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Public diplomacy

August 22, 2023

In international relations, public diplomacy or people's diplomacy, broadly speaking, is any of the various government-sponsored efforts aimed at communicating directly with foreign publics to establish a dialogue designed to inform and influence with the aim of building support for the state's strategic objectives.[1] These also include propaganda.[2] As the international order has changed over the twentieth century, so has the practice of public diplomacy. Its practitioners use a variety of instruments and methods ranging from personal contact and media interviews to the Internet and educational exchanges.

Background and definitions

In his essay "'Public Diplomacy' Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase", Nicholas J. Cull of the USC Center on Public Diplomacy writes, "The earliest use of the phrase 'public diplomacy' to surface is actually not American at all but in a leader piece from the London Times in January 1856. It is used merely as a synonym for civility in a piece criticizing the posturing of President Franklin Pierce." Cull writes that Edmund Gullion, dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University and a distinguished retired foreign service officer, "was the first to use the phrase in its modern meaning."[3] In 1965, Gullion founded the Edward R. Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy, and Cull writes "An early Murrow Center brochure provided a convenient summary of Gullion's concept":

Public diplomacy . . . deals with the influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies. It encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy; the cultivation by governments of public opinion in other countries; the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with another; the reporting of foreign affairs and its impact on policy; communication between those whose job is communication, as diplomats and foreign correspondents; and the process of intercultural communications.[3]

Over time, the concept and definition of public diplomacy have evolved, as demonstrated by the following statements from various practitioners:

The most important roles public diplomacy will have to play for the United States in the current international environment will be less grand-strategic and more operational than during the Cold War. Support of national policy in military contingencies is one such role, and probably the most important.

– Carnes Lord (former deputy director of USIA), professor of statecraft and civilization, October 1998[4]

Public diplomacy – effectively communicating with publics around the globe – to understand, value and even emulate America's vision and ideas; historically one of America's most effective weapons of outreach, persuasion and policy.

– Jill A. Schuker (former senior director for public affairs at the National Security Council), July 2004[4]

Public diplomacy's 21st century trend is dominated by fractal globalization, preemptive military invasion, information and communication technologies that shrink time and distance, and the rise of global non-state actors (terror networks, bloggers) that challenge state-driven policy and discourse on the subject.
– Nancy Snow, Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy,

Public diplomacy may be defined, simply, as the conduct of international relations by governments through public communications media and through dealings with a wide range of nongovernmental entities (political parties, corporations, trade associations, labor unions, educational institutions, religious organizations, ethnic groups, and so on including influential individuals) for the purpose of influencing the politics and actions of other governments.
– Alan K. Henrikson, Professor of Diplomatic History, April 2005.[4]

Public diplomacy that traditionally represents actions of governments to influence overseas publics within the foreign policy process has expanded today—by accident and design—beyond the realm of governments to include the media, multinational corporations, NGO's and faith-based organizations as active participants in the field.
– Crocker Snow Jr., Acting Director Edward R. Murrow Center, May 2005.[4]

Public diplomacy refers to government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries; its chief instruments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio and television. – U.S. Department of State, Dictionary of International Relations Terms, 1987, p. 85[5]

The United States Information Agency (USIA), which was the main government agency in charge of public diplomacy until it merged with the Department of State in 1999, described it as "seek[ing] to promote the national interest and the national security of the United States through understanding, informing, and influencing foreign publics and broadening dialogue between American citizens and institutions and their counterparts abroad."[5] For the Planning Group for Integration of USIA into the Department of State (June 20, 1997), public diplomacy meant "seek[ing] to promote the national interest of the United States through understanding, informing and influencing foreign audiences."[5] According to Hans N. Tuch, author of Communicating With the World (St. Martin's Press, NY, 1990), public diplomacy is "official government efforts to shape the communications environment overseas in which American foreign policy is played out, in order to reduce the degree to which misperceptions and misunderstandings complicate relations between the U.S. and other nations."[5]

Standard diplomacy might be described as the ways in which government leaders communicate with each other at the highest levels, the elite diplomacy we are all familiar with. Public diplomacy, by contrast focuses on the ways in which a country (or multilateral organization such as the United Nations) communicates with citizens in other societies.[6] A country may be acting deliberately or inadvertently, and through both official and private individuals and institutions. Effective public diplomacy starts from the premise that dialogue, rather than a sales pitch, is often central to achieving the goals of foreign policy: public diplomacy must be seen as a two-way street. Furthermore, public diplomacy activities often present many differing views as represented by private American individuals and organizations in addition to official U.S. government views.[7]

