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Quercus infectoria

April 10, 2024

Quercus infectoria or the Aleppo oak is a species of oak well known for producing galls (called manjakani in Malaysia, majuphal in India) that have been traditionally used for centuries in Asia medicinally while also used in softening leather and in making black dye and ink.[3]

Aleppo oak
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Subgenus: Quercus subg. Quercus
Section: Quercus sect. Quercus
Species:
Q. infectoria
Binomial name
Quercus infectoria
Oliv. 1801
Synonyms[1][2]
List
  • Quercus carpinea Kotschy ex A.DC.
  • Quercus grosseserrata Kotschy ex Wenz.
  • Quercus puberula O.Schwarz
  • Quercus thirkeana K.Koch
  • Quercus amblyoprion Woronow ex Maleev
  • Quercus araxina (Trautv.) Grossh.
  • Quercus boissieri Reut.
  • Quercus goedelii Balansa & Kotschy ex A.DC.
  • Quercus inermis Ehrenb. ex Kotschy
  • Quercus microphylla J.Thiébaut 1948 not Née 1801
  • Quercus petiolaris Boiss. & Heldr. 1853 not Benth. 1840
  • Quercus pfaeffingeri Kotschy
  • Quercus polycarpos Kotschy ex A.DC.
  • Quercus syriaca Kotschy
  • Quercus tauricola Kotschy
  • Quercus tenuicola Boiss.
  • Quercus veneris A.Kern.
  • Quercus woronowii Maleev

Description edit

Quercus infectoria is a small tree, growing to 1 to 2 metres (4 to 6 feet) in height.[citation needed] The stems are crooked, shrubby looking with smooth and bright-green leaves borne on short petioles of 3–4 centimetres (1+1⁄4–1+1⁄2 inches) long. The leaves are bluntly mucronate, rounded, smooth, unequal at the base and shiny on the upper side.

The galls arise on young branches of the tree when gall wasps[4] sting the oak tree and deposit their larvae. The chemical reaction causes an abnormality in the tree, causing hard balls to be formed. They are corrugated in appearance.

Gall chemistry edit

The galls from Quercus infectoria contain the highest naturally occurring level of tannin, approximately 50–70%,[5] as well as syringic acid, β-sitosterol, amentoflavone, hexamethyl ether, isocryptomerin, methyl betulate, methyl oleanate and hexagalloyl glucose.[6][7][5][8] They also contain 2–4% each of gallic and ellagic acid that are polymerized to make tannins.[9][10][11] Tannins have been used for hundreds of years for medical purposes and are currently indispensable in dermatology[12] and have been used for tanning of leather.

Tannins edit

Tannins comprise a large group of natural products widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They have a great structural diversity, but are usually divided into two basic groups: the hydrolyzable type and the condensed type. Hydrolyzable tannins include the commonly occurring gallic and ellagic acid contained in the nut galls.

Hydrolyzable tannins are present in many different plant species but are found in particularly high concentrations in nut galls growing on Rhus semialata (Chinese and Korean gallotannins) and Quercus infectoria (Turkish and Chinese gallotannins), the seedpods of Caesalpinia spinosa (Tara tannins), and the fruits of Terminalia chebula. The gallic and ellagic acid hydrolyzable tannins react with proteins to produce typical tanning effects; medicinally, this is important to topically treat inflamed or ulcerated tissues. They also contribute to most of the astringent property of manjakani and in small insignificant doses, are great for skin whitening and killing microorganisms.

Although both types of tannin have been used to treat diseases in traditional medicine, the hydrolyzable tannins have long been considered official medicinal agents in Europe and North America. They have been included in many pharmacopoeias, in the older editions in particular, and are specifically referred to as tannic acid. These were recommended for treatment of inflammation and ulceration, including topical application for skin diseases and internal use for intestinal ulceration and diarrhea. In China, tannin-containing substances, such as galls, pomegranate rinds, and terminalia fruits, are used in several medicinal preparations.

