Prison farm

A prison farm (also known as a penal farm) is a large correctional facility where penal labor convicts are forced to work on a farm legally and illegally (in the wide sense of a productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining as well as many others. All of this forced labor has been given the right from the thirteenth amendment in the United States, however other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and labor camp overlap with the idea that they are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a penal colony.

Mississippi State Penitentiary, an American prison farm in Sunflower County, Mississippi

Louisiana State Penitentiary, an American prison farm in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana

The agricultural goods produced by prison farms are generally used primarily to feed the prisoners themselves and other wards of the state (residents of orphanages, asylums, etc.), and secondarily, to be sold for whatever profit the state may be able to obtain.^[1]

In addition to being forced to labor directly for the government on a prison farm or in a penal colony, inmates may be forced to do farm work for private enterprises by being farmed out through the practice of convict leasing to work on private agricultural lands or related industries (fishing, lumbering, etc.). The party purchasing their labor from the government generally does so at a steep discount from the cost of free labor.^[2]

This is the 13th Amendment that Abraham Lincoln Signed.

Louisiana State Penitentiary is the largest prison farm covering 18,000 acres (7,300 hectares), and is bordered on three sides by the Mississippi River.^[3] Canada has six large prison farms that are currently closed with the possibility of being reopened.

Convict leasing

For more information, see Convict Leasing

Convict leasing was a system of penal labor that was primarily practiced in the Southern United States, and widely involved the use of African-American men which was prominently used after the American Civil War. In this system southern states leased prisoners to large plantations and private mines or railways. This system led to the states earning a profit, while the prisoners earned no pay and faced dangerous working conditions.^[4]

The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, prohibited the use of slavery and involuntary servitude but explicitly exempts those who have been convicted of a crime. In response to this, the southern state legislatures implemented "Black Codes" which were laws that explicitly applied to African-Americans and subjected them to criminal prosecution for more minor offenses like breaking curfew, loitering, and not carrying proof of employment. These new laws led to more prisoners for the penal system that could all be leased by the state so that they can use their labor for profit. Widespread convict leasing ended by World War II, but the loopholes in the 13th Amendment still permit the use of prisoners to work without pay.^[4]

Other work programs

Convicts may also be leased for non-agricultural work, either directly to state entities, or to private industry. For example, prisoners may make license plates under contract to the state Department of Motor Vehicles, work in textile or other state-run factories, or may perform data processing for outside firms. Other types of work include food service or groundskeeping.^[5] These laborers are typically considered to be a part of prison industries and not prison farms.

In the United States (partial list)

