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Augustów Primeval Forest

Augustów Primeval Forest or Augustów Forest (Polish: Puszcza Augustowska, Lithuanian: Augustavo giria, Belarusian: Аўгустоўская пушча) is a large virgin forest complex located in Poland, as well as in northern Belarus and southeastern Lithuania. The forest covers about 1,600 square kilometres (400,000 acres), of which 1,140 square kilometres (280,000 acres) are in Poland.

Perkuć nature reserve in Augustów Primeval Forest
A map of Suwalszczyzna with Puszcza Augustowska to the east

The Polish part of the forest is located in Podlaskie Voivodeship, in the northeastern part of the country. The northern part of the Augustów Primeval Forest has been turned into one of the youngest Polish national parks. It was established in 1989, as the Wigry National Park.

History edit

The forest has formerly been called Grodno Forest and Perstunskaya Forest. It once occupied the territory from Grodno in the southeast to the Baltic Sea in the north.

In the past, the Augustów Primeval Forest was part of vast, virgin forests growing between Lithuania, Mazovia and Ruthenia. Until the thirteenth century, its area was inhabited by the Yotvingians. After their extermination or displacement, the re-settlement of the forest began only in the 15th century. Then the forests were divided into the so-called primeval forests, that is forestry:[clarify] Perstuńska, Przełomska, Berżnicka and others. In the mid-sixteenth century, they were part of the royal property and were the hunting grounds for various animals: aurochs, bison, elk, deer, wild boar, bears and wolves. The forest was owned by the Grand Duke. He could endow the boyar with a piece of forest, allowing him to create settlements there and to engage in agriculture.

It was then that the forest began to be exploited: trees were cut and then floated down the rivers to the Baltic ports. They produced potash, tar and charcoal, smelt iron from bog iron ore, and collected honey from beehives. At that time, Osock villages were established on the southern edge of the forest – the so-called osocznicy, or guardians of the royal forest. Mostly, they were peasants, released from serfdom, whose function was transferred from father to son – this is how, among others, the villages of Starożyńce (Starożyńce family), Markowce (Markowicz), Skieblewo and Kurianka (Kurianowicz).[clarification needed] Over time, they were gradually transformed into ordinary serfs, with the exception of the Forest Heroes, in which Bohatyrowiczs from the minor nobility were imprisoned, serving until the partitions. The emigrants from the village of Żabickie, who were responsible for transporting the forest management correspondence, performed their duties for a similar time. Permanent settlements of beekeepers, scythes, fishermen and osaczników, dating back to the 15th century, were the oldest settlements at the beginning of colonization of the area of today's Augustów Primeval Forest.[1]

Beekeepers were also settled here, guarding the royal hives; this is how the villages of Bartniki and Rakowicze were created.[2] Honey-hunting entries have been recorded since the 15th century near Tobołów, in the Mołowiste wilderness on Lake Serwy, in Sarnetki, Chrołowszczyzna on the Szczebra River. Bartenders had the right to use only honey trees, which led to disputes with forest officials and owners and made management difficult. Private forests and honey-hunting meadows survived until the 19th century, when they began to be bought. However, beekeeping began to decline in earlier centuries as the forest was populated. One of the privileges of honey hunters was the right to bring axes and other tools to the forest, a privilege which was deprived of other groups of the population.[3]

During the January Uprising, the backwoods were a refuge for combatants and a place of skirmishes. In the Kozi Rynek reserve are the graves of insurgents who died in battle with the majority of Imperial Russian Army on June 29, 1863. In the Powstańce forest wilderness (north of Augustów), in April 1863, an insurgent forge operated; today a monument stands there.

During World War I, the forest was badly damaged due to the destruction of trees by the Germans (about 15% of the forests were cut down).

During World War II, the forest again served as a shelter for partisans. It was also a place of execution of the population as in the vicinity of the village of Szczebra in the years 1941–1944 about 8,000 people, mainly Jews, were murdered.

In the direction of the forest was the Slavic colonization of land. Already at the beginning of the 16th century, Ruthenian settlements appeared in the vicinity of the forest, located in the area of the Prussian border. However, the Ruthenian enclaves did not exist there for long and disappeared after the devastating wars of the 17th–18th centuries.

As the Grodno Forest was cut down and removed from Grodno, the forest became known as the Perstunsky Forest. The name is associated with the area of Crank, which was the administrative center of the local grand duchy. During the 1863 uprising, many rebels were stationed in the forest. In the Kozi Rinek Reserve there is a rebel cemetery for those killed in the fight against the armies of the Russian Empire on June 29, 1863. At present, north of Augustow is a monument to these fighters. According to the July 12, 1920 peace agreement between Lithuania and Soviet Russia was assigned to the Republic of Lithuania.[clarification needed]

See also edit

Bibliography edit

  • Puszcza Augustowska, ATIKART, Białystok, ISBN 83-902550-0-6

References edit

  1. ^ erzy Wiśniewski: Dzieje osadnictwa w powiecie augustowskim od XV do końca XVIII wieku. W: Studia i materiały do dziejów Pojezierza Augustowskiego. Białystok: Białostockie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 1967, p. 57
  2. ^ Grzegorz Rąkowski: Polska Egzotyczna. Część I. Przewodnik. Pruszków: Oficyna wydawnicza „Rewasz”, 2005, p. 55
  3. ^ Grzegorz Rąkowski: Polska Egzotyczna. Część I. Przewodnik. Pruszków: Oficyna wydawnicza „Rewasz”, 2005. p. 55-57