Distribution edit

Quercus infectoria is indigenous to parts of southern Europe (Greece and the East Aegean Islands) and the Middle East (Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Jordan).[13]

Pharmacology edit

The galls of Quercus infectoria have also been pharmacologically documented to possess astringent, antidiabetic,[14] antitremorine, local anaesthetic,[15] antiviral,[16] antibacterial,[17] antifungal,[18] larvicidal[19] and anti-inflammatory[20] activities. The main constituents found in the galls of Quercus infectoria are tannin (50-70%) and small amount of free gallic acid and ellagic acid.[21][22][23]

The wide range of pharmacological activities of this plant might support the efficacy of extract preparation of Quercus infectoria that are widely used in Malaysia for treating many kinds of health problems since many decades ago. The nutgalls have been pharmacologically documented on their antiamoebic,[24] anticariogenic[25] and anti-inflammatory[26] activities, to treat skin infections and gastrointestinal disorders.[26][25][27][28]

Uses edit

Quercus infectoria can be used as a thickener in stews or mixed with cereals for making bread.[29]

Also known as Majuphal in Indian traditional medicine, manjakani has been used as dental powder and in the treatment of toothache and gingivitis.[30][31]

The so-called "Aleppo tannin" is Tannic acid gained from Aleppo oak galls, which displays unique chemical properties essential in the preparation of gold sols (colloids) used as markers in Immunocytochemistry.[32][33]

Nowadays, gallnut extracts are also widely used in pharmaceuticals, food and feed additives, dyes, inks, and metallurgy.

Galls edit

Gall nut extracts are widely used in pharmaceuticals, medical laboratory techniques as well as inks which use "Aleppo tannin",[34] food and feed additives, dyes, and metallurgy.

Tanning edit

Tannin, a substance contained in the galls of the Quercus infectoria, has been used for centuries for the tanning of leather.

Medical laboratory techniques edit

The so-called "Aleppo tannin" is tannic acid gained from Aleppo pine galls, which displays unique chemical properties essential in the preparation of gold sols (colloids) used as markers in immunocytochemistry.[35][36]

Teeth and gum remedy edit

Also known as majuphal in Indian traditional medicine, manjakani has been used as dental powder and in the treatment of toothache and gingivitis.[37][38]

Uterine and vaginal therapy edit

The galls, locally known as manjakani in Malaysia, are used in combination with other herbs as drinking remedies by women after childbirth to restore the elasticity of the uterine wall, and in many vaginal tightening products.[39] The extract of manjakani was claimed by the Malay Kelantanese to be highly beneficial for postpartum women. Hazardous effects of the extract were not reported so far. In addition, the Arabs, Persians, Indians, Malays and Chinese have traditionally used the galls after childbirth to treat vaginal discharge and related postpartum infections.

Gallery edit

  •  
    Autumn foliage, Izmir, Turkey
  •  
    leaves with galls
  •  
    leaf with galls
  •  
    gall
  •  
    gall

