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Punan Bah

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with the Penan people, or Punan, the Semai ethical concept.

Punan Bah or Punan[1] is an ethnic group found in Sarawak, Malaysia and in Kalimantan, Indonesia.[2] The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi-nomadic Penan people.[3][4] Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they have been living since time immemorial. They have other names including Mikuang Bungulan or Mikuang and Aveang Buan but those are used only ritually nowadays.

Punan Ba people
Punan people
An elderly Punan man performing Bungan rites. Photo taken at Punan Sama village.
Total population
approx. 5,000
Regions with significant populations
 Malaysia
Sarawak (Kapit and Bintulu Division)
 Indonesia
West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan
Languages
Punan Bah, Malay, Indonesian, English
Religion
Christianity and Animism
Related ethnic groups
Dayak people, Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan'

The Punan (or Punan Ba) have never been nomadic. In the old days,[when?] they based their living on a mixed economy – Swidden agriculture[5] with hill paddy as the main crop, supplemented by a range of tropical plants which include maniok, taro, sugar cane, tobacco, etc. Hunting, especially wild boar, fishing, and gathering of forest resources,[5] are the other important factors in their economy.

However, in the late 1980s, many Punan, notably the younger, more educated, gradually migrated to urban areas such as Bintulu, Sibu, Kuching and Kuala Lumpur in search of better living. However, they didn't abandon their longhouses altogether. Many would still return home, especially during major festivities such as Harvest Festival or Bungan festival as it is known among Punan.

Punan is a stratified society of 'laja' (aristocrats), 'panyen' (commoners), and 'lipen' (slaves). This determines their historical traditions that have been preserved. Just like most of the history of European Middle Ages is linked to and mainly concerned the various ruling monarchs, so are the historical and mythical traditions of Punan closely connected to their rulings aristocrats.

Relation to sub-ethnic Punans edit

 
Kelirieng or burial pole at Pandan, Bintulu. This kelirieng was erected for a Punan aristocrats at Pandan or Pedan as it is known to the Punan. Kelirieng is a uniquely Punan ancient burial custom which the other ethnics namely the Kejaman, Lahanan, Kayan later adopted (copied).

There is this common misunderstanding that all the so-called Punan on the island of Borneo are related and referring to the same tribe.[citation needed] In Sarawak, for example, there is the confusion between Punan and Penan.[4] On the other hand, throughout the island of Borneo, the term Punan often indiscriminately used referring to the then (unknown or yet to be classified) tribes as such as Punan Busang, Penihing, Sajau Hovongan, Uheng Kareho, Merah, Aput, Tubu, Bukat, Ukit, Habongkot, Penyawung as Punan. This heritage from colonial times still remain until today.

As a result, there are now more than 20 different tribes or ethnics with the name Punan that may be related or unrelated to one another in the island of Borneo. These tribes include:

Ethnic classification edit

Officially, as under the Sarawak Interpretation Ordinance,[8] Punan is group under Kajang together with Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan and Sihan.

Unofficially, they are also included in the politically coined term Orang Ulu – popularised by a political association known as Orang Ulu National Association or (OUNA). The association is a Kayan and Kenyah dominated association which they established in 1969.

Genetics edit

 
Schematic summary of population settlement in Insular Southeast Asia. Dispersals of ancestries associated with ancient Mainland Southeast Asian and ancestral Punan-related components (B) predating the coastal South Chinese, and hence Austronesian-related, ancestries.

Research on Northeast Bornean Punan communities revealed them to display strong genetic ancestry connections to each other, and that they form an outgroup to other Austronesian-speaking groups. The results of a 2023 study "support long-term occupation of Borneo by Punan-related people" predating the arrival of other Austronesian-speakers from which they diverged earlier.[9]

Punan longhouses edit

Punan are mostly found around Bintulu, Sarawak. Punan peoples can only be found at Pandan, Jelalong and Kakus in Bintulu Division; along the Rajang River, their longhouses dotted areas spanning from Merit District to lower Belaga town.

The Punan are believed[by whom?] to be one of the earliest peoples to have settled in the central part of Borneo, the Rajang River and Balui areas together with the Sekapan, Kejaman and Lahanan. However, the mass migrations of Kayans, subsequently followed by the warfaring Ibans into Rejang and Balui areas approximately some 200 years ago, forced the Punan communities living in these areas retreating to Kakus and subsequently to Kemena basin.

As of 2006, there were more than 10 Punan settlements (longhouses) found along the Rejang, Kakus, Kemena and Jelalong river. These settlements (longhouses) are:

  • Punan Lovuk Sama,
  • Punan Lovuk Ba,[10]
  • Punan Lovuk Biau,
  • Punan Lovuk Meluyou,
  • Punan Lovuk Lirung Belang (name by Rumah Bilong before and now as known as Rumah Ado)
  • Punan Lovuk Mina,
  • Punan Lovuk Pandan (also Rumah Nyipa Tingang), and
  • Punan Lo'o Buong (Jelalong also known as Rumah Adi.

