The Pratiharas of Mandavyapura (IAST: Pratīhāras of Māṇḍavyapura), also known as the Pratiharas of Mandore (or Mandor), were an Indian dynasty. They ruled parts of the present-day Rajasthan between 6th and 9th centuries CE. They first established their capital at Mandavyapura (modern Mandore), and later ruled from Medantaka (modern Merta).
The origin of the dynasty is described in two inscriptions: the 837 CE Jodhpur inscription of Bauka and the 861 CE Ghantiyala (or Ghatiyala) inscription of Kakkuka. According to the two inscriptions, the family descended from the brother of Ramabhadra. This brother is identified as the legendary hero Lakshmana, the brother of Rama. He is said to have as a door-keeper ("pratihara") for his elder brother Rama, because of which the family came to be known as Pratihara. The imperial Pratiharas also claimed descent from the legendary hero Lakshmana. The members of the two families also share identical names such as Bhoja, Kakkuka and Nagabhata. Based on these evidences, it appears that the two families were related, although the exact relationship between them is not known. It appears that the Pratiharas of Mandavyapura ultimately became feudatory of the imperial Pratiharas.[2]
The earliest known historical members of the family are Harichandra and his second wife Bhadra. In Pratihāra inscriptions, Harichandra is mentioned as Brahmana (vipra), while Bhadra came from a Kshatriya noble family. They had four sons: Bhogabhatta, Kakka, Rajjila and Dadda. These four men captured Mandavyapura and erected a rampart there.[3][4] It is not known where the family lived before the conquest of Mandavyapura.[5]
A 625 CE inscription of a feudatory ruler named Rajilla has been found at Vasantgarh. This Rajilla and his father Vajrabhata Satyashraya were vassals of the Chapotkata ruler Varmalata. B. N. Puri identified this Rajilla as Harichandra's son Rajilla, although the names of their fathers are different according to epigraphic evidence. Puri argued that the members of the two families shared similar names such as Tata, Bapaka and Bauka, and names ending in -bhata (Vajrabhata and Nagabhata).[5]
In later period the Pratiharas were categorized as the Agnivanshi Rajput or the fire born Rajput .
History
Little is known about the reigns of the dynasty's early rulers. Nagabhata, fourth in line from Harichandra, moved his capital from Mandavyapura to Medantaka (modern Merta).[5] The original capital still retained its importance, as Nagabhata's successor Tata is said to have retired there.[5]
Nagabhata and his queen Jajjika-devi had two sons: Tata and Bhoja. The Chinese Buddhist traveler Xuanzang described a kingdom named Kiu-che-lo and its capital Pi-lo-mi-lo. These two words have been identified as Chinese transcriptions of "Gurjara" and "Bhillamala" (Bhinmal). Historian R. C. Majumdar theorized that the king of Kiu-che-lo was the Mandavyapura Pratihara king Tata. But Baij Nath Puri was critical of this theory, because Xuanzang describes the king as Buddhist and his kingdom as the second largest in western India. The Mandavyapura Pratihara kingdom was a small one. Moreover, Xuanzang does not mention Mandavyapura or Medantaka. According to Puri, the ruler mentioned by Xuanzang was another king named Varmalata.[6]
