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Psammophyte

April 04, 2024

A psammophyte is a plant that grows in sandy and often unstable soils. Psammophytes are commonly found growing on beaches, deserts, and sand dunes. Because they thrive in these challenging or inhospitable habitats, psammophytes are considered extremophiles, and are further classified as a type of psammophile.

Psammophytes of three different species in the Sahara desert

Etymology edit

The word "psammophyte" consists of two Greek roots, psamm-, meaning "sand", and -phyte, meaning "plant".[1][2][3] The term "psammophyte" first entered English in the early twentieth century via German botanical terminology.[4]

Description edit

Psammophytes are found in many different plant families, so may not share specific morphological or phytochemical traits. They also come in a variety of plant life-forms, including annual ephemerals, perennials, subshrubs, hemicryptophytes, and many others.[5][6] What the many diverse psammophytes have in common is a resilience to harsh or rapidly fluctuating environmental factors, such as shifting soils, strong winds, intense sunlight exposure, or saltwater exposure, depending on the habitat.[6][7] Psammophytes often have specialized traits, such as unusually tenacious or resilient roots that enable them to anchor and thrive despite various environmental stressors.[8] Those growing in arid regions have evolved highly efficient physiological mechanisms that enable them to survive despite limited water availability.[9][10]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Grass family psammophytes of the Sahara desert in Algeria
 
Psammophytes growing in sand drifts at Duna de Bolonia, Tarifa, Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain
 
Haloxylon ammodendron, Mongolian psammophyte

Psammophytes grow in regions all over the world and can be found on sandy, unstable soils of beaches, deserts, and sand dunes.[5][6][7][11][12] In China's autonomous Inner Mongolia region, psammophytic woodlands are found in steppe habitats.[13]

Ecology edit

Psammophytes often play an important ecological role by contributing some degree of soil stabilization in their sandy habitats.[14] They can also play an important role in soil nutrient dynamics.[15] Depending on the factors at play at a given site, psammophyte communities exhibit varying degrees of species diversity.[16][17][5][12] For example, in the dunes of the Sahara Desert, psammophyte communities exhibit limited diversity and are predominantly made up of plants from the grass and mustard families.[5]

Like many other types of plants, psammophytes can have symbiotic relationships with microorganisms called endophytes that live inside of their tissues, which can impart enhanced growth or other benefits.[18]

Conservation edit

A major threat to psammophytes in many regions is dune destabilization, which is exacerbated by human development projects and factors associated with climate change, such as drought and temperature increases.[11] Encroachment of non-psammophytic plants and invasive species poses another threat to psammophyte species in some areas.[12][16][19] Ecological restoration efforts in psammophyte habitats often aim to utilize the natural soil stabilizing and nutrient enhancement abilities of psammophytes as part of restoration strategies.[16][15] Another important strategy is restoring and protecting the requisite soil microbiome some psammophytes require to thrive.[19]

China's Minqin Garden of Desert Plants is one organization that is actively working on efforts to conserve both wild and horticultural psammophyte species.[20]

Examples edit

Some examples of psammophyte species include:


See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "psammophyte". Merriam-Webster. 2015. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  2. ^ Harper, Douglas (2015). "sand (n.)". Etymonline. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  3. ^ Harper, Douglas (2015). "phyto-". Etymonline. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  4. ^ "psammophyte". Oxford: Lexico. 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-07.[dead link]
  5. ^ a b c d e Azizi, Marouane; Chenchouni, Haroun; Belarouci, Mohammed El Hafedh; Bradai, Lyès; Bouallala, M'hammed (2021). "Diversity of psammophyte communities on sand dunes and sandy soils of the northern Sahara desert". Journal of King Saud University - Science. 33 (8). Elsevier BV: 101656. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101656. ISSN 1018-3647. S2CID 239955631.
  6. ^ a b c d Neto, Carlos; Fonseca, João Paulo; Costa, José Carlos; Bioret, Frédéric (2015-01-02). "Ecology and phytosociology of endangered psammophytic species of the Omphalodes genus in western Europe". Acta Botanica Gallica. 162 (1). Informa UK Limited: 37–54. doi:10.1080/12538078.2014.981290. hdl:10400.5/7798. ISSN 1253-8078. S2CID 85794427.
  7. ^ a b c Qu, H; Zhao, H; Zhou, R; Zuo, X; Luo, Y; Wang, J; Orr, BJ (2014-02-21). "Effects of sand burial on the survival and physiology of three psammophytes of Northern China". African Journal of Biotechnology. 11 (20): 4518–4529. ISSN 1684-5315. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  8. ^ Jian-Hui, DU; An-Long, LIU; Yu-Xiang, DONG; Mian-You, HU; Jie, LIANG; LI Wei, and (2014). "Architectural characteristics of roots in typical coastal psammophytes of South China". Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 38 (8): 889–896. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1258.2014.00083. ISSN 1005-264X.
  9. ^ Liu, Meiling; Zhu, Ruiqing; Zhang, Zhishan; Liu, Lichao; Hui, Rong; Bao, Jingting; Zhang, Hao (2016-03-02). "Water use traits and survival mechanisms of psammophytes in arid ecosystems". Arid Land Research and Management. 30 (2). Informa UK Limited: 166–180. doi:10.1080/15324982.2015.1090498. ISSN 1532-4982. S2CID 130013224.
  10. ^ a b Zhao, Li; Li, Wanjing; Yang, Guang; Yan, Ke; He, Xinlin; Li, Fadong; Gao, Yongli; Tian, Lijun (2021-02-11). "Moisture, Temperature, and Salinity of a Typical Desert Plant (Haloxylon ammodendron) in an Arid Oasis of Northwest China". Sustainability. 13 (4): 1908. doi:10.3390/su13041908. ISSN 2071-1050.
  11. ^ a b Thomas, Kathryn A.; Redsteer, Margaret H. (2016-04-27). "Vegetation of semi-stable rangeland dunes of the Navajo Nation, Southwestern USA". Arid Land Research and Management. 30 (4). Informa UK Limited: 400–411. doi:10.1080/15324982.2016.1138157. ISSN 1532-4982. S2CID 131666486.
  12. ^ a b c Valcheva, Magdalena; Sopotlieva, Desislava; Meshinev, Tenyo; Apostolova, Iva (2018-09-06). "Is penetration of non-psammophytes an underestimated threat to sand dunes? - a case study from western Pontic coast". Journal of Coastal Conservation. 23 (2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 271–281. doi:10.1007/s11852-018-0656-3. ISSN 1400-0350. S2CID 134078826.
