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Principal Upanishads

March 11, 2023

"Mukhya" redirects here. For other uses, see Mukhia (disambiguation).

Principal Upanishads, also known as Mukhya Upanishads, are the most ancient and widely studied Upanishads of Hinduism. Composed between 800 BCE to the start of common era, these texts are connected to the Vedic tradition.[1]

Content

The Principal Upanishads, which were composed probably between 600 and 300 BCE, constitute the concluding portion of the Veda.[2] According to most Hinduism traditions, ten Upanishads are considered as Principal Upanishads, but some scholars now are including Śvetāśvatara, Kauṣītaki and Maitrāyaṇīya into the list.[3][4][5] The founders of the major schools of Vedanta, viz, Adi Shankara and Madhvacharya wrote bhāṣyas (commentaries) on these ten Principal Upanishads. Even though Ramanuja did not write individual commentaries on Principal Upanishads, he quoted many hundreds of quotations from Upanishads in his Sri Bhasya. In the Ramanuja lineage, one of his followers, Rangaramanuja, wrote commentaries on almost all of the Principal Upanishads around the 1600s.[6][7]

The ten Principal Upanishads are:

  1. Īśā (IsUp), Yajurveda
  2. Kena (KeUp), Samaveda
  3. Kaṭha (KaUp), Yajurveda
  4. Praśna (PrUp), Atharvaveda
  5. Muṇḍaka (MuUp), Atharvaveda
  6. Māṇḍūkya (MaUp), Atharvaveda
  7. Taittirīya (TaiUp), Yajurveda
  8. Aitareya, (AiUp), Rigveda
  9. Chāndogya (ChhUp), Samaveda
  10. Bṛhadāraṇyaka (BṛUp), Yajurveda

The Principal Upanishads are accepted as śruti by all Hindus, or the most important scriptures of Hinduism.[8] The Principal Upanishads are separated into three categories: prose (Taittirīya, Aitareya, Chāndogya, Bṛhadāraṇyaka), verse (Īśā, Kaṭha, Muṇḍaka), and prose (classical Sanskrit) (Māṇḍūkya).[2]

Translations and works

Here is a list of works on the Upanishads:

  • Deussen, Paul (1897). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. ISBN 9788120814684.
  • Edgerton, Franklin (1965). The Beginnings of Indian Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064003.
  • Hume, Robert Ernest (1921). The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195637434.
  • Johnston, Charles (2014) [1920-1931]. The Mukhya Upanishads. Kshetra Books. ISBN 9780195637434.
  • Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli (1994) [1953]. The Principal Upanishads. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9788172231248.
  • Swami Gambhirananda (1957). Eight Upanishads With the Commentary of Shankaracharya. Advaita Ashrama, Kolkata. ISBN 8175050152.
  • Yeats, William Butler; Shri Purohit Swami (1938). The Ten Principal Upanishads. Repro Books Limited. ISBN 9788129100740.

References

  1. ^ William K. Mahony (1998). The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination. State University of New York Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7914-3579-3.
  2. ^ a b Brereton, Joel (1990). de Bary, William Theodore; Bloom, Irene (eds.). The Upanishads. Approaches to the Asian Classics. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 115–135. ISBN 0231070047.
  3. ^ John G. Arapura (2012). Gnosis and the Question of Thought in Vedānta: Dialogue with the Foundations. Springer. p. 57. ISBN 978-94-009-4339-1.; Quote: "These are the Isa, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Aitareya, Taittiriya, Brhadaranyaka, Chandogya and Svetasvatara. To this list is usually added the Kausitaki and Maitrayaniya (or Maitri) to make the thirteen Principal Upanishads, a canon which has found favour with most scholars of the present day."
  4. ^ Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press
  5. ^ Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle (1994). The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 8, 12. ISBN 978-3-447-03479-1.
  6. ^ Madabhushini Narasimhacharya (2004). Sri Ramanuja. Sahitya Akademi. p. 32. ISBN 9788126018338. As for Ramanuja, his commentary on the Gita and the Brahmasutra are quite well known as conforming to this practice . But he did not write any regular commentary on the Upanishads as other philosophers like, say, Sankara and Anandatirtha (Madhva) did.
  7. ^ Stephen Phillips (26 June 2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. p. 309. ISBN 9780231144858.
  8. ^ Kim Knott (2016). Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-19-874554-9.