Tata retired to a hermitage in Mandavyapura after handing over the kingdom to his younger brother Bhoja. Next, Tata's son Yashovardhana ascended the throne, possibly after a disputed succession.[7] His descendant Shiluka is said to have "fixed a perpetual boundary" between the Stravani and Valla countries. He is also said to have "knocked down" the Bhattika Devaraja of Valla. This appears to be a reference to his victory over the neighbouring rulers. Stravani can be identified with a place in the modern Jaisalmer district, and has been mentioned as "Taban" by the Arab writers. R. C. Majumdar identified Bhattika Devaraja as the Gurjara-Pratihara king Devaraja, but B. N. Puri disagrees with this theory.[8]
Shiluka also excavated a tank, established a new city and commissioned the Siddheshvara Mahadeva temple at a place called Treta.[7] His son Jhota retired after appointing his son Bhiladitya as the king, and proceeded to Bhagirathi River. Bhiladitya also retired after handing over the kingdom to his son Kakka.[9] Kakka is said to have gained fame in the battle of Mudgagiri (modern Munger) against the ruler of Gauda.[10] This probably refers to his participation in the campaign of his overlord Nagabhata II.[11]
According to the Jodhpur inscription, Kakka's son Bauka defeated and killed a king of the Mayura dynasty.[7] Kakkuka, a step-brother of Bauka, was the son of Kakka and Durlabhadevi. According to a Ghantiyala inscription, he gained fame in the countries of Travani (Stravani), Valla, Mada, Arya, Gurjaratra, Lata and Parvata. This Another Ghantiyala inscription mentions that he established a market at a place called Rohiṃsakūpa, which had been deserted for the fear of the Abhiras.[8]
Kakkuka is the last known ruler of the dynasty. The dynasty probably ended with him, and the kingdom became a part of the Imperial Pratihara's territories.[11] The Imperial Pratihara dynasty later broke into several small states after the Ghaznavid invasions. These branches fought each other for territory and one of the branches ruled Mandore till the 14th century. This Pratihara branch had marital ties with Rao Chunda of the Rathore clan and gave Mandore in dowry to Chunda, resulting in the Pratiharas getting absorbed into what later became Jodhpur State. This was specifically done to form an alliance against the Turks of the Tughlaq Empire.[12]
Rulers
Rudolf Hoernlé assumed a period of 20 years for each generation, and placed the dynasty's founder Harichandra in c. 640 CE. Baij Nath Puri placed Harichandra in c. 600 CE. R. C. Majumdar, on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE.[9] The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers (IAST names in brackets) and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years:[3]
Harichandra (Haricandra) alias Rohilladhi, r. c. 550 CE
Rajilla, r. c. 575 CE
Narabhatta (Narabhaṭa) alias Pellapelli, r. c. 600 CE
Nagabhata (Nāgabhaṭa) alias Nahada, r. c. 625 CE
Tata (Tāta) and Bhoja, r. c. 650 CE
Yashovardhana (Yaśovardhana), r. c. 675 CE
Chanduka (Canduka), r. c. 700 CE
Shiluka (Śīluka) alias Silluka, r. c. 725 CE
Jhota, r. c. 750 CE
Bhilladitya alias Bhilluka, r. c. 775 CE
Kakka, r. c. 800 CE
Bauka (Bāuka), r. c. 825 CE
Kakkuka, r. c. 861 CE
Bauka and Kakkuka were sons of Kakka from different mothers. The Jodhpur and Ghantiyala inscriptions of the two step-brothers give same genealogy of the family, except the last two names. Since these two inscriptions were found not far from each other, it appears that Bauka succeeded Kakka (rather than the two dividing Kakka's kingdom).[2]
References
^Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 26,146. ISBN0226742210.
Cynthia Talbot (2015). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9781107118560.
Vibhuti Bhushan Mishra (1966). The Gurjara-Pratīhāras and Their Times. S. Chand. OCLC 3948567.