The total Punan population is estimated to be around 3000–5000 people.

Language edit

 
Bungan Gathering of Bungan followers at Punan Sama. Belaga Punan tribe.

Punan speak the Bah-Biau Punan language, one of the Punan languages. Although often confused with Penan, Punan is closer to the language spoken by the Sekapans and Kejamans.

Here are some words spoken in Punan:

1. Nu denge? - How are you?
2. Nu ngaro no? - What is your name?
3. Piro umun no? - How old are you?
4. Tupu koman si - Do you have your lunch/dinner/breakfast?

Religion and beliefs edit

Punan traditional religion was a form of animist known as "Besavik". The Brooke era saw the arrival of Christian missionaries, bringing education and modern medicine into Sarawak. But the Punan communities remain with their traditional religion of Besavik and subsequently adopting a cult religion - Bungan brought by Jok Apui, a Kenyah from Kalimantan.[11]

However, the late 1990s showed an increase in the number of Punan converting to Christianity. This is partly due to more and more Punan becoming educated and modernised. As of 2006, almost half of Punan are now Christian, leaving only the elderly, less educated still remain observing "Bungan" religion.

The Punan have a unique burial custom. In the early days they did not bury their aristocrats or lajar. Instead they built a pole known as kelirieng of 50-meter height to lay down their beloved leaders. In Sarawak it is estimated that there are fewer than 30 kelirieng left standing. The Punan still practise a secondary burial ceremony, whereby the dead body is kept at their longhouses for at least 3–7 days. This is partly to give more time for far-away relatives to pay their last respects to the deceased.

Current associations edit

There are two Punan associations in existence today:

  • Persatuan Kebangsaan Punan (Punan National Association), Malaysia.[12]
  • Yayasan Adat Punan (Punan Culture Foundation), Indonesia.[13]

References edit

  1. ^ Nicolaisen, Ida. 1976. "Form and Function of Punan Ba Ethno-historical Tradition" in Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
  2. ^ Borrell, Brendan; Irwandi, Joshua (19 September 2023). "A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own - New genetic research confirms the oral history of a small group of nomadic people living in Indonesia's rainforest". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  3. ^ Wendy Hutton (2000). Adventure Guides: East Malaysia. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 962-593-180-5.
  4. ^ a b Peter G. Sercombe & Bernard Sellato (2008). Beyond the Green Myth. NIAS Press. ISBN 978-87-7694-018-8.
  5. ^ a b Vandana Shiva (2014). Wendell Berry (ed.). The Vandana Shiva Reader. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4699-7.
  6. ^ Bernard Sellato (1994). Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 08-248-1566-1.
  7. ^ Bernard Sellato & Peter G. Sercombe (2008). Beyond the Green Myth: Borneo's Hunter-Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century. NIAS Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-87-769-4018-8.
  8. ^ Article 161A, Clause 6 of the Malaysia Constitution of Malaysia Federal Constitution
  9. ^ Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Cox, Murray P.; Barker, Graeme; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Jacobs, Guy S. (November 2023). "Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics". Cell Reports. 42 (11): 113346. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113346. ISSN 2211-1247.
  10. ^ Punan Ba longhouse razed in fire
  11. ^ Lake' Baling (2002). Jérôme Rousseau (ed.). The Old Kayan Religion and the Bungan Religious Reform. Institute of East Asian Studies, UNIMAS. ISBN 983-9257-23-4.
  12. ^ Jonathan Chia (11 April 2013). "Independent body for natives urged". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  13. ^ Severianus Endi (12 March 2010). "Nenek Renta Itu Berubah Jadi Kodok". Kompas. Retrieved 5 November 2016.

External links edit

  • Nicolaisen, IDA. 1976. Form and Function of Punan Bah Ethno-historical Tradition in Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
  • Punan National Association.
  • Leigh, Micheal. 2002. Mapping the People of Sarawak. UNIMAS. Samarahan.
  • The Official Punan Community site
  • A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own, New York Times.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punan.

