A prisoner in the Vatican (Italian: Prigioniero nel Vaticano; Latin: Captivus Vaticani) or prisoner of the Vatican described the situation of the pope with respect to Italy during the period from the capture of Rome by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy on 20 September 1870 until the Lateran Treaty of 11 February 1929.[1] Part of the process of Italian unification, the city's capture ended the millennium-old temporal rule of the popes over central Italy and allowed Rome to be designated the capital of the new nation. Although the Italians did not occupy the territories of Vatican Hill delimited by the Leonine walls and offered the creation of a city-state in the area, the popes from Pius IX to Pius XI refused the proposal and described themselves as prisoners of the new Italian state.
As nationalism swept the Italian Peninsula in the 19th century, efforts to unify Italy were blocked in part by the Papal States, which ran through the middle of the peninsula and included the ancient capital of Rome. The Papal States were able to fend off efforts to conquer them largely through the pope's influence over the leaders of stronger European powers such as France and Austria. When Italian troops entered Rome, the Italian government reportedly intended to let the pope keep the part of Rome on the Vatican hill west of the Tiber, called Leonine City due to its walls built by Pope Leo IV, a small remaining Papal State, but Pius IX refused.[2] One week after entering Rome, the Italian troops had taken the entire city save for the territories of Vatican Hill;[3] the inhabitants of Rome then voted to join Italy (those living in the Vatican were allowed to vote outside of the Leonine walls).[4][5]
For the next 59 years, the popes refused to leave the Vatican in order to avoid any appearance of accepting the authority wielded by the Italian government over Rome as a whole. During this period, popes also refused to appear at Saint Peter's Square or at the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica facing it. Popes granted the Urbi et Orbi blessings from a balcony facing a courtyard, or from inside the basilica, and papal coronations were instead held at the Sistine Chapel.
The 13 May 1871 Italian Law of Guarantees, passed eight months after the capture of Rome, was an attempt to solve the problem by making the pope a subject of the Kingdom of Italy, not an independent sovereign, while guaranteeing him certain honours similar to those given to the king and the right to send and receive ambassadors.
The popes—Pius IX (died 1878) and his successors Leo XIII (reigned 1878–1903), St Pius X (1903–14), Benedict XV (1914–22) and (from 1922 until the issue was resolved in 1929) Pius XI—refused to accept this unilateral decision, which, they felt, could be reversed by the same power that granted it, and which did not ensure that their decisions would be clearly seen to be free from interference by a political power. They claimed that total sovereignty was needed so that a civil government would never attempt to interfere in the governance of the universal Roman Church. Therefore, even after the Law of Guarantees, Pope Pius IX and his successors up to and including Pius XI decided not to leave the Palace of the Vatican, so as not to submit to the authority of the Italian State. As a result of the crisis, Pope Pius IX excommunicated the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel II.
Especially in the strongly Roman Catholic rural areas of Italy, there was great tension between Church and State. The newly unified Kingdom of Italy did not recognise the validity of Church weddings, while the Church maintained that the Kingdom was illegitimate and Church weddings were sufficient before God.
Following the fall of Rome, most countries continued to accredit diplomatic representatives to the Holy See, seeing it as an entity of public international law with which they desired such relations, while they withdrew their consuls, whose work had been connected instead with the temporal power of the papacy, which was now ended. However, no diplomatic relations existed between the Holy See and the Italian state.
According to Jasper Ridley,[6] at the 1867 Congress of Peace in Geneva, Giuseppe Garibaldi referred to "that pestilential institution which is called the Papacy" and proposed giving "the final blow to the monster". This was a reflection of the bitterness that had been generated by the struggle against Pope Pius IX in 1849 and 1860, and it was in sharp contrast to the letter that Garibaldi had written to the pope from Montevideo in 1847, before those events.
The stand-off was ended on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Pacts created a new microstate, that of Vatican City, and opened the way for diplomatic relations between Italy and the Holy See. The Holy See in turn recognised the Kingdom of Italy, with Rome as its capital, thus ending the situation whereby the popes had felt constrained to remain within the Vatican. Subsequently, the popes resumed visiting their cathedral, the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, situated on the opposite side of the city of Rome, and to travel regularly to their summer residence at Castel Gandolfo, 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Rome.