January 28, 2023
pratiharas, mandavyapura, iast, pratīhāras, māṇḍavyapura, also, known, pratiharas, mandore, mandor, were, indian, dynasty, they, ruled, parts, present, rajasthan, between, centuries, they, first, established, their, capital, mandavyapura, modern, mandore, late. The Pratiharas of Mandavyapura IAST Pratiharas of Maṇḍavyapura also known as the Pratiharas of Mandore or Mandor were an Indian dynasty They ruled parts of the present day Rajasthan between 6th and 9th centuries CE They first established their capital at Mandavyapura modern Mandore and later ruled from Medantaka modern Merta South Asia600 CE MORIS PANDYAS LICCHAVIS CHOLAS ZHANGZHUNG CHERAS SAMATATAS GAUDA KAMARUPA VISHNU KUNDINAS PALLAVAS ALUPAS NEZAKS ALCHONS KALINGAS PANDUVAMSHIS SHASHANKAS SHAILODBHAVAS GONANDAS MAUKHARIS TAKKA WESTERNTURKSTOCHARIANS MAITRAKAS RAIS PRATIHARAS LATER GUPTAS PUSHYA BHUTIS CHALUKYAS EARLYKALA CHURIS SASANIANEMPIRE MAPS 500 15012035050060080010001175125014001500 Location of the Pratiharas and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 600 CE after the retreat of the Alchon Huns 1 Find spots of the Mandvayapura Pratihara inscriptions with the dynasty s capitals Contents 1 Origins 2 History 3 Rulers 4 References 4 1 BibliographyOrigins EditThe origin of the dynasty is described in two inscriptions the 837 CE Jodhpur inscription of Bauka and the 861 CE Ghantiyala or Ghatiyala inscription of Kakkuka According to the two inscriptions the family descended from the brother of Ramabhadra This brother is identified as the legendary hero Lakshmana the brother of Rama He is said to have as a door keeper pratihara for his elder brother Rama because of which the family came to be known as Pratihara The imperial Pratiharas also claimed descent from the legendary hero Lakshmana The members of the two families also share identical names such as Bhoja Kakkuka and Nagabhata Based on these evidences it appears that the two families were related although the exact relationship between them is not known It appears that the Pratiharas of Mandavyapura ultimately became feudatory of the imperial Pratiharas 2 The earliest known historical members of the family are Harichandra and his second wife Bhadra In Pratihara inscriptions Harichandra is mentioned as Brahmana vipra while Bhadra came from a Kshatriya noble family They had four sons Bhogabhatta Kakka Rajjila and Dadda These four men captured Mandavyapura and erected a rampart there 3 4 It is not known where the family lived before the conquest of Mandavyapura 5 A 625 CE inscription of a feudatory ruler named Rajilla has been found at Vasantgarh This Rajilla and his father Vajrabhata Satyashraya were vassals of the Chapotkata ruler Varmalata B N Puri identified this Rajilla as Harichandra s son Rajilla although the names of their fathers are different according to epigraphic evidence Puri argued that the members of the two families shared similar names such as Tata Bapaka and Bauka and names ending in bhata Vajrabhata and Nagabhata 5 In later period the Pratiharas were categorized as the Agnivanshi Rajput or the fire born Rajput History EditLittle is known about the reigns of the dynasty s early rulers Nagabhata fourth in line from Harichandra moved his capital from Mandavyapura to Medantaka modern Merta 5 The original capital still retained its importance as Nagabhata s successor Tata is said to have retired there 5 Nagabhata and his queen Jajjika devi had two sons Tata and Bhoja The Chinese Buddhist traveler Xuanzang described a kingdom named Kiu che lo and its capital Pi lo mi lo These two words have been identified as Chinese transcriptions of Gurjara and Bhillamala Bhinmal Historian R C Majumdar theorized that the king of Kiu che lo was the Mandavyapura Pratihara king Tata But Baij Nath Puri was critical of this theory because Xuanzang describes the king as Buddhist and his kingdom as the second largest in western India The Mandavyapura Pratihara kingdom was a small one Moreover Xuanzang does not mention Mandavyapura or Medantaka According to Puri the ruler mentioned by Xuanzang was another king named Varmalata 6 Tata retired to a hermitage in Mandavyapura after handing over the kingdom to his younger brother Bhoja Next Tata s son Yashovardhana ascended the throne possibly after a disputed succession 7 His descendant Shiluka is said to have fixed a