External links

March 11, 2023
principal, upanishads, mukhya, redirects, here, other, uses, mukhia, disambiguation, also, known, mukhya, upanishads, most, ancient, widely, studied, upanishads, hinduism, composed, between, start, common, these, texts, connected, vedic, tradition, contents, c. Mukhya redirects here For other uses see Mukhia disambiguation Principal Upanishads also known as Mukhya Upanishads are the most ancient and widely studied Upanishads of Hinduism Composed between 800 BCE to the start of common era these texts are connected to the Vedic tradition 1 Contents 1 Content 2 Translations and works 3 References 4 External linksContent EditThe Principal Upanishads which were composed probably between 600 and 300 BCE constitute the concluding portion of the Veda 2 According to most Hinduism traditions ten Upanishads are considered as Principal Upanishads but some scholars now are including Svetasvatara Kauṣitaki and Maitrayaṇiya into the list 3 4 5 The founders of the major schools of Vedanta viz Adi Shankara and Madhvacharya wrote bhaṣyas commentaries on these ten Principal Upanishads Even though Ramanuja did not write individual commentaries on Principal Upanishads he quoted many hundreds of quotations from Upanishads in his Sri Bhasya In the Ramanuja lineage one of his followers Rangaramanuja wrote commentaries on almost all of the Principal Upanishads around the 1600s 6 7 The ten Principal Upanishads are isa IsUp Yajurveda Kena KeUp Samaveda Kaṭha KaUp Yajurveda Prasna PrUp Atharvaveda Muṇḍaka MuUp Atharvaveda Maṇḍukya MaUp Atharvaveda Taittiriya TaiUp Yajurveda Aitareya AiUp Rigveda Chandogya ChhUp Samaveda Bṛhadaraṇyaka BṛUp YajurvedaThe Principal Upanishads are accepted as sruti by all Hindus or the most important scriptures of Hinduism 8 The Principal Upanishads are separated into three categories prose Taittiriya Aitareya Chandogya Bṛhadaraṇyaka verse isa Kaṭha Muṇḍaka and prose classical Sanskrit Maṇḍukya 2 Translations and works EditHere is a list of works on the Upanishads Deussen Paul 1897 Sixty Upanishads of the Veda Motilal Banarsidass Publications ISBN 9788120814684 Edgerton Franklin 1965 The Beginnings of Indian Philosophy Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674064003 Hume Robert Ernest 1921 The Thirteen Principal Upanishads Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195637434 Johnston Charles 2014 1920 1931 The Mukhya Upanishads Kshetra Books ISBN 9780195637434 Radhakrishnan Sarvapalli 1994 1953 The Principal Upanishads New Delhi HarperCollins Publishers ISBN 9788172231248 Swami Gambhirananda 1957 Eight Upanishads With the Commentary of Shankaracharya Advaita Ashrama Kolkata ISBN 8175050152 Yeats William Butler Shri Purohit Swami 1938 The Ten Principal Upanishads Repro Books Limited ISBN 9788129100740 References Edit William K Mahony 1998 The Artful Universe An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination State University of New York Press p 271 ISBN 978 0 7914 3579 3 a b Brereton Joel 1990 de Bary William Theodore Bloom Irene eds The Upanishads Approaches to the Asian Classics New York Columbia University Press pp 115 135 ISBN 0231070047 John G Arapura 2012 Gnosis and the Question of Thought in Vedanta Dialogue with the Foundations Springer p 57 ISBN 978 94 009 4339 1 Quote These are the Isa Kena Katha Prasna Mundaka Mandukya Aitareya Taittiriya Brhadaranyaka Chandogya and Svetasvatara To this list is usually added the Kausitaki and Maitrayaniya or Maitri to make the thirteen Principal Upanishads a canon which has found favour with most scholars of the present day Hume Robert Ernest 1921 The Thirteen Principal Upanishads Oxford University Press Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle 1994 The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices Otto Harrassowitz Verlag pp 8 12 ISBN 978 3 447 03479 1 Madabhushini Narasimhacharya 2004 Sri Ramanuja Sahitya Akademi p 32 ISBN 9788126018338 As for Ramanuja his commentary on the Gita and the Brahmasutra are quite well known as conforming to this practice But he did not write any regular commentary on the Upanishads as other philosophers like say Sankara and Anandatirtha Madhva did Stephen Phillips 26 June 2009 Yoga Karma and Rebirth A Brief History and Philosophy Columbia University Press p 309 ISBN 9780231144858 Kim Knott 2016 Hinduism A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press pp 12 13 ISBN 978 0 19 874554 9 External links EditHolybooks com has a book containing the 10 principal Upanishads here https holybooks lichtenbergpress netdna ssl com wp content uploads The Ten Principal Upanishads pdf Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Principal Upanishads amp oldid 1117780679, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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