George van Driem had formerly proposed that the Kiranti languages were part of a Mahakiranti family, although specialists are not completely certain of either the existence of a Kiranti subgroup or its precise membership.[1] LaPolla (2003), though, proposes that Kiranti may be part of a larger "Rung" group.
Kiranti verbs are not easily segmentable, due in large part to the presence of portmanteaumorphemes, crowded affix strings, and extensive (and often nonintuitive) allomorphy.
Historical linguists, as early as 2012, do not consider Kiranti to be a coherent group, but rather a paraphyletic one due to lack of shared innovations.[3] Gerber & Grollmann (2018) gave a formal proof of the paraphyletic nature of Kiranti. A Central-Eastern Kiranti group is considered to be valid by Gerber & Grollmann (2018), but they consider "Western Kiranti" unclassified within Trans-Himalayan languages.[4]
Grollmann (2023) identifies a Khambu subgroup that consists of three languages, Kulung, Nachiring, and Sampang. Camling may also be a Khambu language.[5]
Sound changesEdit
Sound changes defining each subgroup (Gerber & Grollmann 2018):
Independent branches (formerly part of "Western Kiranti") that are unclassified within Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan):
Dumi-Khaling (innovative verbal dual marker -i)
Chaurasiya-Northwest (*kʷ > ʔw ~ ʔb)
Wambule, Bahing, Sunuwar; ? Jero; ? Hayu
Thulung-Tilung-Kohi (*p > t; *b > d)
The Khambu branch is defined by the following sound changes.[5]
*ŋ > zero, *k > zero in final syllabic position, and also vowel change to o, ʌ, ə before the precending vowel *a
Palatalization of *t and *n before /i/ in final syllabic position
*eŋ > aŋ
ReconstructionEdit
Research on proto-Kiranti includes work on phonology and comparative morphology by van Driem,[6] reconstructions by Michailovsky (1991)[7] and Sergei Starostin 1994.[8] Michailovsky and Starostin differ by the number of stop series reconstructed (three vs four) and the interpretation of the correspondences.
Opgenort introduces the reconstruction of preglottalized resonants;[9][10] his reconstruction is generally based on Starostin's four series system. More recently, Jacques proposed reconstruction of proto-Kiranti verb roots in a framework following Michailovsky's system,[11] and analyzes the other initial correspondences (in particular, the series reconstructed as non-aspirated unvoiced stops by Starostin) as due to morphological alternations and inter-Kiranti borrowing. In addition, he presents a preliminary discussion of the reconstruction of stem alternation and stress patterns on the basis of Khaling and Dumi.[12]
NotesEdit
^Matisoff 2003, pp. 5–6; Thurgood 2003, pp. 15–16; Ebert 2003, pg. 505.
^Opgenort, Jean Robert. Comparative and Etymological Kiranti Database 2019-02-24 at the Wayback Machine.
^Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "Agreement Morphology: The Case of Rgyalrongic and Kiranti". Language and Linguistics: 84.
^Gerber, Pascal; Grollmann, Selin (20 November 2018). "What is Kiranti?: A Critical Account". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 11 (1–2): 99–152. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101010.
^ abGrollmann, Selin. 2023. Remarks on the Khambu subgroup of Kiranti. 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 4-6 September 2023. Paris: INALCO.
^van Driem, George (1990). "The Fall and Rise of the Phoneme /r/ in Eastern Kiranti: Sound Change in Tibeto-Burman". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 53 (1): 83–86. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00021273. JSTOR 618970. S2CID 128967034.
^Michailovsky, Boyd. 1991. Big black notebook of Kiranti, proto-Kiranti forms. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
^Starostin, Sergei A. 1994–2000. Proto-Kiranti reconstruction (online database). http://starling.rinet.ru/
^Opgenort, Jean-Robert (2004). "Implosive and preglottalized stops in Kiranti" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto–Burman Area. 27 (1): 1–27.