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Quercus infectoria G.Olivier". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  2. ^ "Quercus infectoria Olivier". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  3. ^ Kottakkal AVS (1995). The Indian Medicinal Plants.
  4. ^ Muhamad Z; Mustafa AM (1994). Traditional Malay Medicinal Plants. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd.
  5. ^ a b Dar MS; Ikram M (1979). "Studies on Quercus infectoria; isolation of syringic acid and determination of its central depressive activity". Planta Medica. 35 (2). Planta Med.: 156–161. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1097197. PMID 419182.
  6. ^ Dar MS; Ikram M (1979). "Studies on Quercus infectoria; isolation of syringic acid and determination of its central depressive activity". Planta Medica. 35 (2). Planta Med.: 156–61. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1097197. PMID 419182.
  7. ^ Hwang JK; Kong TW; Baek NI; Pyun YR (2000). alpha-Glycosidase inhibitory activity of hexagalloylglucose from the galls of Quercus infectoria. Planta Med.
  8. ^ Hwang JK; Kong TW; Baek NI; Pyun YR (2000). alpha-Glycosidase inhibitory activity of hexagalloylglucose from the galls of Quercus infectoria. Planta Med.
  9. ^ Ikram M; Nowshad F (1997). "Constituents of Quercus infectoria". Planta Medica. 31 (3). Planta Med: 286–7. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1097531. PMID 866492.PubMed
  10. ^ Evans WC (1996). Pharmacopoeial and related drugs of biological origin. London: WB Saunders Co. Ltd.
  11. ^ Wiart C; Kumar A (2001). Practical Handbook of Pharmacognosy. Malaysia: Pearson Education Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
  12. ^ Regina Fölster-Holst M.D.; Eva Latussek Ph.D.2 (2007). "Synthetic Tannins in Dermatology — A Therapeutic Option in a Variety of Pediatric Dermatoses". Pediatric Dermatology. 24 (3). Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel: 296–301. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00406.x. PMID 17542884. S2CID 25310247.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ T. K. Lim 2012. Quercus infectoria. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants, pages 16-26
  14. ^ Hwang JK; Kong TW; Baek NI; Pyun YR (2000). α-Glycosidase Inhibitory Activity of hexagalloylglucose from the galls of Quercus infectoria. Planta Med.PubMed
  15. ^ Dar MS; Ikram M; Fakouhi T (1976). "Pharmacology of Quercus infectoria". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 65 (12). J Pharm Sci: 1791–4. doi:10.1002/jps.2600651224. PMID 1032663.PubMedPubMed
  16. ^ Hussein G; Miyashiro H; Nakamura N; Hattori M; Kakiuchi N; Shimotohno K (2000). "Inhibitory effects of Sudanese medicinal plant extracts on hepatitis C virus protease". Phytotherapy Research. 14 (7). Phytother Res: 510–516. doi:10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7<510::AID-PTR646>3.0.CO;2-B. PMID 11054840. S2CID 41433979.
  17. ^ Fatima S; Farooqi AHA; Kumar R; Kumar TRS; Khanuja SPS (2001). Antibacterial activity possessed by medicinal plants used in tooth powders. J Med Aromatic Plant Sci.
  18. ^ Digraki M; Alma MH; Ilcim A; Sen S (1999). Antibacterial and antifungal effects of various commercial plant extracts. Pharm Biol.
  19. ^ Redwane A; Lazrek HB; Bouallam S; Markouk M; Amarouch H; Jana M (2002). Larvicidal activity of extracts from Quercus lusitania var. infectoria galls (Oliv.). J Ethnopharmacol.PubMedFull Text
  20. ^ Kaur G; Hamid H; Ali A; Alam MS; Athar M (2004). "Antiinflammatory evaluation of alcoholic extract of galls of Quercus infectoria". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 90 (2–3). J Ethnopharmacol: 285–92. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.10.009. PMID 15013194.PubMedFull Text
  21. ^ Ikram M; Nowshad F (1997). "Constituents of Quercus infectoria". Planta Medica. 31 (3). Planta Med: 286–7. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1097531. PMID 866492.PubMed