Traditional diplomacy actively engages one government with another government. In traditional diplomacy, U.S. Embassy officials represent the U.S. government in a host country primarily by maintaining relations and conducting official business with the officials of the host government whereas public diplomacy primarily engages many diverse non-government elements of a society.[7]

Film, television, music, sports, video games and other social/cultural activities are seen by public diplomacy advocates as enormously important avenues for otherwise diverse citizens to understand each other and integral to the international cultural understanding, which they state is a key goal of modern public diplomacy strategy. It involves not only shaping the message(s) that a country wishes to present abroad, but also analyzing and understanding the ways that the message is interpreted by diverse societies and developing the tools of listening and conversation as well as the tools of persuasion.

One of the most successful initiatives which embodies the principles of effective public diplomacy is the creation by international treaty in the 1950s of the European Coal and Steel Community which later became the European Union. Its original purpose after World War II was to tie the economies of Europe together so much that war would be impossible. Supporters of European integration see it as having achieved both this goal and the extra benefit of catalysing greater international understanding as European countries did more business together and the ties among member states' citizens increased. Opponents of European integration are leery of a loss of national sovereignty and greater centralization of power.

Public diplomacy has been an essential element of American foreign policy for decades. It was an important tool in influencing public opinion during the Cold War with the former Soviet Union. Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, the term has come back into vogue as the United States government works to improve their reputation abroad, particularly in the Middle East and among those in the Islamic world. Numerous panels, including those sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, have evaluated American efforts in public diplomacy since 9/11 and have written reports recommending that the United States take various actions to improve the effectiveness of their public diplomacy.

The United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy was established in the late 1940s to evaluate American public diplomacy effort. The commission is a seven-member bipartisan board whose members are nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate. William Hybl is the current chair, and other members include former Ambassadors Lyndon Olson and Penne Percy Korth Peacock, as well as Jay Snyder, John E. Osborn and Lezlee Westine.

This traditional concept is expanded on with the idea of adopting what is called "population-centric foreign affairs" within which foreign populations assume a central component of foreign policy. Since people, not just states, are of global importance in a world where technology and migration increasingly face everyone, an entire new door of policy is opened.[8]

Methods

There are many methods and instruments that are used in public diplomacy. Nicholas J. Cull divides the practice into five elements: listening, advocacy, cultural diplomacy, exchange diplomacy and international broadcasting (IB),[9] while others include strategic communication.[10]

International broadcasting remains a key element in public diplomacy in the 21st century,[11] with traditionally weaker states having the opportunity to challenge the hegemony and monopoly of information provided by more powerful states.[12]

Methods such as personal contact, broadcasters such as the Voice of America, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty[13] exchange programs such as Fulbright and the International Visitor Leadership Program, American arts and performances in foreign countries, and the use of the Internet are all instruments used for practicing public diplomacy depending on the audience to be communicated with and the message to be conveyed.[14]

Impact

According to a 2021 study, high-level visits by leaders increases public approval among foreign citizens.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "public diplomacy | Definition, Types, Examples, & Propaganda". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  2. ^ E-International Relations. "Public Diplomacy and Propaganda: Rethinking Diplomacy in the Age of Persuasion", Nancy Snow. Dece 4 2012.
  3. ^ a b Cull, Nicholas (April 18, 2006). "'Public Diplomacy' Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase". USCPublicDiplomacy. University of Southern California. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d The Edward R. Murrow Center - The Fletcher School - Tufts University 2010-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b c d Public diplomacy – what it is and is not
  6. ^ USC Center on Public Diplomacy
  7. ^ a b Public diplomacy – what it is and is not
  8. ^ http://www.crisisproject.org 2008-08-12 at the Wayback Machine Transnational Crisis Project
  9. ^ The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2008 616: 31, Nicholas J. Cull Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories
  10. ^ Philip M. Taylor, "Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communications", in Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. Routledge, 2009.
  11. ^ Rawnsley, Gary. "Introduction to "International Broadcasting and Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century"". Media and Communication. 4 (2).
  12. ^ Abdel Samei, Marwa (2016). "Public Diplomacy and the Clash of Satellites". Media and Communication. 4 (2): 55–68. doi:10.17645/mac.v4i2.385.
  13. ^ Tuch, Hans N., Communicating with the World: U.S. Public Diplomacy Overseas, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990, chapter 1, pp.3-11
  14. ^ Kiehl, America's dialogue with the world, Public Diplomacy Council, 2006
  15. ^ Goldsmith, Benjamin E.; Horiuchi, Yusaku; Matush, Kelly (2021). "Does Public Diplomacy Sway Foreign Public Opinion? Identifying the Effect of High-Level Visits". American Political Science Review. 115 (4): 1342–1357. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000393. ISSN 0003-0554.
  • Fallows, James (2005) "Success without Victory", The Atlantic Monthly, 295:1 p. 80 (Evera quotation)

