Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a family of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, i.e. each plant-louse species only feeds on one plant species (monophagous) or feeds on a few closely related plants (oligophagous). Together with aphids, phylloxerans, scale insects and whiteflies, they form the group called Sternorrhyncha, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the true bugs (Hemiptera). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the group into a total of seven families;[citation needed] the present restricted definition still includes more than 70 genera in the Psyllidae. Psyllid fossils have been found from the Early Permian before the flowering plants evolved. The explosive diversification of the flowering plants in the Cretaceous was paralleled by a massive diversification of associated insects, and many of the morphological and metabolic characters that the flowering plants exhibit may have evolved as defenses against herbivorous insects.
Several genera of psyllids, especially among the Australian fauna, secrete coverings called "lerps" over their bodies, presumably to conceal them from predators and parasites.[3]
Some genera, including agriculturally important pest species, have been classed as Psyllidae, but may now classified in the family Triozidae.[citation needed]
Coevolutionedit
Red lerps (Austrochardia acaciae) on Mulga, Central Australia
Insect-plant interactions have been important in defining models of coevolution and cospeciation, referring to whether plant speciation drives insect speciation and vice versa, though most herbivorous insects probably evolved long after the plants on which they feed.[citation needed]
Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing, associated with the presence of a bacterium Liberibacter asiaticum, is an example of a plant pathogen that has coevolved with its insect vector, the "Asian citrus psyllid", ACP, Diaphorina citri, such that the pathogen causes little or no harm to the insect, but causes a major disease which can reduce citrus quality, flavor, and production, as well as causing citrus trees to die. ACP was found in Florida in 1998, and has since spread across the southern US into Texas. This disease was found in Florida citrus groves in 2005. Management methods to reduce the spread of this disease and psyllid populations depend on an integrated pest management approach using insecticides, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens specific to ACP. Due to the spread of citrus greening worldwide and the growing importance of psyllid-spread diseases, an International Psyllid Genome Consortium was established.[5] Insect genomics provides important information on the genetic basis of the pest's biology which may be altered to suppress psyllid populations in an environmentally friendly manner. The emerging psyllid genome continues to elucidate psyllid biology, expanding what is known about gene families, genetic variation, and gene expression in insects. Thus far, two new psyllid viruses have been discovered, and are being examined as potential biological control agents to reduce psyllid populations. Psyllid cell cultures have also been established by several researchers working with virus propagation, and as a system to propagate C. liberibacter for molecular studies on infection and replication. Studies on the microbiota have also identified four new species of bacteria. Thus far, 10 microbial organisms have been identified within these psyllids, among them the primary endosymbiont, whose genome has been sequenced and posted at the NCBI database, as well as a Wolbachia species.[citation needed]
^Oppong, C. K.; Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, M. J.; Wessels, D. C. J. (2010). "Nymphal Behaviour and Lerp Construction in the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani(Hemiptera: Psyllidae)". African Invertebrates. 51: 201–206. doi:10.5733/afin.051.0105.
^Ouvrard D, The World Psylloidea Database: Psyllidae[permanent dead link](in French, English, Spanish, and German)
Oppong, C. K.; Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, M. J.; Wessels, D. C. J. (2009). "Distribution of the Eggs of the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the Mopane Tree". African Invertebrates. 50: 185–190. doi:10.5733/afin.050.0107.
Burckhardt, D.; Kotrba, M. (2009). "A Review of Afrotropical Plant-Lice of the Genus Moraniella, with Description of a New Species (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae: Rhinocolinae)". African Invertebrates. 50 (2): 287. doi:10.5733/afin.050.0206.
Marutani-Hert, M.; Hunter, W. B.; Hall, D. G. (2009). "Establishment of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) primary cultures". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal. 45 (7): 317–320. doi:10.1007/s11626-009-9188-3. PMID 19440802. S2CID 9939277.
Marutani-Hert, M.; Hunter, W. B.; Katsar, C. S.; Sinisterra, X. H.; Hall, D. G.; Powell, C. A. (2009). "Reovirus-Like Sequences Isolated from Adult Asian Citrus Psyllid, (Hemiptera: Psyllidae:Diaphorina citri)". Florida Entomologist. 92 (2): 314. doi:10.1653/024.092.0216.
Boykin, L. M.; Bagnall, R. A. N.; Frohlich, D. R.; Hall, D. G.; Hunter, W. B.; Katsar, C. S.; McKenzie, C. L.; Rosell, R. C.; Shatters Jr., R. G. (2007). "Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the vector for citrus greening disease, huanglongbing". Molecular Ecology Notes. 7 (6): 1202. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01831.x.
Avery, P. B.; Hunter, W. B.; Hall, D. G.; Jackson, M. A.; Powell, C. A.; Rogers, M. E. (2009). "Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Infection and Dissemination of the Entomopathogenic FungusIsaria fumosorosea(Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Under Laboratory Conditions". Florida Entomologist. 92 (4): 608. doi:10.1653/024.092.0413.