perpetual boundary between the Stravani and Valla countries He is also said to have knocked down the Bhattika Devaraja of Valla This appears to be a reference to his victory over the neighbouring rulers Stravani can be identified with a place in the modern Jaisalmer district and has been mentioned as Taban by the Arab writers R C Majumdar identified Bhattika Devaraja as the Gurjara Pratihara king Devaraja but B N Puri disagrees with this theory 8 Shiluka also excavated a tank established a new city and commissioned the Siddheshvara Mahadeva temple at a place called Treta 7 His son Jhota retired after appointing his son Bhiladitya as the king and proceeded to Bhagirathi River Bhiladitya also retired after handing over the kingdom to his son Kakka 9 Kakka is said to have gained fame in the battle of Mudgagiri modern Munger against the ruler of Gauda 10 This probably refers to his participation in the campaign of his overlord Nagabhata II 11 According to the Jodhpur inscription Kakka s son Bauka defeated and killed a king of the Mayura dynasty 7 Kakkuka a step brother of Bauka was the son of Kakka and Durlabhadevi According to a Ghantiyala inscription he gained fame in the countries of Travani Stravani Valla Mada Arya Gurjaratra Lata and Parvata This Another Ghantiyala inscription mentions that he established a market at a place called Rohiṃsakupa which had been deserted for the fear of the Abhiras 8 Kakkuka is the last known ruler of the dynasty The dynasty probably ended with him and the kingdom became a part of the Imperial Pratihara s territories 11 The Imperial Pratihara dynasty later broke into several small states after the Ghaznavid invasions These branches fought each other for territory and one of the branches ruled Mandore till the 14th century This Pratihara branch had marital ties with Rao Chunda of the Rathore clan and gave Mandore in dowry to Chunda resulting in the Pratiharas getting absorbed into what later became Jodhpur State This was specifically done to form an alliance against the Turks of the Tughlaq Empire 12 Rulers EditRudolf Hoernle assumed a period of 20 years for each generation and placed the dynasty s founder Harichandra in c 640 CE Baij Nath Puri placed Harichandra in c 600 CE R C Majumdar on the other hand assumed a period of 25 years for each generation and placed him in c 550 CE 9 The following is a list of the dynasty s rulers IAST names in brackets and estimates of their reigns assuming a period of 25 years 3 Harichandra Haricandra alias Rohilladhi r c 550 CE Rajilla r c 575 CE Narabhatta Narabhaṭa alias Pellapelli r c 600 CE Nagabhata Nagabhaṭa alias Nahada r c 625 CE Tata Tata and Bhoja r c 650 CE Yashovardhana Yasovardhana r c 675 CE Chanduka Canduka r c 700 CE Shiluka Siluka alias Silluka r c 725 CE Jhota r c 750 CE Bhilladitya alias Bhilluka r c 775 CE Kakka r c 800 CE Bauka Bauka r c 825 CE Kakkuka r c 861 CEBauka and Kakkuka were sons of Kakka from different mothers The Jodhpur and Ghantiyala inscriptions of the two step brothers give same genealogy of the family except the last two names Since these two inscriptions were found not far from each other it appears that Bauka succeeded Kakka rather than the two dividing Kakka s kingdom 2 References Edit Schwartzberg Joseph E 1978 A Historical atlas of South Asia Chicago University of Chicago Press p 26 146 ISBN 0226742210 a b Baij Nath Puri 1957 p 19 a b Vibhuti Bhushan Mishra 1966 p 3 Epigraphia Indica Vol 18 Archaeological Survey of India 1983 p 95 a b c d Baij Nath Puri 1957 p 20 Baij Nath Puri 1957 p 24 a b c Baij Nath Puri 1957 p 25 a b Baij Nath Puri 1957 p 21 a b Baij Nath Puri 1957 p 23 Baij Nath Puri 1957 p 22 a b Baij Nath Puri 1957 p 26 Belli Melia 2005 Royal Umbrellas of Stone Memory Politics and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts Brill p 142 ISBN 9789004300569 Bibliography Edit Baij Nath Puri 1957 The history of the Gurjara Pratiharas Munshiram Manoharlal OCLC 2491084 Cynthia Talbot 2015 The Last Hindu Emperor Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past 1200 2000 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107118560 Vibhuti Bhushan Mishra 1966 The Gurjara Pratiharas and Their Times S Chand OCLC 3948567 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pratiharas of Mandavyapura amp oldid 1135868237, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