State	Facility	Type of work
Alabama	Draper Correctional Facility	Farming ^[6]
Alabama	G.K. Fountain Correctional Facility	Cattle and Agricultural Operations, and Vegetable Gardens ^[7]
Alabama	Limestone Correctional Facility	Cattle and Farming ^[8]
Alaska	Point MacKenzie Correctional Farm	Hogs, Cattle, Turkeys, and Chickens, Produce Operations, and Hydroponics Program ^[9]
Arkansas	Cummins Unit	Horse and Agricultural Operations ^[10]
Arkansas	East Arkansas Regional Unit	Farming ^[11]
Arkansas	Grimes Unit	Agricultural Gardening Program ^[12]
Arkansas	North Central Unit	Garden and Forage Production ^[13]
Arkansas	Ouachita River Unit	Livestock and Forage Production, Gravel Harvesting ^[14]
Arkansas	Pine Bluff Unit	Horse operation ^[15]
Arkansas	Tucker Unit	Agricultural Operations ^[16]
Arkansas	Wrightsville Unit	Horse Operations, Agricultural Operations ^[17]
California	California State Prison, Corcoran	Dairy/Milk Processing ^[18]
California	Central California Women's Facility	Farming ^[19]
California	Valley State Prison	Farming ^[20]
California	Wasco State Prison	Farming ^[21]
Colorado	Buena Vista Correctional Complex	Fish Hatchery ^[22]
Colorado	Four Mile Correctional Center	Dairy, Wild Horse Inmate Program ^[23]
Colorado	Rifle Correctional Center	Timber ^[24]
Colorado	Skyline Correctional Center	Fish Hatchery, Farming, Vineyard, Goat and Water Buffalo Dairy, Mountain Sheep ^[25]
Florida	Apalachee Correctional Institution, West Unit / P.R.I.D.E.	Beef Cattle, Lumber, Agricultural ^[26]
Florida	Charlotte Correctional Institution / P.R.I.D.E.	Citrus ^[27]
Florida	Union Correctional Institution / P.R.I.D.E.	Beef Cattle, Lumber ^[28]
Georgia	Arrendale State Prison	Cattle and Swine, Hay Farming ^[29]
Georgia	Dooly State Prison	Farm Services ^[30]
Georgia	Montgomery State Prison	Poultry and Egg Production ^[31]
Georgia	Rogers State Prison	Dairy, Beef Cattle, Swine, Farming ^[32]
Georgia	Washington State Prison	Farming ^[33]
Hawaii	Halawa Correctional Facility / Hawaii Correctional Industries	Farming ^[34]
Hawaii	Waiawa Correctional Facility	Farming ^[35]
Louisiana	Louisiana State Penitentiary (Angola)	Farming
Mississippi	Mississippi State Penitentiary(Parchman) / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises	Farming^[36]^[37]
Mississippi	South Mississippi Correctional Institution / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises	Farming^[38]^[37]
North Carolina	Caledonia Correctional Institution (Caledonia State Prison Farm)	Farming and Cannery ^[39]^[40]
North Carolina	Dan River Prison Work Farm	Farming ^[41]
North Carolina	Tyrrell Prison Work Farm	Farming ^[42]
Texas	George Beto Unit (Beto Unit)	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.^[43]
Texas	Dolph Briscoe Unit	Farming ^[44]
Texas	James "Jay" H. Byrd Unit (Byrd Unit)	Hay Production ^[45]
Texas	Clemens Unit	Beef Cattle, Farming, Swine Finishing ^[46]
Texas	William P. Clements Unit (Clements Unit)	Beef Processing ^[47]
Texas	H. H. Coffield Unit (Coffield Unit)	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, Swine Farrowing etc.^[48]
Texas	Christina Melton Crain Unit (Crain Unit)	Farming, Swine Finishing^[49]
Texas	Price Daniel Unit	Farming ^[50]
Texas	Darrington Unit	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, and Swine Finishing Operations ^[51]
Texas	Eastham Unit	Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations ^[52]
Texas	O.B. Ellis Unit (Ellis Unit)	Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations ^[53]
Texas	W. J. "Jim" Estelle Unit (Estelle Unit)	Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations ^[54]
Texas	Jim Ferguson Unit (Ferguson Unit)	Farming, Bull Management, and Swine Operations ^[55]
Texas	Glen Ray Goodman Transfer Facility	Hay Production ^[56]
Texas	Thomas Goree Unit (Goree Unit)	Horse Breeding ^[57]
Texas	Joe F. Gurney Transfer Facility (Gurney Unit)	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.^[58]
Texas	Hilltop Unit	Farming, Swine Finishing ^[59]
Texas	William P. Hobby Unit (Hobby Unit)	Farming and Peach Orchard ^[60]
Texas	Reverend C.A. Holliday Transfer Facility (Holliday Unit)	Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services ^[61]
Texas	Alfred D. Hughes Unit (Hughes Unit)	Farming, Swine Finishing ^[62]
Texas	Beauford H. Jester I Unit (Jester I Unit)	Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed ^[63]
Texas	Beauford H. Jester III Unit (Jester III Unit)	Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed ^[64]
Texas	Clyde M. Johnston Unit	Hay Production ^[65]
Texas	O.L. Luther Unit	Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch ^[66]
Texas	Mark W. Michael Unit (Michael Unit)	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.^[67]
Texas	Mountain View Unit	Farming, Swine Finishing ^[68]
Texas	Dr. Lane Murray Unit (Murray Unit)	Farming, Swine Finishing ^[69]
Texas	Nathaniel J. Neal Unit	Beef Processing ^[70]
Texas	Wallace Pack Unit (Pack Unit)	Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch ^[71]
Texas	Allan B. Polunsky Unit (Polunsky unit)	Tree Farm ^[72]
Texas	Louis C. Powledge Unit (Powledge Unit)	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.^[73]
Texas	W. F. Ramsey Unit (Ramsey Unit)	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator ^[74]
Texas	Wayne Scott Unit (Scott Unit)	Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Farming, Farm Shop, and Grain Storage ^[75]
Texas	A.M. "Mac" Stringfellow Unit (Stringfellow Unit)	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator ^[76]
Texas	Barry B. Telford Unit (Telford Unit)	Cow/Calf Operations and Farming ^[77]
Texas	C.T. Terrell Unit (Terrell Unit)	Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator ^[78]
Texas	Carol S. Vance Unit (Vance Unit)	Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed ^[79]
Texas	Daniel Webster Wallace Unit	Hay Production ^[80]
Texas	John M. Wynne Unit (Wynne Unit)	Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services ^[81]

Canadian Prison Farm System

 

Canadian parliament on penitentiaries (1913).

In 2009, Canada shut down six of their major prison farms. Canada had used their prison farms as a way to generate revenue, as well as to give prisoners skills post-release. In 2009, the House of Commons in Canada announced that the skills that prison farms had been giving inmates were outdated, and that prison labor should focus on work related to more modern skills.^{[citation needed]}

Although the Canadian prison farm system has been shut down since 2009,the debate of whether or not the farms should reopen has continued. The group called Save our Prison Farms (SOPF) has been trying to revive the prison farm concept, since they did not want to pay for farm labor. When active, the prison farms highlighted many inherent inequalities within Canadian society. For example, the incarceration rate of the indigenous "First Nations" people of Canada was ten times greater than that of non-aboriginal Canadians.^{[citation needed]}

When the Prison farm Program in Canada was about to shut down in 2009, the Government of Canada gave three reasons to cut the program:^{[citation needed]}

• The first reason cited was how dangerous the conditions were for the people that worked on the farm.
• The second reason was that they thought the program was an out of date and ineffective type of correction giving non-modern skills to inmates for their post release.
• The third reason was because it was losing money.