  22. ^ Evans WC (1996). Pharmacopoeial and related drugs of biological origin. London: WB Saunders Co. Ltd.
  23. ^ Wiart C; Kumar A (2001). Practical Handbook of Pharmacognosy. Malaysia: Pearson Education Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
  24. ^ Sawangjaroen; Sawangjaroen K; Poonpanang P.; et al. (2004). "Effects of Piper longum fruit, Piper sarmentosum root and Quercus infectoria nut gall on caecal amoebiasis in mice". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 91 (2–3). J Ethnopharmacol: 357–60. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.014. PMID 15120461.PubMed
  25. ^ a b Kaur G; Hamid H; Ali A; Alam MS; Athar M (2004). "Antiinflammatory evaluation of alcoholic extract of galls of Quercus infectoria". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 90 (2–3). J Ethnopharmacol: 285–92. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.10.009. PMID 15013194.PubMed
  26. ^ a b Kaur G; Alam MS; Athar M (2007). "Quercus infectoria galls possess antioxidant activity and abrogates oxidative stress-induced functional alterations in murine macrophages". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 171 (3). Chem Biol Interact: 272–82. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2007.10.002. PMID 18076871.PubMed
  27. ^ Dayang F.B.; Hikmah M.I.; Mastura M. (2005). An alternative phytotherapeutic agent for treatment of hospital-acquired MRSA infections. J Med Sci.
  28. ^ Voravuthikunchai; S.P.; Limsuwan; S. and Chusri (2007). New perspectives on herbal medicines for treating bacterial infections. Houxton: Studium Press.
  29. ^ Stashia Eleaness; Rosland Abel (2013). "1". In Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (ed.). The extraction of essential oil from Quercus infectoria (Manjakani) galls using supercritical carbon dioxide pressure swing technique. Faculty of Chemical Engineering.
  30. ^ Kottakkal AVS. (1995). Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4. Orient Longman Ltd.
  31. ^ Bhattacharjee SK. (2001). Handbook of Medicinal Plants. India: Pointer Publishers.
  32. ^ Frank Mayer (1988). Electron Microscopy in Microbiology. Vol. 20. London: Academic Press. p. 216. ISBN 9780080860497. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  33. ^ Gareth Griffiths (1993). Fine Structure Immunocytochemistry. Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer. p. 185. ISBN 978-3-642-77097-5.
  34. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Aleppo oak |accessdate=17 May 2015
  35. ^ Frank Mayer (1988). Electron Microscopy in Microbiology. Vol. 20. London: Academic Press. p. 216. ISBN 9780080860497. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  36. ^ Gareth Griffiths (1993). Fine Structure Immunocytochemistry. Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer. p. 185. ISBN 978-3-642-77097-5.
  37. ^ Kottakkal AVS. (1995). Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4. Orient Longman Ltd.
  38. ^ Bhattacharjee SK. (2001). Handbook of Medicinal Plants. India: Pointer Publishers.
  39. ^ Muhamad Z; Mustafa AM (1994). Traditional Malay Medicinal Plants. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Quercus infectoria (category)
  • Detailed studies on Quercus infectoria Olivier (nutgalls) as an alternative treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections
  • Pharmacognostic studies of insect gall of Quercus infectoria Olivier (Fagaceae).
  • The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents
  • Gallnuts and the Uses of Tannins in Chinese Medicine
  • Detailed studies on Quercus infectoria Olivier (nutgalls) as an alternative treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections
  • Pharmacognostic studies of insect gall of Quercus infectoria Olivier (Fagaceae).
  • The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents
  • Gallnuts and the Uses of Tannins in Chinese Medicine
  • Manjakani for vaginal tightening
  • Scanning Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (Sem-Edx) Studies of Quercus infectoria Gall