Further reading

  • Justin Hart, Empire of Ideas: The Origins of Public Diplomacy and the Transformation of US Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Philip M. Taylor, "Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communications", in Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. Routledge, 2009.
  • Nancy Snow, "Rethinking Public Diplomacy", in Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, Routledge, 2009.
  • Nesterovych, Volodymyr (2015). "Foreign Broadcasting of the USA in the System of American Public Diplomacy". Viche. 7–8: 32–36.
  • B. Xharra and M. Wählisch, Beyond Remittances: Public Diplomacy and Kosovo's Diaspora, Foreign Policy Club, Pristina (2012). Abstract.

External links

  • PUBLIC DIPLOMACY at Syracuse University
  • Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor, Routledge Handbook on Public Diplomacy
  • How the World Sees America - Amar Bakshi on Washington Post/Newsweek on Public Diplomacy
  • Example of term being used by President George W. Bush in relation to the Middle East - January 19, 2005 The Age
  • maintained by the USC Center on Public Diplomacy
  • Public Diplomacy (USIAAA)
  • Journal of Place Branding and Public Diplomacy
  • at
  • Public Diplomacy Blog - India & SE Asia

August 22, 2023
public, diplomacy, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, examples, perspective, this, article, deal, primarily, with, united, states, represent, worldwide, vi. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate January 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page January 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message In international relations public diplomacy or people s diplomacy broadly speaking is any of the various government sponsored efforts aimed at communicating directly with foreign publics to establish a dialogue designed to inform and influence with the aim of building support for the state s strategic objectives 1 These also include propaganda 2 As the international order has changed over the twentieth century so has the practice of public diplomacy Its practitioners use a variety of instruments and methods ranging from personal contact and media interviews to the Internet and educational exchanges Contents 1 Background and definitions 2 Methods 3 Impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksBackground and definitions EditIn his essay Public Diplomacy Before Gullion The Evolution of a Phrase Nicholas J Cull of the USC Center on Public Diplomacy writes The earliest use of the phrase public diplomacy to surface is actually not American at all but in a leader piece from the London Times in January 1856 It is used merely as a synonym for civility in a piece criticizing the posturing of President Franklin Pierce Cull writes that Edmund Gullion dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University and a distinguished retired foreign service officer was the first to use the phrase in its modern meaning 3 In 1965 Gullion founded the Edward R Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy and Cull writes An early Murrow Center brochure provided a convenient summary of Gullion s concept Public diplomacy deals with the influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies It encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy the cultivation by governments of public opinion in other countries the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with another the reporting of foreign affairs and its impact on policy communication between those whose job is communication as diplomats and foreign correspondents and the process of intercultural communications 3 Over time the concept and definition of public diplomacy have evolved as demonstrated by the following statements from various practitioners The most important roles public diplomacy will have to play for the United States in the current international environment will be less grand strategic and more operational than during the Cold War Support of national policy in military contingencies is one such role and probably the most important Carnes Lord former deputy director of USIA professor of statecraft and civilization October 1998 4 Public diplomacy effectively communicating with publics around the globe to understand value and even emulate America s vision and ideas historically one of America s most effective weapons of outreach persuasion and policy Jill A Schuker former senior director for public affairs at the National Security Council July 2004 4 Public diplomacy s 21st century trend is dominated by fractal globalization preemptive military invasion information and communication technologies that shrink time and distance and the rise of global non state actors terror networks bloggers that challenge state driven policy and discourse on the subject Nancy Snow Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy Public diplomacy may be defined simply as the conduct of international relations by governments through public communications media and through dealings with a wide range of nongovernmental entities political parties corporations trade associations labor unions educational institutions religious organizations ethnic groups and so on including influential individuals for the purpose of influencing the politics and actions of other governments Alan K Henrikson Professor of Diplomatic History