53°53′23″N 23°20′40″E / 53.889773°N 23.344574°E / 53.889773; 23.344574

augustów, primeval, forest, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Augustow Primeval Forest news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2020 Learn how and when to remove this message Augustow Primeval Forest or Augustow Forest Polish Puszcza Augustowska Lithuanian Augustavo giria Belarusian Aygustoyskaya pushcha is a large virgin forest complex located in Poland as well as in northern Belarus and southeastern Lithuania The forest covers about 1 600 square kilometres 400 000 acres of which 1 140 square kilometres 280 000 acres are in Poland Perkuc nature reserve in Augustow Primeval Forest A map of Suwalszczyzna with Puszcza Augustowska to the east The Polish part of the forest is located in Podlaskie Voivodeship in the northeastern part of the country The northern part of the Augustow Primeval Forest has been turned into one of the youngest Polish national parks It was established in 1989 as the Wigry National Park Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 Bibliography 4 ReferencesHistory editThe forest has formerly been called Grodno Forest and Perstunskaya Forest It once occupied the territory from Grodno in the southeast to the Baltic Sea in the north In the past the Augustow Primeval Forest was part of vast virgin forests growing between Lithuania Mazovia and Ruthenia Until the thirteenth century its area was inhabited by the Yotvingians After their extermination or displacement the re settlement of the forest began only in the 15th century Then the forests were divided into the so called primeval forests that is forestry clarify Perstunska Przelomska Berznicka and others In the mid sixteenth century they were part of the royal property and were the hunting grounds for various animals aurochs bison elk deer wild boar bears and wolves The forest was owned by the Grand Duke He could endow the boyar with a piece of forest allowing him to create settlements there and to engage in agriculture It was then that the forest began to be exploited trees were cut and then floated down the rivers to the Baltic ports They produced potash tar and charcoal smelt iron from bog iron ore and collected honey from beehives At that time Osock villages were established on the southern edge of the forest the so called osocznicy or guardians of the royal forest Mostly they were peasants released from serfdom whose function was transferred from father to son this is how among others the villages of Starozynce Starozynce family Markowce Markowicz Skieblewo and Kurianka Kurianowicz clarification needed Over time they were gradually transformed into ordinary serfs with the exception of the Forest Heroes in which Bohatyrowiczs from the minor nobility were imprisoned serving until the partitions The emigrants from the village of Zabickie who were responsible for transporting the forest management correspondence performed their duties for a similar time Permanent settlements of beekeepers scythes fishermen and osacznikow dating back to the 15th century were the oldest settlements at the beginning of colonization of the area of today s Augustow Primeval Forest 1 Beekeepers were also settled here guarding the royal hives this is how the villages of Bartniki and Rakowicze were created 2 Honey hunting entries have been recorded since the 15th century near Tobolow in the Molowiste wilderness on Lake Serwy in Sarnetki Chrolowszczyzna on the Szczebra River Bartenders had the right to use only honey trees which led to disputes with forest officials and owners and made management difficult Private forests and honey hunting meadows survived until the 19th century when they began to be bought However beekeeping began to decline in earlier centuries as the forest was populated One of the privileges of honey hunters was the right to bring axes and other tools to the forest a privilege which was deprived of other groups of the population 3 During the January Uprising the backwoods were a refuge for combatants and a place of skirmishes In the Kozi Rynek reserve are the graves of insurgents who died in battle with the majority of Imperial Russian Army on June 29 1863 In the Powstance forest wilderness north of Augustow in April 1863 an insurgent forge operated today a monument stands there During World War I the forest was badly damaged due to the destruction of trees by the Germans about 15 of the forests were cut down During World War II the forest again served as a shelter for partisans It was also a place of execution of the population as in the vicinity of the village of Szczebra in the years 1941 1944 about 8 000 people mainly Jews were murdered In the direction of the forest was the Slavic colonization of land Already at the beginning of the 16th century Ruthenian settlements appeared in the vicinity of the forest located in the area of the Prussian border However the Ruthenian enclaves did not exist there for long and disappeared after the devastating wars of the 17th 18th centuries As the Grodno Forest was cut down and removed from Grodno the forest became known as the Perstunsky Forest The name is associated with the area of Crank which was the administrative center of the local grand duchy During the 1863 uprising many rebels were stationed in the forest In the Kozi Rinek Reserve there is a rebel cemetery for those killed in the fight against the armies of the Russian Empire on June 29 1863 At present north of Augustow is a monument to these fighters According to the July 12 1920 peace agreement between Lithuania and Soviet Russia was assigned to the Republic of Lithuania clarification needed See also editAugustow Augustow CanalBibliography editSuwalszczyzna homepage Puszcza Augustowska ATIKART Bialystok ISBN 83 902550 0 6References edit erzy Wisniewski Dzieje osadnictwa w powiecie augustowskim od XV do konca XVIII wieku W Studia i materialy do dziejow Pojezierza Augustowskiego Bialystok Bialostockie Towarzystwo Naukowe 1967 p 57 Grzegorz Rakowski Polska Egzotyczna Czesc I Przewodnik Pruszkow Oficyna wydawnicza Rewasz 2005 p 55 Grzegorz Rakowski Polska Egzotyczna Czesc I Przewodnik Pruszkow Oficyna wydawnicza Rewasz 2005 p 55 57 53 53 23 N 23 20 40 E 53 889773 N 23 344574 E 53 889773 23 344574 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Augustow Primeval Forest amp oldid 1217197053, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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