  13. ^ Cui, Haiting; Liu, Hongyan; Yong, Shipeng (2009). "Psammophytic woodlands of the steppe zone in Inner Mongolia". Contemporary Problems of Ecology. 2 (4). Pleiades Publishing Ltd: 348–352. doi:10.1134/s1995425509040080. ISSN 1995-4255. S2CID 9173750.
  14. ^ Symonides, E. (1985). "Population Structure of Psammophyte Vegetation". The Population Structure of Vegetation. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 265–291. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5500-4_12. ISBN 978-94-010-8927-2.
  15. ^ a b Ning, Zhiying; Zhao, Xueyong; Li, Yulin; Wang, Lilong; Lian, Jie; Yang, Hongling; Li, Yuqiang (2021). "Plant community C:N:P stoichiometry is mediated by soil nutrients and plant functional groups during grassland desertification". Ecological Engineering. 162. Elsevier BV: 106179. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106179. ISSN 0925-8574. S2CID 233532891.
  16. ^ a b c Martínez, M. Luisa; Hesp, Patrick A.; Gallego-Fernández, Juan B. (2013). "Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends and Perspectives". Restoration of Coastal Dunes. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 323–339. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33445-0_20. ISBN 978-3-642-33444-3. ISSN 0172-6161.
  17. ^ Liu, Zhimin; Li, Xiaolan; Yan, Qiaoling; Wu, Jianguo (2007). "Species richness and vegetation pattern in interdune lowlands of an active dune field in Inner Mongolia, China". Biological Conservation. 140 (1–2). Elsevier BV: 29–39. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.030. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 38620804.
  18. ^ Zhu, Yanlei; She, Xiaoping (2018). "Evaluation of the plant-growth-promoting abilities of endophytic bacteria from the psammophyte Ammodendron bifolium". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 64 (4). Canadian Science Publishing: 253–264. doi:10.1139/cjm-2017-0529. hdl:1807/82585. ISSN 0008-4166. PMID 29370531.
  19. ^ a b Souza-Alonso, Pablo; Lechuga-Lago, Yaiza; Guisande-Collazo, Alejandra; González, Luís (2022-03-05). "Evidence of functional and structural changes in the microbial community beneath a succulent invasive plant in coastal dunes". Journal of Plant Ecology. 15 (6). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1154–1167. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtac026. ISSN 1752-993X.
  20. ^ "Minqin Garden of Desert Plants". tools.bgci.org. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  21. ^ Lemauviel, Servane; Gallet, Sébastien; Rozé, Françoise (2003). "Sustainable management of fixed dunes: example of a pilot site in Brittany (France)". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 326. Elsevier BV: 183–191. doi:10.1016/s1631-0691(03)00056-8. ISSN 1631-0691. PMID 14558468.
  22. ^ Marshall, John (1968). "Factors Limiting the Survival of Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauv. in Great Britain at the Northern Edge of Its Distribution". Oikos. 19 (2): 206–216. doi:10.2307/3565008. JSTOR 3565008.