^Opgenort, Jean Robert (2005). A Grammar of Jero: With a Historical Comparative Study of the Kiranti Languages. BRILL. ISBN978-90-474-1508-4.[page needed]
^Jacques, Guillaume (27 November 2017). "A reconstruction of Proto-Kiranti verb roots" (PDF). Folia Linguistica. 51 (s38–s1): 177–215. doi:10.1515/flih-2017-0007. S2CID 149278651.
^Jacques, Guillaume (2016). "Tonogenesis and tonal alternations in Khaling" (PDF). Tone and Inflection. pp. 41–66. doi:10.1515/9783110452754-003. ISBN978-3-11-045275-4.
ReferencesEdit
van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004514911.
Matisoff, James A. (2003). Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-09843-5.
Thurgood, Graham (2003). "A Subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan Languages: The Interaction between Language Contact, Change, and Inheritance". In LaPolla, Randy J.; Thurgood, Graham (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. pp. 3–21. ISBN9780203221051.
Ebert, Karen H. (2003). "Kiranti Languages: An Overview". In LaPolla, Randy J.; Thurgood, Graham (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. pp. 3–21, 505–517. ISBN9780203221051.
Reconstructions
Michailovsky, Boyd. 1991. Big black notebook of Kiranti, proto-Kiranti forms. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
Opgenort, Jean Robert (2011). "A note on Tilung and its position within Kiranti". Himalayan Linguistics. 10 (1): 253–271.
Jacques, Guillaume (2017). "A reconstruction of Proto-Kiranti verb roots". Folia Linguistica. 51 (38 (supplement nr. 1)): 177–215. doi:10.1515/flih-2017-0007.
Further readingEdit
Ebert, K. 1994. The structure of Kiranti languages, comparative grammar and texts: Kiranti subordination in the South Asian areal context. Zürich: Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ASAS).
Lahaussois, Aimée (2023). "Ideophonic patterns in Kiranti languages and beyond". Folia Linguistica. 57 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1515/flin-2022-2053.
External linksEdit
Kiranti Database Project 2019-02-24 at the Wayback Machine (Jean Robert Opgenort)
October 15, 2023
kiranti, languages, major, family, sino, tibetan, languages, spoken, nepal, india, notably, sikkim, darjeeling, kalimpong, bhutan, kirati, people, kirantiethnicitykirati, yakkha, limbu, sunuwargeographicdistributioneastern, nepal, india, sikkim, darjeeling, ka. The Kiranti languages are a major family of Sino Tibetan languages spoken in Nepal and India notably Sikkim Darjeeling Kalimpong and Bhutan by the Kirati people KirantiEthnicityKirati Rai Yakkha Limbu and SunuwarGeographicdistributionEastern Nepal and India Sikkim Darjeeling Kalimpong amp BhutanLinguistic classificationSino TibetanTibeto BurmanMahakiranti KirantiSubdivisionsEastern Central WesternGlottologkira1253 Contents 1 External relationships 2 Languages 2 1 Classification 2 2 Opgenort 2005 2 3 Gerber amp Grollmann 2018 2 3 1 Sound changes 3 Reconstruction 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksExternal relationships EditGeorge van Driem had formerly proposed that the Kiranti languages were part of a Mahakiranti family although specialists are not completely certain of either the existence of a Kiranti subgroup or its precise membership 1 LaPolla 2003 though proposes that Kiranti may be part of a larger Rung group Languages EditThere are about two dozen Kiranti languages The better known are Limbu Sunuwar Bantawa Rai Chamling Rai Khaling Rai Bahing Rai Yakkha language Vayu Dungmali Rai Lohorung Rai and Kulung Rai Kiranti verbs are not easily segmentable due in large part to the presence of portmanteau morphemes crowded affix strings and extensive and often