April 10, 2024
quercus, infectoria, aleppo, species, well, known, producing, galls, called, manjakani, malaysia, majuphal, india, that, have, been, traditionally, used, centuries, asia, medicinally, while, also, used, softening, leather, making, black, aleppo, oakscientific,. Quercus infectoria or the Aleppo oak is a species of oak well known for producing galls called manjakani in Malaysia majuphal in India that have been traditionally used for centuries in Asia medicinally while also used in softening leather and in making black dye and ink 3 Aleppo oakScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder FagalesFamily FagaceaeGenus QuercusSubgenus Quercus subg QuercusSection Quercus sect QuercusSpecies Q infectoriaBinomial nameQuercus infectoriaOliv 1801Synonyms 1 2 List Quercus carpinea Kotschy ex A DC Quercus grosseserrata Kotschy ex Wenz Quercus puberula O SchwarzQuercus thirkeana K KochQuercus amblyoprion Woronow ex MaleevQuercus araxina Trautv Grossh Quercus boissieri Reut Quercus goedelii Balansa amp Kotschy ex A DC Quercus inermis Ehrenb ex KotschyQuercus microphylla J Thiebaut 1948 not Nee 1801Quercus petiolaris Boiss amp Heldr 1853 not Benth 1840Quercus pfaeffingeri KotschyQuercus polycarpos Kotschy ex A DC Quercus syriaca KotschyQuercus tauricola KotschyQuercus tenuicola Boiss Quercus veneris A Kern Quercus woronowii Maleev Contents 1 Description 1 1 Gall chemistry 1 1 1 Tannins 2 Distribution 3 Pharmacology 4 Uses 4 1 Galls 4 1 1 Tanning 4 1 2 Medical laboratory techniques 4 1 3 Teeth and gum remedy 4 1 4 Uterine and vaginal therapy 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDescription editQuercus infectoria is a small tree growing to 1 to 2 metres 4 to 6 feet in height citation needed The stems are crooked shrubby looking with smooth and bright green leaves borne on short petioles of 3 4 centimetres 1 1 4 1 1 2 inches long The leaves are bluntly mucronate rounded smooth unequal at the base and shiny on the upper side The galls arise on young branches of the tree when gall wasps 4 sting the oak tree and deposit their larvae The chemical reaction causes an abnormality in the tree causing hard balls to be formed They are corrugated in appearance Gall chemistry edit The galls from Quercus infectoria contain the highest naturally occurring level of tannin approximately 50 70 5 as well as syringic acid b sitosterol amentoflavone hexamethyl ether isocryptomerin methyl betulate methyl oleanate and hexagalloyl glucose 6 7 5 8 They also contain 2 4 each of gallic and ellagic acid that are polymerized to make tannins 9 10 11 Tannins have been used for hundreds of years for medical purposes and are currently indispensable in dermatology 12 and have been used for tanning of leather Tannins edit Tannins comprise a large group of natural products widely distributed in the plant kingdom They have a great structural diversity but are usually divided into two basic groups the hydrolyzable type and the condensed type Hydrolyzable tannins include the commonly occurring gallic and ellagic acid contained in the nut galls Hydrolyzable tannins are present in many different plant species but are found in particularly high concentrations in nut galls growing on Rhus semialata Chinese and Korean gallotannins and Quercus infectoria Turkish and Chinese gallotannins the seedpods of Caesalpinia spinosa Tara tannins and the fruits of Terminalia chebula The gallic and ellagic acid hydrolyzable tannins react with proteins to produce typical tanning effects medicinally this is important to topically treat inflamed or ulcerated tissues They also contribute to most of the astringent property of manjakani and in small insignificant doses are great for skin whitening and killing microorganisms Although both types of tannin have been used to treat diseases in traditional medicine the hydrolyzable tannins have long been considered official medicinal agents in Europe and North America They have been included in many pharmacopoeias in the older editions in particular and are specifically referred to as tannic acid These were recommended for treatment of inflammation and ulceration including topical application for skin diseases and internal use for intestinal ulceration and diarrhea In China tannin containing substances such as galls pomegranate rinds and terminalia fruits are used in several medicinal preparations Distribution editQuercus infectoria is indigenous to parts of southern Europe Greece and the East Aegean Islands and the Middle East Turkey Cyprus Iran Iraq Lebanon Syria Israel and Jordan 13 Pharmacology editThe galls of Quercus infectoria have also been pharmacologically documented to possess astringent antidiabetic 14 antitremorine local anaesthetic 15 antiviral 16 antibacterial 17 antifungal 18 larvicidal 19 and anti inflammatory 20 activities The main