April 2005 4 Public diplomacy that traditionally represents actions of governments to influence overseas publics within the foreign policy process has expanded today by accident and design beyond the realm of governments to include the media multinational corporations NGO s and faith based organizations as active participants in the field Crocker Snow Jr Acting Director Edward R Murrow Center May 2005 4 Public diplomacy refers to government sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries its chief instruments are publications motion pictures cultural exchanges radio and television U S Department of State Dictionary of International Relations Terms 1987 p 85 5 The United States Information Agency USIA which was the main government agency in charge of public diplomacy until it merged with the Department of State in 1999 described it as seek ing to promote the national interest and the national security of the United States through understanding informing and influencing foreign publics and broadening dialogue between American citizens and institutions and their counterparts abroad 5 For the Planning Group for Integration of USIA into the Department of State June 20 1997 public diplomacy meant seek ing to promote the national interest of the United States through understanding informing and influencing foreign audiences 5 According to Hans N Tuch author of Communicating With the World St Martin s Press NY 1990 public diplomacy is official government efforts to shape the communications environment overseas in which American foreign policy is played out in order to reduce the degree to which misperceptions and misunderstandings complicate relations between the U S and other nations 5 Standard diplomacy might be described as the ways in which government leaders communicate with each other at the highest levels the elite diplomacy we are all familiar with Public diplomacy by contrast focuses on the ways in which a country or multilateral organization such as the United Nations communicates with citizens in other societies 6 A country may be acting deliberately or inadvertently and through both official and private individuals and institutions Effective public diplomacy starts from the premise that dialogue rather than a sales pitch is often central to achieving the goals of foreign policy public diplomacy must be seen as a two way street Furthermore public diplomacy activities often present many differing views as represented by private American individuals and organizations in addition to official U S government views 7 Traditional diplomacy actively engages one government with another government In traditional diplomacy U S Embassy officials represent the U S government in a host country primarily by maintaining relations and conducting official business with the officials of the host government whereas public diplomacy primarily engages many diverse non government elements of a society 7 Film television music sports video games and other social cultural activities are seen by public diplomacy advocates as enormously important avenues for otherwise diverse citizens to understand each other and integral to the international cultural understanding which they state is a key goal of modern public diplomacy strategy It involves not only shaping the message s that a country wishes to present abroad but also analyzing and understanding the ways that the message is interpreted by diverse societies and developing the tools of listening and conversation as well as the tools of persuasion One of the most successful initiatives which embodies the principles of effective public diplomacy is the creation by international treaty in the 1950s of the European Coal and Steel Community which later became the European Union Its original purpose after World War II was to tie the economies of Europe together so much that war would be impossible Supporters of European integration see it as having achieved both this goal and the extra benefit of catalysing greater international understanding as European countries did more business together and the ties among member states citizens increased Opponents of European integration are leery of a loss of national sovereignty and greater centralization of power Public diplomacy has been an essential element of American foreign policy for decades It was an important tool in influencing public opinion during the Cold War with the former Soviet Union Since the attacks of September 11 2001 the term has come back into vogue as the United States government works to improve their reputation abroad particularly in the Middle East and among those in the Islamic world Numerous panels including those sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations have evaluated American efforts in public diplomacy since 9 11 and have written reports recommending that the United States take various actions to improve the effectiveness of their public diplomacy The United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy was established in the late 1940s to evaluate American public diplomacy effort The commission is a seven member bipartisan board whose members are nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate William Hybl is the current chair and other members include former Ambassadors Lyndon Olson and Penne Percy Korth Peacock as well as Jay Snyder John E Osborn and Lezlee Westine This