External links edit

  • Minqin Garden of Desert Plants

April 04, 2024
psammophyte, psammophyte, plant, that, grows, sandy, often, unstable, soils, commonly, found, growing, beaches, deserts, sand, dunes, because, they, thrive, these, challenging, inhospitable, habitats, psammophytes, considered, extremophiles, further, classifie. A psammophyte is a plant that grows in sandy and often unstable soils Psammophytes are commonly found growing on beaches deserts and sand dunes Because they thrive in these challenging or inhospitable habitats psammophytes are considered extremophiles and are further classified as a type of psammophile Psammophytes of three different species in the Sahara desert Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Conservation 6 Examples 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksEtymology editThe word psammophyte consists of two Greek roots psamm meaning sand and phyte meaning plant 1 2 3 The term psammophyte first entered English in the early twentieth century via German botanical terminology 4 Description editPsammophytes are found in many different plant families so may not share specific morphological or phytochemical traits They also come in a variety of plant life forms including annual ephemerals perennials subshrubs hemicryptophytes and many others 5 6 What the many diverse psammophytes have in common is a resilience to harsh or rapidly fluctuating environmental factors such as shifting soils strong winds intense sunlight exposure or saltwater exposure depending on the habitat 6 7 Psammophytes often have specialized traits such as unusually tenacious or resilient roots that enable them to anchor and thrive despite various environmental stressors 8 Those growing in arid regions have evolved highly efficient physiological mechanisms that enable them to survive despite limited water availability 9 10 Distribution and habitat edit nbsp Grass family psammophytes of the Sahara desert in Algeria nbsp Psammophytes growing in sand drifts at Duna de Bolonia Tarifa Cadiz Andalusia Spain nbsp Haloxylon ammodendron Mongolian psammophytePsammophytes grow in regions all over the world and can be found on sandy unstable soils of beaches deserts and sand dunes 5 6 7 11 12 In China s autonomous Inner Mongolia region psammophytic woodlands are found in steppe habitats 13 Ecology editPsammophytes often play an important ecological role by contributing some degree of soil stabilization in their sandy habitats 14 They can also play an important role in soil nutrient dynamics 15 Depending on the factors at play at a given site psammophyte communities exhibit varying degrees of species diversity 16 17 5 12 For example in the dunes of the Sahara Desert psammophyte communities exhibit limited diversity and are predominantly made up of plants from the grass and mustard families 5 Like many other types of plants psammophytes can have symbiotic relationships with microorganisms called endophytes that live inside of their tissues which can impart enhanced growth or other benefits 18 Conservation editA major threat to psammophytes in many regions is dune destabilization which is exacerbated by human development projects and factors associated with climate change such as drought and temperature increases 11 Encroachment of non psammophytic plants and invasive species poses another threat to psammophyte species in some areas 12 16 19 Ecological restoration efforts in psammophyte habitats often aim to utilize the natural soil stabilizing and nutrient enhancement abilities of psammophytes as part of restoration strategies 16 15 Another important strategy is restoring and protecting the requisite soil microbiome some psammophytes require to thrive 19 China s Minqin Garden of Desert Plants is one organization that is actively working on efforts to conserve both wild and horticultural psammophyte species 20 Examples editSome examples of psammophyte species include Agriophyllum squarrosum sand rice 7 Haloxylon ammodendron saxaul 10 Linaria arenaria sand toadflax 21 Omphalodes kuzinskyanae Kuzinsky navelwort 6 Stipagrostis pungens madjiugu 5 Corynephorus canescens grey hair grass or gray clubawn grass 22 See also editPsammophile Extremophile Goravan Sands SanctuaryReferences edit psammophyte Merriam Webster 2015 Retrieved 2022 05 07 Harper Douglas 2015 sand n Etymonline Retrieved 2022 05 07 Harper Douglas 2015 phyto Etymonline Retrieved 2022 05 07 psammophyte Oxford Lexico 2022 Retrieved 2022 05 07 dead link a b c d e Azizi Marouane Chenchouni Haroun Belarouci Mohammed El Hafedh Bradai Lyes Bouallala M hammed 2021 Diversity of psammophyte communities on sand dunes and sandy soils of the northern Sahara desert Journal of King Saud University Science 33 8 Elsevier BV 101656 doi 10 1016 j jksus 2021 101656 ISSN 