nonintuitive allomorphy Classification Edit Overall Kiranti languages are Limbu Eastern Kiranti Greater Yakkha Yakkha Belhare Rai Athpare Rai Chintang Rai Chulung Rai Upper Arun River Yamphu Lohorung Rai Yamphu Rai Lohorung Rai Mewahang Rai Waling Rai Central Khambu Rai Kulung Rai Nachhiring Rai Sampang Rai Saam Rai Southern Bantawa Rai Puma Rai Chamling Rai Dungmali Western Thulung Rai perhaps a primary branch of Kiranti Rai Chaurasiya Wambule Rai Jerung Rai Upper Dudhkosi River Khaling Rai Dumi Rai Koi Rai Northwestern Bahing Rai Sunuwar HayuEthnologue adds Tilung Rai to Western Kiranti based on Opgenort 2011 Opgenort 2005 Edit Opgenort 2005 2 classifies the Kiranti languages as follows and recognizes a basic east west division within Kiranti KirantiWestern Hayu branch Thulung branch Bahing Sunuwar Jero Wambule Eastern Khaling Dumi branch Yamphu Limbu branch Kulung Chamling BantawaGerber amp Grollmann 2018 Edit Historical linguists as early as 2012 do not consider Kiranti to be a coherent group but rather a paraphyletic one due to lack of shared innovations 3 Gerber amp Grollmann 2018 gave a formal proof of the paraphyletic nature of Kiranti A Central Eastern Kiranti group is considered to be valid by Gerber amp Grollmann 2018 but they consider Western Kiranti unclassified within Trans Himalayan languages 4 Central Eastern Kiranti Lhokpu Dhimal Toto Central Kiranti Upper Arun Greater Yakkha LimbuIndependent branches formerly part of Western Kiranti that are unclassified within Trans Himalayan Sino Tibetan Dumi Khaling Chaurasiya Northwest Wambule Bahing Sunuwar Jero Hayu Thulung Tilung KohiGrollmann 2023 identifies a Khambu subgroup that consists of three languages Kulung Nachiring and Sampang Camling may also be a Khambu language 5 Sound changes Edit Sound changes defining each subgroup Gerber amp Grollmann 2018 Central Eastern Kiranti voiceless gt preglottalised voiced gt voiceless ʔk gt kʰ ʔc gt cʰ Lhokpu Dhimal Toto Central Kiranti ʔp gt b ʔt gt d Upper Arun ʔp gt b ʔt gt d r gt j Greater Yakkha Limbu ʔp gt pʰ ʔt gt tʰ r gt j Independent branches formerly part of Western Kiranti that are unclassified within Trans Himalayan Sino Tibetan Dumi Khaling innovative verbal dual marker i Chaurasiya Northwest kʷ gt ʔw ʔb Wambule Bahing Sunuwar Jero Hayu Thulung Tilung Kohi p gt t b gt d The Khambu branch is defined by the following sound changes 5 ŋ gt zero k gt zero in final syllabic position and also vowel change to o ʌ e before the precending vowel a Palatalization of t and n before i in final syllabic position eŋ gt aŋReconstruction EditResearch on proto Kiranti includes work on phonology and comparative morphology by van Driem 6 reconstructions by Michailovsky 1991 7 and Sergei Starostin 1994 8 Michailovsky and Starostin differ by the number of stop series reconstructed three vs four and the interpretation of the correspondences Opgenort introduces the reconstruction of preglottalized resonants 9 10 his reconstruction is generally based on Starostin s four series system More recently Jacques proposed reconstruction of proto Kiranti verb roots in a framework following Michailovsky s system 11 and analyzes the other initial correspondences in particular the series reconstructed as non aspirated unvoiced stops by Starostin as due to morphological alternations and inter Kiranti borrowing In addition he presents a preliminary discussion of the reconstruction of stem alternation and stress patterns on the basis of Khaling and Dumi 12 Notes Edit Matisoff 2003 pp 5 6 Thurgood 2003 pp 15 16 Ebert 2003 pg 505 Opgenort Jean Robert Comparative and Etymological Kiranti Database Archived 2019 02 24 at the