traditional concept is expanded on with the idea of adopting what is called population centric foreign affairs within which foreign populations assume a central component of foreign policy Since people not just states are of global importance in a world where technology and migration increasingly face everyone an entire new door of policy is opened 8 Methods EditThere are many methods and instruments that are used in public diplomacy Nicholas J Cull divides the practice into five elements listening advocacy cultural diplomacy exchange diplomacy and international broadcasting IB 9 while others include strategic communication 10 International broadcasting remains a key element in public diplomacy in the 21st century 11 with traditionally weaker states having the opportunity to challenge the hegemony and monopoly of information provided by more powerful states 12 Methods such as personal contact broadcasters such as the Voice of America Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty 13 exchange programs such as Fulbright and the International Visitor Leadership Program American arts and performances in foreign countries and the use of the Internet are all instruments used for practicing public diplomacy depending on the audience to be communicated with and the message to be conveyed 14 Impact EditAccording to a 2021 study high level visits by leaders increases public approval among foreign citizens 15 See also EditBritish Council Citizen diplomacy Cultural diplomacy Digital diplomacy Diplomatic capital Goethe Institut Music and political warfare Office of Public Diplomacy Political warfare Public diplomacy of the United States Public diplomacy of Israel Public diplomacy in the Islamic Republic of Iran Otto Reich Smith Mundt Act Strategic communication USC Center on Public Diplomacy United States Information AgencyReferences Edit public diplomacy Definition Types Examples amp Propaganda Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved February 22 2019 E International Relations Public Diplomacy and Propaganda Rethinking Diplomacy in the Age of Persuasion Nancy Snow Dece 4 2012 a b Cull Nicholas April 18 2006 Public Diplomacy Before Gullion The Evolution of a Phrase USCPublicDiplomacy University of Southern California Retrieved September 26 2014 a b c d The Edward R Murrow Center The Fletcher School Tufts University Archived 2010 06 17 at the Wayback Machine a b c d Public diplomacy what it is and is not USC Center on Public Diplomacy a b Public diplomacy what it is and is not http www crisisproject org Archived 2008 08 12 at the Wayback Machine Transnational Crisis Project The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2008 616 31 Nicholas J Cull Public Diplomacy Taxonomies and Histories Philip M Taylor Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communications in Nancy Snow and Philip M Taylor eds Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy Routledge 2009 Rawnsley Gary Introduction to International Broadcasting and Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century Media and Communication 4 2 Abdel Samei Marwa 2016 Public Diplomacy and the Clash of Satellites Media and Communication 4 2 55 68 doi 10 17645 mac v4i2 385 Tuch Hans N Communicating with the World U S Public Diplomacy Overseas New York St Martin s Press 1990 chapter 1 pp 3 11 Kiehl America s dialogue with the world Public Diplomacy Council 2006 Goldsmith Benjamin E Horiuchi Yusaku Matush Kelly 2021 Does Public Diplomacy Sway Foreign Public Opinion Identifying the Effect of High Level Visits American Political Science Review 115 4 1342 1357 doi 10 1017 S0003055421000393 ISSN 0003 0554 Fallows James 2005 Success without Victory The Atlantic Monthly 295 1 p 80 Evera quotation Further reading EditJustin Hart Empire of Ideas The Origins of Public Diplomacy and the Transformation of US Foreign Policy New York Oxford University Press 2013 Philip M Taylor Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communications in Nancy Snow and Philip M Taylor eds Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy Routledge 2009 Nancy Snow Rethinking Public Diplomacy in Nancy Snow and Philip M Taylor eds Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy Routledge 2009 Nesterovych Volodymyr 2015 Foreign Broadcasting of the USA in the System of American Public Diplomacy Viche 7 8 32 36 B Xharra and M Wahlisch Beyond Remittances Public Diplomacy and Kosovo s Diaspora Foreign Policy Club Pristina 2012 Abstract External links EditPUBLIC DIPLOMACY at Syracuse University Nancy Snow and Philip M Taylor Routledge Handbook on Public Diplomacy How the World Sees America Amar Bakshi on Washington Post Newsweek on Public Diplomacy Example of term being used by President George W Bush in relation to the Middle East January 19 2005 The Age Public Diplomacy Wiki maintained by the USC Center on Public Diplomacy Public Diplomacy USIAAA Journal of Place Branding and Public Diplomacy The Edward R Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy at The Fletcher School Public Diplomacy Research Network The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office collection of articles on Public Diplomacy Public Diplomacy Blog India amp SE Asia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Public diplomacy amp oldid 1164051079, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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