1018 3647 S2CID 239955631 a b c d Neto Carlos Fonseca Joao Paulo Costa Jose Carlos Bioret Frederic 2015 01 02 Ecology and phytosociology of endangered psammophytic species of the Omphalodes genus in western Europe Acta Botanica Gallica 162 1 Informa UK Limited 37 54 doi 10 1080 12538078 2014 981290 hdl 10400 5 7798 ISSN 1253 8078 S2CID 85794427 a b c Qu H Zhao H Zhou R Zuo X Luo Y Wang J Orr BJ 2014 02 21 Effects of sand burial on the survival and physiology of three psammophytes of Northern China African Journal of Biotechnology 11 20 4518 4529 ISSN 1684 5315 Retrieved 2022 05 08 Jian Hui DU An Long LIU Yu Xiang DONG Mian You HU Jie LIANG LI Wei and 2014 Architectural characteristics of roots in typical coastal psammophytes of South China Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 38 8 889 896 doi 10 3724 sp j 1258 2014 00083 ISSN 1005 264X Liu Meiling Zhu Ruiqing Zhang Zhishan Liu Lichao Hui Rong Bao Jingting Zhang Hao 2016 03 02 Water use traits and survival mechanisms of psammophytes in arid ecosystems Arid Land Research and Management 30 2 Informa UK Limited 166 180 doi 10 1080 15324982 2015 1090498 ISSN 1532 4982 S2CID 130013224 a b Zhao Li Li Wanjing Yang Guang Yan Ke He Xinlin Li Fadong Gao Yongli Tian Lijun 2021 02 11 Moisture Temperature and Salinity of a Typical Desert Plant Haloxylon ammodendron in an Arid Oasis of Northwest China Sustainability 13 4 1908 doi 10 3390 su13041908 ISSN 2071 1050 a b Thomas Kathryn A Redsteer Margaret H 2016 04 27 Vegetation of semi stable rangeland dunes of the Navajo Nation Southwestern USA Arid Land Research and Management 30 4 Informa UK Limited 400 411 doi 10 1080 15324982 2016 1138157 ISSN 1532 4982 S2CID 131666486 a b c Valcheva Magdalena Sopotlieva Desislava Meshinev Tenyo Apostolova Iva 2018 09 06 Is penetration of non psammophytes an underestimated threat to sand dunes a case study from western Pontic coast Journal of Coastal Conservation 23 2 Springer Science and Business Media LLC 271 281 doi 10 1007 s11852 018 0656 3 ISSN 1400 0350 S2CID 134078826 Cui Haiting Liu Hongyan Yong Shipeng 2009 Psammophytic woodlands of the steppe zone in Inner Mongolia Contemporary Problems of Ecology 2 4 Pleiades Publishing Ltd 348 352 doi 10 1134 s1995425509040080 ISSN 1995 4255 S2CID 9173750 Symonides E 1985 Population Structure of Psammophyte Vegetation The Population Structure of Vegetation Dordrecht Springer Netherlands pp 265 291 doi 10 1007 978 94 009 5500 4 12 ISBN 978 94 010 8927 2 a b Ning Zhiying Zhao Xueyong Li Yulin Wang Lilong Lian Jie Yang Hongling Li Yuqiang 2021 Plant community C N P stoichiometry is mediated by soil nutrients and plant functional groups during grassland desertification Ecological Engineering 162 Elsevier BV 106179 doi 10 1016 j ecoleng 2021 106179 ISSN 0925 8574 S2CID 233532891 a b c Martinez M Luisa Hesp Patrick A Gallego Fernandez Juan B 2013 Coastal Dune Restoration Trends and Perspectives Restoration of Coastal Dunes Springer Series on Environmental Management Berlin Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg pp 323 339 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 33445 0 20 ISBN 978 3 642 33444 3 ISSN 0172 6161 Liu Zhimin Li Xiaolan Yan Qiaoling Wu Jianguo 2007 Species richness and vegetation pattern in interdune lowlands of an active dune field in Inner Mongolia China Biological Conservation 140 1 2 Elsevier BV 29 39 doi 10 1016 j biocon 2007 07 030 ISSN 0006 3207 S2CID 38620804 Zhu Yanlei She Xiaoping 2018 Evaluation of the plant growth promoting abilities of endophytic bacteria from the psammophyte Ammodendron bifolium Canadian Journal of Microbiology 64 4 Canadian Science Publishing 253 264 doi 10 1139 cjm 2017 0529 hdl 1807 82585 ISSN 0008 4166 PMID 29370531 a b Souza Alonso Pablo Lechuga Lago Yaiza Guisande Collazo Alejandra Gonzalez Luis 2022 03 05 Evidence of functional and structural changes in the microbial community beneath a succulent invasive plant in coastal dunes Journal of Plant Ecology 15 6 Oxford University Press OUP 1154 1167 doi 10 1093 jpe rtac026 ISSN 1752 993X Minqin Garden of Desert Plants tools bgci org Retrieved 2022 05 08 Lemauviel Servane Gallet Sebastien Roze Francoise 2003 Sustainable management of fixed dunes example of a pilot site in Brittany France Comptes Rendus Biologies 326 Elsevier BV 183 191 doi 10 1016 s1631 0691 03 00056 8 ISSN 1631 0691 PMID 14558468 Marshall John 1968 Factors Limiting the Survival of Corynephorus canescens L Beauv in Great Britain at the Northern Edge of Its Distribution Oikos 19 2 206 216 doi 10 2307 3565008 JSTOR 3565008 External links editMinqin Garden of Desert Plants Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Psammophyte amp oldid 1188154452, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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