constituents found in the galls of Quercus infectoria are tannin 50 70 and small amount of free gallic acid and ellagic acid 21 22 23 The wide range of pharmacological activities of this plant might support the efficacy of extract preparation of Quercus infectoria that are widely used in Malaysia for treating many kinds of health problems since many decades ago The nutgalls have been pharmacologically documented on their antiamoebic 24 anticariogenic 25 and anti inflammatory 26 activities to treat skin infections and gastrointestinal disorders 26 25 27 28 Uses editQuercus infectoria can be used as a thickener in stews or mixed with cereals for making bread 29 Also known as Majuphal in Indian traditional medicine manjakani has been used as dental powder and in the treatment of toothache and gingivitis 30 31 The so called Aleppo tannin is Tannic acid gained from Aleppo oak galls which displays unique chemical properties essential in the preparation of gold sols colloids used as markers in Immunocytochemistry 32 33 Nowadays gallnut extracts are also widely used in pharmaceuticals food and feed additives dyes inks and metallurgy Galls edit Gall nut extracts are widely used in pharmaceuticals medical laboratory techniques as well as inks which use Aleppo tannin 34 food and feed additives dyes and metallurgy Tanning edit Tannin a substance contained in the galls of the Quercus infectoria has been used for centuries for the tanning of leather Medical laboratory techniques edit The so called Aleppo tannin is tannic acid gained from Aleppo pine galls which displays unique chemical properties essential in the preparation of gold sols colloids used as markers in immunocytochemistry 35 36 Teeth and gum remedy edit Also known as majuphal in Indian traditional medicine manjakani has been used as dental powder and in the treatment of toothache and gingivitis 37 38 Uterine and vaginal therapy edit The galls locally known as manjakani in Malaysia are used in combination with other herbs as drinking remedies by women after childbirth to restore the elasticity of the uterine wall and in many vaginal tightening products 39 The extract of manjakani was claimed by the Malay Kelantanese to be highly beneficial for postpartum women Hazardous effects of the extract were not reported so far In addition the Arabs Persians Indians Malays and Chinese have traditionally used the galls after childbirth to treat vaginal discharge and related postpartum infections Gallery edit nbsp Autumn foliage Izmir Turkey nbsp leaves with galls nbsp leaf with galls nbsp gall nbsp gallSee also editHerbal medicine Medicinal plants Succulent plants List of Quercus species Quercus lusitanicaReferences edit Quercus infectoria G Olivier World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew via The Plant List Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online Quercus infectoria Olivier Tropicos Missouri Botanical Garden Kottakkal AVS 1995 The Indian Medicinal Plants Muhamad Z Mustafa AM 1994 Traditional Malay Medicinal Plants Kuala Lumpur Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd a b Dar MS Ikram M 1979 Studies on Quercus infectoria isolation of syringic acid and determination of its central depressive activity Planta Medica 35 2 Planta Med 156 161 doi 10 1055 s 0028 1097197 PMID 419182 Dar MS Ikram M 1979 Studies on Quercus infectoria isolation of syringic acid and determination of its central depressive activity Planta Medica 35 2 Planta Med 156 61 doi 10 1055 s 0028 1097197 PMID 419182 Hwang JK Kong TW Baek NI Pyun YR 2000 alpha Glycosidase inhibitory activity of hexagalloylglucose from the galls of Quercus infectoria Planta Med Hwang JK Kong TW Baek NI Pyun YR 2000 alpha Glycosidase inhibitory activity of hexagalloylglucose from the galls of Quercus infectoria Planta Med Ikram M Nowshad F 1997 Constituents of Quercus infectoria Planta Medica 31 3 Planta Med 286 7 doi 10 1055 s 0028 1097531 PMID 866492 PubMed Evans WC 1996 Pharmacopoeial and related drugs of biological origin London WB Saunders Co Ltd Wiart C Kumar A 2001 Practical Handbook of Pharmacognosy Malaysia Pearson Education Malaysia Sdn Bhd Regina Folster Holst M D Eva Latussek Ph D 2 2007 Synthetic Tannins in Dermatology A Therapeutic Option in a Variety of Pediatric Dermatoses Pediatric Dermatology 24 3 Department of Dermatology Venerology and Allergology University of Schleswig Holstein Kiel 296 301 doi 10 1111 j 1525 1470 2007 00406 x PMID 17542884 S2CID 25310247 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link T K Lim 2012 Quercus infectoria Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants pages 16 26 Hwang JK Kong TW Baek NI Pyun YR 2000 a Glycosidase Inhibitory Activity of hexagalloylglucose from the galls of Quercus infectoria Planta Med PubMed Dar MS Ikram M Fakouhi T 1976 Pharmacology of Quercus