Wayback Machine Jacques Guillaume 2012 Agreement Morphology The Case of Rgyalrongic and Kiranti Language and Linguistics 84 Gerber Pascal Grollmann Selin 20 November 2018 What is Kiranti A Critical Account Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 11 1 2 99 152 doi 10 1163 2405478X 01101010 a b Grollmann Selin 2023 Remarks on the Khambu subgroup of Kiranti 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium 4 6 September 2023 Paris INALCO van Driem George 1990 The Fall and Rise of the Phoneme r in Eastern Kiranti Sound Change in Tibeto Burman Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 53 1 83 86 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00021273 JSTOR 618970 S2CID 128967034 Michailovsky Boyd 1991 Big black notebook of Kiranti proto Kiranti forms unpublished ms contributed to STEDT Starostin Sergei A 1994 2000 Proto Kiranti reconstruction online database http starling rinet ru Opgenort Jean Robert 2004 Implosive and preglottalized stops in Kiranti PDF Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 27 1 1 27 Opgenort Jean Robert 2005 A Grammar of Jero With a Historical Comparative Study of the Kiranti Languages BRILL ISBN 978 90 474 1508 4 page needed Jacques Guillaume 27 November 2017 A reconstruction of Proto Kiranti verb roots PDF Folia Linguistica 51 s38 s1 177 215 doi 10 1515 flih 2017 0007 S2CID 149278651 Jacques Guillaume 2016 Tonogenesis and tonal alternations in Khaling PDF Tone and Inflection pp 41 66 doi 10 1515 9783110452754 003 ISBN 978 3 11 045275 4 References Editvan Driem George 2001 Languages of the Himalayas An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Leiden The Netherlands Brill doi 10 1163 9789004514911 Bickel Balthasar Banjade Goma Gaenszle Martin Lieven Elena Paudyal Netra Prasad Rai Ichchha Purna Rai Manoj Rai Novel Kishore Stoll Sabine 2007 Free Prefix Ordering in Chintang Language 83 1 43 73 doi 10 1353 lan 2007 0002 JSTOR 4490337 S2CID 54992476 Tara Mani Rai 2015 A Grammar of Koyee Ph D diss Tribhuvan University https www amazon com Grammar Koyee Tara Mani Rai dp 3969391121 Matisoff James A 2003 Handbook of Proto Tibeto Burman System and Philosophy of Sino Tibetan Reconstruction University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 09843 5 Thurgood Graham 2003 A Subgrouping of the Sino Tibetan Languages The Interaction between Language Contact Change and Inheritance In LaPolla Randy J Thurgood Graham eds The Sino Tibetan Languages Routledge pp 3 21 ISBN 9780203221051 Ebert Karen H 2003 Kiranti Languages An Overview In LaPolla Randy J Thurgood Graham eds The Sino Tibetan Languages Routledge pp 3 21 505 517 ISBN 9780203221051 Reconstructions Michailovsky Boyd 1991 Big black notebook of Kiranti proto Kiranti forms unpublished ms contributed to STEDT Opgenort Jean Robert 2011 A note on Tilung and its position within Kiranti Himalayan Linguistics 10 1 253 271 Jacques Guillaume 2017 A reconstruction of Proto Kiranti verb roots Folia Linguistica 51 38 supplement nr 1 177 215 doi 10 1515 flih 2017 0007 Further reading EditEbert K 1994 The structure of Kiranti languages comparative grammar and texts Kiranti subordination in the South Asian areal context Zurich Arbeiten des Seminars fur Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft ASAS Lahaussois Aimee 2023 Ideophonic patterns in Kiranti languages and beyond Folia Linguistica 57 1 1 36 doi 10 1515 flin 2022 2053 External links EditKiranti Database Project Archived 2019 02 24 at the Wayback Machine Jean Robert Opgenort Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kiranti languages amp oldid 1179330016, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