Pachypsylla venusta, hackberry petiole gall psyllid
December 15, 2023
psyllidae, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, july, 2011, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, jumping, . This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations July 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Psyllidae the jumping plant lice or psyllids are a family of small plant feeding insects that tend to be very host specific i e each plant louse species only feeds on one plant species monophagous or feeds on a few closely related plants oligophagous Together with aphids phylloxerans scale insects and whiteflies they form the group called Sternorrhyncha which is considered to be the most primitive group within the true bugs Hemiptera They have traditionally been considered a single family Psyllidae but recent classifications divide the group into a total of seven families citation needed the present restricted definition still includes more than 70 genera in the Psyllidae Psyllid fossils have been found from the Early Permian before the flowering plants evolved The explosive diversification of the flowering plants in the Cretaceous was paralleled by a massive diversification of associated insects and many of the morphological and metabolic characters that the flowering plants exhibit may have evolved as defenses against herbivorous insects PsyllidaeHackberry psyllid Pachysylla sp 1 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder HemipteraSuborder SternorrhynchaSuperfamily PsylloideaFamily PsyllidaeLatreille 1807GeneraSee textSeveral genera of psyllids especially among the Australian fauna secrete coverings called lerps over their bodies presumably to conceal them from predators and parasites 3 Contents 1 Genera 1 1 Higher taxonomy 2 Coevolution 3 Status as pests 4 References 5 External linksGenera editThe following list 4 is currently subject to review Acizzia Agonoscena Allocarsidara Arytainilla Blastopsylla Boreioglycaspis Cacopsylla Chamaepsylla Cryptoneossa Ctenarytaina Diaphorina Eucalyptolyma Euphyllura Glycaspis Heteropsylla Prosopidopsylla Psylla Psyllopsis Retroacizzia TetragonocephelaHigher taxonomy edit Some genera including agriculturally important pest species have been classed as Psyllidae but may now classified in the family Triozidae citation needed Coevolution edit nbsp Red lerps Austrochardia acaciae on Mulga Central AustraliaInsect plant interactions have been important in defining models of coevolution and cospeciation referring to whether plant speciation drives insect speciation and vice versa though most herbivorous insects probably evolved long after the plants on which they feed citation needed Status as pests edit nbsp Psyllid pest of Eucalyptus camaldulensisCitrus greening also known as huanglongbing associated with the presence of a bacterium Liberibacter asiaticum is an example of a plant pathogen that has coevolved with its insect vector the Asian citrus psyllid ACP Diaphorina citri such that the pathogen causes little or no harm to the insect but causes a major disease which can reduce citrus quality flavor and production as well as causing citrus trees to die ACP was found in Florida in 1998 and has since spread across the southern US into Texas This disease was found in Florida citrus groves in 2005 Management methods to reduce the spread of this disease and psyllid populations depend on an integrated pest management approach using insecticides parasitoids predators and pathogens specific to ACP Due to the spread of citrus greening worldwide and the growing importance of psyllid spread diseases an International Psyllid Genome Consortium was established 5 Insect genomics provides important information on the genetic basis of the pest s biology which may be altered to suppress psyllid populations in an environmentally friendly manner The emerging psyllid genome continues to elucidate psyllid biology expanding what is known about gene families genetic variation and gene expression in insects Thus far two new psyllid viruses have been discovered and are being examined as potential biological control agents to reduce psyllid populations Psyllid cell cultures have also been established by several researchers working with virus propagation and as a system to propagate C liberibacter for molecular studies on infection and replication Studies on the microbiota have also identified four new species of bacteria Thus far 10 microbial organisms have been identified within these psyllids among them the primary endosymbiont whose genome has been sequenced and posted at the NCBI database as well as a Wolbachia species citation needed References edit Cirrus Digital Hackberry Psyllid Bugguide net Pachypsylla species Oppong C K Addo Bediako A Potgieter M J Wessels D C J 2010 Nymphal Behaviour and Lerp Construction in the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani Hemiptera Psyllidae African Invertebrates 51 201 206 doi 10 5733 afin 051 0105 Ouvrard D The World Psylloidea Database Psyllidae permanent dead link in French English Spanish and German International Psyllid Genome Consortium Oppong C K Addo Bediako A Potgieter M J Wessels D C J 2009 Distribution of the Eggs of the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani Hemiptera Psyllidae on the Mopane Tree African Invertebrates 50 185 190 doi 10 5733 afin 050 0107 Burckhardt D Kotrba M 2009 A Review of Afrotropical Plant Lice of the Genus Moraniella with Description of a New Species Hemiptera Psylloidea Psyllidae Rhinocolinae African Invertebrates 50 2 287 doi 10 5733 afin 050 0206 Marutani Hert M Hunter W B Hall D G 2009 Establishment of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri primary cultures In Vitro Cellular amp Developmental Biology Animal 45 7 317 320 doi 10 1007 s11626 009 9188 3 PMID 19440802 S2CID 9939277 Marutani Hert M Hunter W B Katsar C S Sinisterra X H Hall D G Powell C A 2009 Reovirus Like Sequences Isolated from Adult Asian Citrus Psyllid Hemiptera Psyllidae Diaphorina citri Florida Entomologist 92 2 314 doi 10 1653 024 092 0216 Hunter WB Dowd SE Katsar CS Shatters Jr RG McKenzie CL Hall DG 2009 Psyllid biology expressed genes in adult Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama The Open Entomology Journal 3 18 29 doi 10 2174 1874407900903010018 Boykin L M Bagnall R A N Frohlich D R Hall D G Hunter W B Katsar C S McKenzie C L Rosell R C Shatters Jr R G 2007 Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci from the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama the vector for citrus greening disease huanglongbing Molecular Ecology Notes 7 6 1202 doi 10 1111 j 1471 8286 2007 01831 x Avery P B Hunter W B Hall D G Jackson M A Powell C A Rogers M E 2009 Diaphorina citri Hemiptera Psyllidae Infection and Dissemination of the Entomopathogenic FungusIsaria fumosorosea Hypocreales Cordycipitaceae Under Laboratory Conditions Florida Entomologist 92 4 608 doi 10 1653 024 092 0413 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psyllidae On the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website Blastopsylla occidentalis eucalyptus psyllid Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei red gum lerp psyllid Pachypsylla venusta hackberry petiole gall psyllid Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Psyllidae amp oldid 1180334827, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