infectoria Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 65 12 J Pharm Sci 1791 4 doi 10 1002 jps 2600651224 PMID 1032663 PubMedPubMed Hussein G Miyashiro H Nakamura N Hattori M Kakiuchi N Shimotohno K 2000 Inhibitory effects of Sudanese medicinal plant extracts on hepatitis C virus protease Phytotherapy Research 14 7 Phytother Res 510 516 doi 10 1002 1099 1573 200011 14 7 lt 510 AID PTR646 gt 3 0 CO 2 B PMID 11054840 S2CID 41433979 Fatima S Farooqi AHA Kumar R Kumar TRS Khanuja SPS 2001 Antibacterial activity possessed by medicinal plants used in tooth powders J Med Aromatic Plant Sci Digraki M Alma MH Ilcim A Sen S 1999 Antibacterial and antifungal effects of various commercial plant extracts Pharm Biol Redwane A Lazrek HB Bouallam S Markouk M Amarouch H Jana M 2002 Larvicidal activity of extracts from Quercus lusitania var infectoria galls Oliv J Ethnopharmacol PubMedFull Text Kaur G Hamid H Ali A Alam MS Athar M 2004 Antiinflammatory evaluation of alcoholic extract of galls of Quercus infectoria Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90 2 3 J Ethnopharmacol 285 92 doi 10 1016 j jep 2003 10 009 PMID 15013194 PubMedFull Text Ikram M Nowshad F 1997 Constituents of Quercus infectoria Planta Medica 31 3 Planta Med 286 7 doi 10 1055 s 0028 1097531 PMID 866492 PubMed Evans WC 1996 Pharmacopoeial and related drugs of biological origin London WB Saunders Co Ltd Wiart C Kumar A 2001 Practical Handbook of Pharmacognosy Malaysia Pearson Education Malaysia Sdn Bhd Sawangjaroen Sawangjaroen K Poonpanang P et al 2004 Effects of Piper longum fruit Piper sarmentosum root and Quercus infectoria nut gall on caecal amoebiasis in mice Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91 2 3 J Ethnopharmacol 357 60 doi 10 1016 j jep 2004 01 014 PMID 15120461 PubMed a b Kaur G Hamid H Ali A Alam MS Athar M 2004 Antiinflammatory evaluation of alcoholic extract of galls of Quercus infectoria Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90 2 3 J Ethnopharmacol 285 92 doi 10 1016 j jep 2003 10 009 PMID 15013194 PubMed a b Kaur G Alam MS Athar M 2007 Quercus infectoria galls possess antioxidant activity and abrogates oxidative stress induced functional alterations in murine macrophages Chemico Biological Interactions 171 3 Chem Biol Interact 272 82 doi 10 1016 j cbi 2007 10 002 PMID 18076871 PubMed Dayang F B Hikmah M I Mastura M 2005 An alternative phytotherapeutic agent for treatment of hospital acquired MRSA infections J Med Sci Voravuthikunchai S P Limsuwan S and Chusri 2007 New perspectives on herbal medicines for treating bacterial infections Houxton Studium Press Stashia Eleaness Rosland Abel 2013 1 In Universiti Teknologi Malaysia ed The extraction of essential oil from Quercus infectoria Manjakani galls using supercritical carbon dioxide pressure swing technique Faculty of Chemical Engineering Kottakkal AVS 1995 Indian Medicinal Plants Vol 4 Orient Longman Ltd Bhattacharjee SK 2001 Handbook of Medicinal Plants India Pointer Publishers Frank Mayer 1988 Electron Microscopy in Microbiology Vol 20 London Academic Press p 216 ISBN 9780080860497 Retrieved 17 May 2015 Gareth Griffiths 1993 Fine Structure Immunocytochemistry Berlin amp Heidelberg Springer p 185 ISBN 978 3 642 77097 5 Encyclopaedia Britannica Aleppo oak accessdate 17 May 2015 Frank Mayer 1988 Electron Microscopy in Microbiology Vol 20 London Academic Press p 216 ISBN 9780080860497 Retrieved 17 May 2015 Gareth Griffiths 1993 Fine Structure Immunocytochemistry Berlin amp Heidelberg Springer p 185 ISBN 978 3 642 77097 5 Kottakkal AVS 1995 Indian Medicinal Plants Vol 4 Orient Longman Ltd Bhattacharjee SK 2001 Handbook of Medicinal Plants India Pointer Publishers Muhamad Z Mustafa AM 1994 Traditional Malay Medicinal Plants Kuala Lumpur Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quercus infectoria category Detailed studies on Quercus infectoria Olivier nutgalls as an alternative treatment for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections Pharmacognostic studies of insect gall of Quercus infectoria Olivier Fagaceae The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents Gallnuts and the Uses of Tannins in Chinese Medicine Detailed studies on Quercus infectoria Olivier nutgalls as an alternative treatment for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections Pharmacognostic studies of insect gall of Quercus infectoria Olivier Fagaceae The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents Gallnuts and the Uses of Tannins in Chinese Medicine Manjakani for vaginal tightening Scanning Microscope Energy Dispersive X Ray Sem Edx Studies of Quercus infectoria Gall Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quercus infectoria amp oldid 1169638758, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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