The six prisons revenue was CA$7.5 million, while the expenses were CA$11.5 million, with a net loss to the government of about four million dollars on a useless program. Since the Canadian Prison Farm Program was found to not be effective, along with its inherent inequalities, it seemed to make sense to just shut it down altogether.^{[citation needed]}

Legal framework

The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which ended slavery, specifically carved out the concept of penal servitude (i.e., forced and unpaid labor as a punishment for a crime). This exemption only affected those who have been convicted of crimes, not those who were still awaiting trial.^{[citation needed]}

Britain had a long history of penal servitude even before passage of the Penal Servitude Act of 1853, and routinely used convict labor to settle its conquests, either through penal colonies or by selling convicts to settlers to serve as slaves for a term of years as indentured servants.^{[citation needed]}

Scope

 

The Clemens Unit, a prison farm in Brazoria County, Texas

 

The Cummins Unit, a prison farm in Lincoln County, Arkansas

This type of penal institution has mainly been implanted in rural regions of vast countries. For example, the following passage describes the prison system of the U.S. state of North Carolina in the early twentieth century:

"The state prison is at Raleigh, although most of the convicts are distributed upon farms owned and operated by the state. The lease system does not prevail, but the farming out of convict labor is permitted by the constitution; such labor is used chiefly for the building of railways, the convicts so employed being at all times cared for and guarded by state officials. A reformatory for white youth between the ages of seven and sixteen, under the name of the Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School, was opened at Concord in 1909, and in March 1909 the Foulk Reformatory and Manual Training School for negro youth was provided for. Charitable and penal institutions are under the supervision of a Board of Public Charities, appointed by the governor for a period of six years, the terms of the different members expiring in different years. Private institutions for the care of the insane, idiots, feeble-minded, and inebriates may be established, but must be licensed and regulated by the state board and become legally a part of the system of public charities."

In 21st-century Illinois, several prisons continue to run farms to produce food for wards of the state, including the prisoners themselves. The 1911 Britannica also reported that the state of Rhode Island had a farm of 667 acres (2.70 km²) in the southern part of Cranston City housing (and presumably taking labor from):

"the state prison, the Providence county jail, the state workhouse and the house of correction, the state almshouse, the state hospital for the insane, the Sockanosset school for boys, and the Oaklawn school for girls, the last two being departments of the state reform school."^[82]

There are prison farms in other countries. Canada had six prison farms, where up to 800 inmates did everything from tending pigs to milking cows until they were closed in 2010 by the Conservative government. In 2015, the Liberal government began conducting feasibility studies to determine if the program can be restarted.^[83] In 2018, the Liberal government announced plans to reopen 2 of the prison farms previously closed by the end of 2019.

In fiction

Films and television shows featuring prison farms and forced prison labor:

• I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang is a movie released in 1932, which depicted the degrading and inhumane treatment on chain gangs in the post–World War I era.
• Hell's Highway (1932)
• Prison Farm (1938)
• Gone with the Wind (1939) scenes of Scarlett O'Hara's leased convicts at work in her lumber mills
• Sullivan's Travels (1941)
• City Without Men (1943)
• Chain Gang (1950) starred Douglas Kennedy (actor) as a reporter working as a guard to expose corruption and brutality.^[84]
• Cool Hand Luke (1967)
• Sounder (1972)
• Papillon (1973)
• Scarecrow (1973)
• Nightmare in Badham County (1976)
• Buckstone County Prison (1978)
• They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way (1978)
• Brubaker (1980)
• MacGyver (1988), "Jack of Spies", Season 3. Mac's friend Jack Dalton tricks him to be arrested by a corrupt police officer to be incarcerated in a prison farm that uses the inmates to work in an underground gold mine to find a stash of hidden money.
• Life (1999)
• O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)
• Civil Brand (2002)
• In "Les Misérables" by Victor Hugo, which has had several movie adaptations, the character Jean Valjean is part of a chain gang ("le bagne", which is usually translated as "the galleys" or "the prison hulks") as part of his punishment for stealing bread.

See also

• Care farming
• Chain gang
• Gorgona Agricultural Penal Colony
• Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm^[85]
• Old Atlanta Prison Farm
• Tom Murton
• Trusty system

References

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• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Prison § Prison Industries" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 369.

Further reading

• Thomas, Nicki (Producer: Scott Croteau) "Prison farms facing execution." Capital News Online. Carleton University School of Journalism and Communication. March 5, 2010.
• David M. Oshinsky, "Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice," On the origins of the penal farm in Mississippi and the preceding convict lease system.
• Sample, Albert. Racehoss: Big Emma's Boy. Austin: Eakin Press, 1984.

External links