kum [< Nepali]
24 skin khallyai kiriki ~ kiliki ~ kikaa
25 teeth, tooth swaa swaåh; chuwaa; miu
26 thighs jangaa 1. kare, 2. bhaa
27 vulva pi

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ a b c d Fortier, Jana. Creating an Orthography for the Raute and Rawat.
  2. ^ Schorer, Nicolas. 2016. The Dura Language: Grammar and Phylogeny. Leiden: Brill.

References edit

  • George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
  • Fortier, Jana (2012) "Annotated Dictionary of Raute and Rawat Languages" [1]
  • Rastogi, Kavita and Jana Fortier. 2005. Daa, Nii, Sum/Khung: Comparative Vocabulary of the West-Central Himalayan Languages Rawati (Raji) and Khamci (Raute). Indian Linguistics 66. 105–115.

Further reading edit

  • Fortier, Jana. 2019. A Comparative Dictionary of Raute and Rawat: Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Central Himalayas. Harvard Oriental Series 88. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674984349
  • Krishan, Shree. 2003. Darma, Chaudangsi, and Raji. In: Randy J. LaPolla (ed.), Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh, pp. 139–272.

April 12, 2024
raji, raute, languages, raji, raute, branch, sino, tibetan, language, family, that, includes, three, closely, related, languages, namely, raji, raute, rawat, they, spoken, small, hunter, gatherer, communities, terai, region, nepal, neighboring, uttarakhand, in. Raji Raute is a branch of the Sino Tibetan language family that includes the three closely related languages namely Raji Raute and Rawat They are spoken by small hunter gatherer communities in the Terai region of Nepal and in neighboring Uttarakhand India Raji RauteGeographicdistributionNepal IndiaLinguistic classificationSino TibetanGreater MagaricChepangic RajiRaji RauteSubdivisionsRaji Raute RawatGlottolograji1239Like some other Tibeto Burman languages Raji Raute languages have voiceless sonorants 1 Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Schorer 2016 1 2 Fortier 2012 2 Distribution 3 Vocabulary 3 1 Swadesh list 3 2 Body parts 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Further readingClassification editRaute and Rawat are closely related Raji is more distantly related 1 Fortier classifies the Raji Raute languages as follows 1 Note that language varieties that classify within the Rawat subgroup are known by various names Raute of Dadeldhura Darchula is taxonomically a Rawat language and is not to be confused with Raute proper Raji RauteRaute Rawat Raute nomadic groups Rawat Rajwar spoken in Khirdwari Rawat Rawat also known as Ban Raji Raute of Dadeldhura Darchula Raji Naukule Bandale PurbiaSchorer 2016 edit Schorer 2016 293 2 classifies Raji Raute as part of his newly proposed Greater Magaric group Greater MagaricDura Dura Tandrange Magaric Kham Magar Chepangic Raji Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji RauteFortier 2012 edit A database of 700 words for items from households of Raute and Ban Rawat speakers Fortier 2012 indicates a largely Sino Tibetan language ancestry Deep Root clarification needed items include 58 words of Sino Tibetan origin and 7 of Austroasiatic origin Proto family clarification needed items include 281 morphemes of Proto Tibeto Burman origin Meso root clarification needed or subfamily items include 34 words of Proto Kuki Chin origin 23 of Proto Tani origin 6 of Proto Tangkulic origin and 1 of Northern Chin origin The database omits most loans of Indo Aryan origin although 43 items were of Sanskrit origin Work remains on identifying etymologies of the remaining 247 items in the Raute Rawat database Distribution editRaji Raute varieties are spoken in the following areas of Nepal and India 1 Dadeldhura Darchula Raute Darchula District and Dadeldhura District Nepal Ban Raji Rawat Pithoragarh District Uttarakhand India Khirdwari Rajwar Champawat District Uttarakhand India Raute nomadic 10 districts of western Nepal Bandale Raji Surkhet District and Kailali District Nepal Naukule Raji Kailali District Nepal Purbia Raji Bardia District NepalVocabulary editThe comparative vocabulary lists of Raji and Raute below are from Rastogi amp Fortier 2005 Rastogi amp Fortier 2005 also provide Purbia Raji and Janggali Raute forms Swadesh list edit The following is a 100 word Swadesh list from Rastogi amp Fortier 2005 No English gloss Rawati Raji Khamci Raute 1 I naa ngaa2 you thou nang naa nhhang3 we naani jammaa ngaa na nani4 this ai ii5 that aiyaa he6 who chuin se tse nhhamʔ7 what hu hai hang8 not haa nai na as verb suffix re rai 9 all jammaa jammal mwalyae10 many jikkal bo kani bo buoh11 one daa ga daa12 two nii nhii nhi13 big bai inaa ghaare14 long lang15 small ʈuhaa