January 01, 1970
punan, confused, with, penan, people, punan, semai, ethical, concept, punan, ethnic, group, found, sarawak, malaysia, kalimantan, indonesia, people, distinct, unrelated, semi, nomadic, penan, people, their, name, stems, from, rivers, along, banks, which, they,. Not to be confused with the Penan people or Punan the Semai ethical concept Punan Bah or Punan 1 is an ethnic group found in Sarawak Malaysia and in Kalimantan Indonesia 2 The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi nomadic Penan people 3 4 Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they have been living since time immemorial They have other names including Mikuang Bungulan or Mikuang and Aveang Buan but those are used only ritually nowadays Punan Ba peoplePunan peopleAn elderly Punan man performing Bungan rites Photo taken at Punan Sama village Total populationapprox 5 000Regions with significant populations Malaysia Sarawak Kapit and Bintulu Division Indonesia West Kalimantan and East KalimantanLanguagesPunan Bah Malay Indonesian EnglishReligionChristianity and AnimismRelated ethnic groupsDayak people Sekapan Kejaman Lahanan The Punan or Punan Ba have never been nomadic In the old days when they based their living on a mixed economy Swidden agriculture 5 with hill paddy as the main crop supplemented by a range of tropical plants which include maniok taro sugar cane tobacco etc Hunting especially wild boar fishing and gathering of forest resources 5 are the other important factors in their economy However in the late 1980s many Punan notably the younger more educated gradually migrated to urban areas such as Bintulu Sibu Kuching and Kuala Lumpur in search of better living However they didn t abandon their longhouses altogether Many would still return home especially during major festivities such as Harvest Festival or Bungan festival as it is known among Punan Punan is a stratified society of laja aristocrats panyen commoners and lipen slaves This determines their historical traditions that have been preserved Just like most of the history of European Middle Ages is linked to and mainly concerned the various ruling monarchs so are the historical and mythical traditions of Punan closely connected to their rulings aristocrats Contents 1 Relation to sub ethnic Punans 2 Ethnic classification 2 1 Genetics 3 Punan longhouses 4 Language 5 Religion and beliefs 6 Current associations 7 References 8 External linksRelation to sub ethnic Punans edit nbsp Kelirieng or burial pole at Pandan Bintulu This kelirieng was erected for a Punan aristocrats at Pandan or Pedan as it is known to the Punan Kelirieng is a uniquely Punan ancient burial custom which the other ethnics namely the Kejaman Lahanan Kayan later adopted copied There is this common misunderstanding that all the so called Punan on the island of Borneo are related and referring to the same tribe citation needed In Sarawak for example there is the confusion between Punan and Penan 4 On the other hand throughout the island of Borneo the term Punan often indiscriminately used referring to the then unknown or yet to be classified tribes as such as Punan Busang Penihing Sajau Hovongan Uheng Kareho Merah Aput Tubu Bukat Ukit Habongkot Penyawung as Punan This heritage from colonial times still remain until today As a result there are now more than 20 different tribes or ethnics with the name Punan that may be related or unrelated to one another in the island of Borneo These tribes include Punan Aoheng or Pnihing of East Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Aput of East Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Basap of East Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Batu of East Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Batu 1 of Sarawak Malaysia Dayak Bukat of Sarawak of Malaysia East Kalimantan and West Kalimantan of Indonesia 6 Punan Busang Punan Habongkot Punan Hovongan of Kapuas Hulu Regency West Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Bungan of West Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Kelay Kelai of Berau Regency East Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Lisum Punan Merah Siau of East Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Merap of East Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Murung of Murung Raya Central Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Nibong of Brunei and Sarawak Malaysia Punan Panyawung Punan Sajau of Bulungan Regency North Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Tubu of East Kalimantan Indonesia 7 Punan Uheng Kereho Keriau of Kapuas Hulu Regency West Kalimantan Indonesia Punan Ukit Bukitan Beketan of Sarawak Malaysia and East Kalimantan IndonesiaEthnic classification editOfficially as under the Sarawak Interpretation Ordinance 8 Punan is group under Kajang together with Sekapan Kejaman Lahanan and Sihan Unofficially they are also included in the politically coined term Orang Ulu popularised by a political association known as Orang Ulu National Association or OUNA The association is a Kayan and Kenyah dominated association which they established in 1969 Genetics edit nbsp Schematic summary of population settlement in Insular Southeast Asia Dispersals of ancestries associated with ancient Mainland Southeast Asian and ancestral Punan related components B predating the coastal South Chinese and hence Austronesian related ancestries Research on Northeast Bornean Punan communities revealed them to display strong genetic ancestry connections to each other and that they form an outgroup to other Austronesian speaking groups The results of a 2023 study support long term occupation of Borneo by Punan