^Antonello Battaglia (2015). L'Italia senza Roma. Manovre diplomatiche e strategie militari (1865-1870). Roma. Aracne. p. 194. ISBN978-88-548-8300-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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A prisoner in the Vatican Italian Prigioniero nel Vaticano Latin Captivus Vaticani or prisoner of the Vatican described the situation of the pope with respect to Italy during the period from the capture of Rome by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy on 20 September 1870 until the Lateran Treaty of 11 February 1929 1 Part of the process of Italian unification the city s capture ended the millennium old temporal rule of the popes over central Italy and allowed Rome to be designated the capital of the new nation Although the Italians did not occupy the territories of Vatican Hill delimited by the Leonine walls and offered the creation of a city state in the area the popes from Pius IX to Pius XI refused the proposal and described themselves as prisoners of the new Italian state Contents 1 Beginnings 2 Law of Guarantees 3 Roman Question 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksBeginnings EditAs nationalism swept the Italian Peninsula in the 19th century efforts to unify Italy were blocked in part by the Papal States which ran through the middle of the peninsula and included the ancient capital of Rome The Papal States were able to fend off efforts to conquer them largely through the pope s influence over the leaders of stronger European powers such as France and Austria When Italian troops entered Rome the Italian government reportedly intended to let the pope keep the part of Rome on the Vatican hill west of the Tiber called Leonine City due to its walls built by Pope Leo IV a small remaining Papal State but Pius IX refused 2 One week after entering Rome the Italian troops had taken the entire city save for the territories of Vatican Hill 3 the inhabitants of Rome then voted to join Italy those living in the Vatican were allowed to vote outside of the Leonine walls 4 5 For the next 59 years the popes refused to leave the Vatican in order to avoid any appearance of accepting the authority wielded by the Italian government over Rome as a whole During this period popes also refused to appear at Saint Peter s Square or at the balcony of St Peter s Basilica facing it Popes granted the Urbi et Orbi blessings from a balcony facing a courtyard or from inside the basilica and papal coronations were instead held at the Sistine Chapel Law of Guarantees EditMain article Law of Guarantees This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Kingdom of Italy in 1870 showing the Papal States before the Capture of Rome The 13 May 1871 Italian Law of Guarantees passed eight months after the capture of Rome was an attempt to solve the problem by making the pope a subject of the Kingdom of Italy not an independent sovereign while guaranteeing him certain honours similar to those given to the king and the right to send and receive ambassadors The popes Pius IX died 1878 and his successors Leo XIII reigned 1878 1903 St Pius X 1903 14 Benedict XV 1914 22 and from 1922 until the issue was resolved in 1929 Pius XI refused to accept this unilateral decision which they felt could be reversed by the same power that granted it and which did not ensure that their decisions would be clearly seen to be free from interference by a political power They claimed that total sovereignty was needed so that a civil government would never attempt to interfere in the governance of the universal Roman Church Therefore even after the Law of Guarantees Pope Pius IX and his successors up to and including Pius XI decided not to leave the Palace of the Vatican so as not to submit to the authority of the Italian State As a result of the crisis Pope Pius IX excommunicated the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel II Especially in the strongly Roman Catholic rural areas of Italy there was great tension between Church and State The newly unified Kingdom of Italy did not recognise the validity of Church weddings while the Church maintained that the Kingdom was illegitimate and Church weddings were sufficient before God Roman Question EditMain article Roman Question This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message Following the fall of Rome most countries continued to accredit diplomatic representatives to the Holy See seeing it as an entity of public international law with which they desired such relations while they withdrew their consuls whose work had been connected instead with the temporal power of the papacy which was now ended However no diplomatic relations existed between the Holy See and the Italian state According to Jasper Ridley 6 at the 1867 Congress of Peace in Geneva Giuseppe Garibaldi referred to that pestilential institution which is called the Papacy and proposed giving the final blow to the monster This was a reflection of the bitterness that had been generated by the struggle against Pope Pius IX in 1849 and 1860 and it was in sharp contrast to the letter that Garibaldi had written to the pope from Montevideo in 1847 before those events The stand off was ended on 11 February 1929 when the Lateran Pacts created a new microstate that of Vatican City and opened the way for diplomatic relations between Italy and the Holy See The Holy See in turn recognised the Kingdom of Italy with Rome as its capital thus ending the situation whereby the popes had felt constrained to remain within the Vatican Subsequently the popes resumed visiting their cathedral the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran situated on the opposite side of the city of Rome and to travel regularly to their summer residence at Castel Gandolfo 30 kilometres 19 mi from Rome See also EditProperties of the Holy See Index of Vatican City related articlesReferences Edit David I Kertzer Prisoner of the Vatican Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2006 ISBN 978 0 54734716 5 Kertzer p 45 Antonello Battaglia 2015 L Italia senza Roma Manovre diplomatiche e strategie militari 1865 1870 Roma Aracne p 194 ISBN 978 88 548 8300 0 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Kertzer p 63 Raffaele Cadorna La liberazione di Roma nell anno 1870 Torino 3ª ed 1898 Garibaldi Viking Press New York 1976 p 576 77Bibliography EditKertzer David 2004 Prisoner of the Vatican Boston Houghton Mifflin Company ISBN 0 618 22442 4 External links Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prisoner in the Vatican amp oldid 1176261238, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