chui ce lhhaʔ16 woman maʈhialaa umaakhala umaa17 man manjha ba s ye s yela maukyaa18 person manca mi mur murka mukala19 fish boraa gaah gap20 bird gidhaa bwaah buaʔ21 dog kuii kwui22 louse sira shuhroh23 tree shiing s iu tsiu shing24 seed biye25 leaf huwaah huwaa aa khuaa hwaah waʔ26 root jadao goy nyuri wild yams dz ra27 bark siing khallaw thaapa thakpa28 skin khallyai kiri kriakaa kirikyae29 flesh meat sya s yaa yaa pyaa s iu shiaeʔ30 blood khui s ui ks ap31 bone haɖang haare haar m32 grease ge gela33 egg anɖaa bhi bhibhiya bhiya34 horn sioang sikk m35 tail pucheraa muahta mukyae36 feather pakhaa phakaa pwohx37 hair haamuu rung38 head gaɽaa garaah g rhha39 ear ghunaa hunaa gunaah40 eye mhiike niike mikaah mhiiga41 nose shinaa sinaah shinga42 mouth khaaber chyu re mu43 tooth daaɽo s waah tshwa44 tongue jibaiɽo laale muuhm mhhwOm45 fingernail nhiang leehm lhhel46 foot bhaa panjaa bhaah47 knee puhai phukh gaʈho48 hand hakai aakhaa49 belly stomach laado guduu gudong photo entrails 50 neck gardhan manto m nthu ghaature51 breast cucca susi52 heart paatii mutu53 liver mulyaa kharabdaah bara54 drink tung jhum jaaya hum ti I ti55 eat jaako jale jaa aa jaa jaaku jaaya ka kaare56 bite kai ka kaiyaa k I57 see guhe bigaap bighhae58 hear huung ye guno gunaare59 know dahau60 sleep iishe s ii s iyaah she kwih61 die shiiya s i s iya62 kill haate ko ath oh63 swim raa pe kha buwa bou kha buwa bowti64 fly bo bwaah n pharaei v 65 walk hwaa I khwa66 come biir hi ir bi biye bi e pi ye67 lie jhuʈi haa syaa lat lie down 68 sit khuung yaa sweh sweh guni aysapha dzuye69 stand yeki phuyo phayaah phuyu70 give bai y baiko nyaa bayaa khaalu71 say neko khaama to speak thi i shi dhaami72 sun diiho bel berh dhamu73 moon dunnaa jhyunna bair berh not exact terms for moon not comp 74 star taaraa tui tui75 water tii chi tsi76 rain barkhaa s gyae tii i77 stone78 sand ballyaa bolyaa79 earth dexa desha lt Nepali samsar80 cloud diiho dewaah dewaʔ81 smoke dhukaah dhuma82 fire bhaoy mhai mhe h muhei83 ash dhuli kuhli duhri dhulo84 burn lung vi 85 path yong yaun khyaa nu yung86 mountain biʈʈaa dhaɽe peak manam hill malam kheɖ 87 red ʈulhariyaa tui sha88 green hariyo hariya hwaa dark green gagina kamaiyo k m iu89 yellow pero piile byaalo hwi byelo p rhho90 white dhaurya dhyaulyaa dhyaurya dhauɽia ghouraya91 black tuknahaa tokaanye namaro92 night gaire gadhir93 hot gamma lt IA chunu ghohnohw94 cold ʈhanɖa lt IA jungha dzung95 full bharata jimai filled bwohb96 new nong niu nhu n u97 good nhikah namar person lagalo98 round baʈulo99 dry kaarau we vi karaao100 name naam miĩhgaBody parts edit Rastogi amp Fortier 2005 list the following body part terms No English gloss Rawati Raji Khamci Raute 1 arm pa ti lt IA arkha wa u2 belly la do Purbia Raji dang 1 photo belly 2 gudu gudong Janggali gudang intestines 3 blood khui 1 s ui 2 kshap kshap recorded by C Bandhu pers comm 4 breast cucci susi5 ear ghuna huna guna 6 eye ni hke mi hka7 finger aguliya hubela8 fingernail nihang lem le hng li hm9 foot bhaa bhaa10 hair haamu hamo ha ngo lt Nepali 11 hand haake Purbia Raji yak a khaa la ku Janggali ha kai 12 head garaa garaa13 hip buttocks s yi li14 goiter kok15 knee joint puhei puhai puher phuk16 leg bhaa17 lip autha lt IA cyure cyura18 mouth khaaber 1 cyure 2 mu mu hm mum19 neck gardhan lt IA Purbia Raji tuk 1 manto mani 2 ghaature lt Nepali 20 nipple breast chuchu21 nose s inna tsinaa sinaa22 nostrils dhodo23 shoulders kadhang lt IA kum lt Nepali 24 skin khallyai kiriki kiliki kikaa25 teeth tooth swaa swaah chuwaa miu26 thighs jangaa 1 kare 2 bhaa27 vulva piFootnotes edit a b c d Fortier Jana Creating an Orthography for the Raute and Rawat Schorer Nicolas 2016 The Dura Language Grammar and Phylogeny Leiden Brill References editGeorge van Driem 2001 Languages of the Himalayas An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Brill Fortier Jana 2012 Annotated Dictionary of Raute and Rawat Languages 1 Rastogi Kavita and Jana Fortier 2005 Daa Nii Sum Khung Comparative Vocabulary of the West Central Himalayan Languages Rawati Raji and Khamci Raute Indian Linguistics 66 105 115 Further reading editFortier Jana 2019 A Comparative Dictionary of Raute and Rawat Tibeto Burman Languages of the Central Himalayas Harvard Oriental Series 88 Cambridge MA Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674984349 Krishan Shree 2003 Darma Chaudangsi and Raji In Randy J LaPolla ed Tibeto Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh pp 139 272 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Raji Raute languages amp oldid 1192755246, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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