related people predating the arrival of other Austronesian speakers from which they diverged earlier 9 Punan longhouses editPunan are mostly found around Bintulu Sarawak Punan peoples can only be found at Pandan Jelalong and Kakus in Bintulu Division along the Rajang River their longhouses dotted areas spanning from Merit District to lower Belaga town The Punan are believed by whom to be one of the earliest peoples to have settled in the central part of Borneo the Rajang River and Balui areas together with the Sekapan Kejaman and Lahanan However the mass migrations of Kayans subsequently followed by the warfaring Ibans into Rejang and Balui areas approximately some 200 years ago forced the Punan communities living in these areas retreating to Kakus and subsequently to Kemena basin As of 2006 there were more than 10 Punan settlements longhouses found along the Rejang Kakus Kemena and Jelalong river These settlements longhouses are Punan Lovuk Sama Punan Lovuk Ba 10 Punan Lovuk Biau Punan Lovuk Meluyou Punan Lovuk Lirung Belang name by Rumah Bilong before and now as known as Rumah Ado Punan Lovuk Mina Punan Lovuk Pandan also Rumah Nyipa Tingang and Punan Lo o Buong Jelalong also known as Rumah Adi The total Punan population is estimated to be around 3000 5000 people Language edit nbsp Bungan Gathering of Bungan followers at Punan Sama Belaga Punan tribe Punan speak the Bah Biau Punan language one of the Punan languages Although often confused with Penan Punan is closer to the language spoken by the Sekapans and Kejamans Here are some words spoken in Punan 1 Nu denge How are you 2 Nu ngaro no What is your name 3 Piro umun no How old are you 4 Tupu koman si Do you have your lunch dinner breakfast Religion and beliefs editPunan traditional religion was a form of animist known as Besavik The Brooke era saw the arrival of Christian missionaries bringing education and modern medicine into Sarawak But the Punan communities remain with their traditional religion of Besavik and subsequently adopting a cult religion Bungan brought by Jok Apui a Kenyah from Kalimantan 11 However the late 1990s showed an increase in the number of Punan converting to Christianity This is partly due to more and more Punan becoming educated and modernised As of 2006 almost half of Punan are now Christian leaving only the elderly less educated still remain observing Bungan religion The Punan have a unique burial custom In the early days they did not bury their aristocrats or lajar Instead they built a pole known as kelirieng of 50 meter height to lay down their beloved leaders In Sarawak it is estimated that there are fewer than 30 kelirieng left standing The Punan still practise a secondary burial ceremony whereby the dead body is kept at their longhouses for at least 3 7 days This is partly to give more time for far away relatives to pay their last respects to the deceased Current associations editThere are two Punan associations in existence today Persatuan Kebangsaan Punan Punan National Association Malaysia 12 Yayasan Adat Punan Punan Culture Foundation Indonesia 13 References edit Nicolaisen Ida 1976 Form and Function of Punan Ba Ethno historical Tradition in Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XXIV No 45 New Series Kuching Borrell Brendan Irwandi Joshua 19 September 2023 A Vanishing Nomadic Clan With a Songlike Language All Their Own New genetic research confirms the oral history of a small group of nomadic people living in Indonesia s rainforest The New York Times Archived from the original on 19 September 2023 Retrieved 19 September 2023 Wendy Hutton 2000 Adventure Guides East Malaysia Tuttle Publishing ISBN 962 593 180 5 a b Peter G Sercombe amp Bernard Sellato 2008 Beyond the Green Myth NIAS Press ISBN 978 87 7694 018 8 a b Vandana Shiva 2014 Wendell Berry ed The Vandana Shiva Reader University Press of Kentucky ISBN 978 0 8131 4699 7 Bernard Sellato 1994 Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest The Economics Politics and Ideology of Settling Down University of Hawaii Press p 18 ISBN 08 248 1566 1 Bernard Sellato amp Peter G Sercombe 2008 Beyond the Green Myth Borneo s Hunter Gatherers in the Twenty First Century NIAS Press p 121 ISBN 978 87 769 4018 8 Article 161A Clause 6 of the Malaysia Constitution of Malaysia Federal Constitution Kusuma Pradiptajati Cox Murray P Barker Graeme Sudoyo Herawati Lansing J Stephen Jacobs Guy S November 2023 Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter gatherers supports long term local ancestry dynamics Cell Reports 42 11 113346 doi 10 1016 j celrep 2023 113346 ISSN 2211 1247 Punan Ba longhouse razed in fire Lake Baling 2002 Jerome Rousseau ed The Old Kayan Religion and the Bungan Religious Reform Institute of East Asian Studies UNIMAS ISBN 983 9257 23 4 Jonathan Chia 11 April 2013 Independent body for natives urged The Borneo Post Retrieved 5 November 2016 Severianus Endi 12 March 2010 Nenek Renta Itu Berubah Jadi Kodok Kompas Retrieved 5 November 2016 External links editNicolaisen IDA 1976 Form and Function of Punan Bah Ethno historical Tradition in Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XXIV No 45 New Series Kuching Punan National Association Leigh Micheal 2002 Mapping the People of Sarawak UNIMAS Samarahan The Official Punan Community site A Vanishing Nomadic Clan With a Songlike Language All Their Own New York Times nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punan Portals nbsp Malaysia nbsp Indonesia nbsp Society Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Punan Bah amp oldid 1218219262, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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